Chemical reactions

Chemical reactions occur when chemical bonds between atoms are formed
or broken. The substances that go into a chemical reaction are called the
reactants, and the substances produced at the end of the reaction are
known as the products. An arrow is drawn between the reactants and
products to indicate the direction of the chemical reaction, though a
chemical reaction is not always a "one-way street,"

For example, the reaction for breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H 2O2) into
water and oxygen can be written as:

2H2O(hydrogen peroxide) →2H2O (water) +O2 (oxygen)

Hydrogen peroxide is our reactant, and it gets broken down into water and
oxygen, our products. The atoms that started out in hydrogen peroxide
molecules are rearranged to form water molecules (H2O) and oxygen
molecules (O2).

Equations must be balanced to reflect the law of conservation of matter,

which states that no atoms are created or destroyed over the course of a
normal chemical reaction.
Reversibility and equilibrium
Some chemical reactions simply run in one direction until the reactants are
used up. These reactions are said to be irreversible.

Reversible reactions can go in both the forward and backward

directions.

In a reversible reaction, reactants turn into products, but products also turn
back into reactants. In fact, both the forward reaction and its opposite will
take place at the same time.

This back and forth continues until a certain relative balance between
reactants and products is reached—a state called equilibrium.

When a reaction is classified as reversible, it is usually written with paired

forward and backward arrows to show it can go both ways. For example, in
human blood, excess hydrogen ions(H+) bind to bicarbonate ions(HCO3-) ,
forming carbonic acid(H2CO3):

HCO3- +H2 ⇌H2CO3

Since this is a reversible reaction, if carbonic acid were added to the

system, some of it would be turned into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions to
restore equilibrium.

Reaction types
Four basic types
Synthesis
In a synthesis reaction, two or more simple substances combine to form a
more complex substance. These reactions are in the general form:

A + B → AB

Two or more reactants yielding one product is another way to identify a

synthesis reaction. One example of a synthesis reaction is the combination
of iron and sulfur to form iron (II) sulfide:

8Fe + S8 →8FeS

Another example is simple hydrogen gas combined with simple oxygen gas
to produce a more complex substance, such as water.

Decomposition
A decomposition reaction is when a more complex substance breaks down
into its more simple parts. It is thus the opposite of a synthesis reaction,
and can be written as: AB → A + B

One example of a decomposition reaction is the electrolysis of water to

make oxygen and hydrogen gas:

2H2O → 2H2 + O2
Single replacement
In a single replacement reaction, a single uncombined element replaces
another in a compound; in other words, one element trades places with
another element in a compound these reactions come in the general form
of:

A + BC → AC + B

One example of a single displacement reaction is when magnesium

replaces hydrogen in water to make magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen
gas: Mg + 2H2O → Mg(OH)2 + H2↑

Double replacement
In a double replacement reaction, the anions and cations of two
compounds switch places and form two entirely different compounds.
These reactions are in the general form:

AB + CD → AD + CB

For example, when barium chloride (BaCl2) and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)
react, the SO42− anion switches places with the 2Cl− anion, giving the
compounds BaSO4 and MgCl2.

Another example of a double displacement reaction is the reaction of

lead(II) nitrate with potassium iodide to form lead(II) iodide and potassium
nitrate:

Pb(NO3)2 +2KI → PbI2 + 2KNO3

Combustion

In a combustion reaction, an element or compound reacts with oxygen,

often producing energy in the form of heat or light. Combustion reactions
always involve oxygen, but also frequently involve a hydrocarbon.

2C8H18 (L) + 25O2(g) →16CO2 + 18H2O(g)

Oxidation and reduction

Redox reactions: transfer of electrons from one involved species (reducing

agent) to another (oxidizing agent). In this process, the former species is
oxidized and the latter is reduced. Oxidation: is an increase in oxidation
state, and reduction as a decrease in oxidation state. In practice, the
transfer of electrons will always change the oxidation state, but there are
many reactions that are classed as "redox" even though no electron
transfer occurs (such as those involving covalent bonds).

In the following redox reaction, hazardous sodium metal reacts with toxic
chlorine gas to form the ionic compound sodium chloride, or common table
salt: 2Na(s) +Cl2 (g) →2NaCl(s)

Acid-base reactions

In the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, an acid-base reaction involves a

transfer of protons (H+) from one species (the acid) to another (the base).
When a proton is removed from an acid, the resulting species is termed
that acid's conjugate base. When the proton is accepted by a base, the
resulting species is termed that base's conjugate acid.[26] In other words,
acids act as proton donors and bases act as proton acceptors according to
the following equation:

HA(acid) + B(base) ⇌ A-(conjugated base) + HB+ (conjugated acid)

The reverse reaction is possible, and thus the acid/base and conjugated
base/acid are always in equilibrium. The equilibrium is determined by the
acid and base dissociation constants (Ka and Kb) of the involved substances.
A special case of the acid-base reaction is the neutralization where an acid
and a base, taken at exactly same amounts, form a neutral salt.
Acid-base reactions can have different definitions depending on the acid-
base concept employed. Some of the most common are:

Arrhenius definition: Acids dissociate in water releasing H3O+ ions; bases

dissociate in water releasing OH− ions.

Brønsted-Lowry definition: Acids are proton (H+) donors, bases are proton
acceptors; this includes the Arrhenius definition.

Lewis definition: Acids are electron-pair acceptors, bases are electron-pair

donors; this includes the Brønsted-Lowry definition.

Precipitation

Precipitation is the formation of a solid in a solution or inside another solid

during a chemical reaction. It usually takes place when the concentration of
dissolved ions exceeds the solubility limit and forms an insoluble salt.

Photochemical reactions

In photochemical reactions, atoms and molecules absorb energy (photons)

of the illumination light and convert into an excited state. They can then
release this energy by breaking chemical bonds, thereby producing radicals.
Photochemical reactions include hydrogen–oxygen reactions, radical
polymerization, chain reactions and rearrangement reactions.

‫مالحظة هاي اسئلة للمناقشة رح نجمعها‬

How do chemical reaction occur?

Reactions occur when two or more molecules interact and the molecules
change. Bonds between atoms are broken and created to form new
molecules. ... When you are trying to understand chemical reactions,
imagine that you are working with the atoms.