Nibelung

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The German Nibelungen and the corresponding Old Norse form Niflung (Niflungr) is the name in
Germanic and Norse mythology of the royal family or lineage of the Burgundians who settled
at Worms. The vast wealth of the Burgundians is often referred to as the Niblung or Niflung hoard. In
some German texts Nibelung appears instead as one of the supposed original owners of that hoard,
either the name of one of the kings of a people known as the Nibelungs, or in variant form Nybling, as
the name of a dwarf. In Richard Wagner's opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen, Nibelung denotes
a dwarf, or perhaps a specific race of dwarves.

Contents

• 1 In Waltharius

• 2 Norse tradition

• 3 Niblung genealogy

o 3.1 Lex Burgundionum

o 3.2 German tradition

o 3.3 Norse tradition

• 4 Other interpretations of Nibelung

o 4.1 A northern people

o 4.2 Referring to dwarfs

In Waltharius
The earliest probable surviving mention of the name is in the Latin poem Waltharius, believed to have
been composed around the year 920. In lines 555–6 of that poem Walter, seeing Guntharius (Gunther)
and his men approaching says (in the Chronicon Novaliciense text, usually taken to be the oldest):

"Non assunt Avares hic, sed Franci Nivilones,

cultures regionis."

The translation is: "These are not Avars, but Frankish Nivilons, inhabitants of the region." The other
texts have nebulones 'worthless fellows' instead of nivilones, a reasonable replacement for an obscure
proper name. In medieval Latin names, b and v often interchange, so Nivilonesis a reasonable
Latinization of Germanic Nibilungos. This is the only text to connect the Nibelungs with Franks.
Since Burgundy was conquered by the Franks in 534, Burgundians could loosely be considered
Franks of a kind and confused with them. The name Nibeluncbecame a Frankish personal name in the
8th and 9th centuries, at least among the descendants of Childebrand I (who died in 752, see Dronke,
p. 37). Yet, in this poem, the center of Gunther's supposedly Frankish kingdom is the city of Worms on
the Rhine.

Norse tradition
In the eddic poem (see Poetic Edda) Atlakvida, the word Niflungar is applied three times to the
treasure (arfr) or hoard (hodd) of Gunnar (the Norse counterpart of German Gunther). It is also applied
once to Gunnar's warriors and once to Gunnar himself. It elsewhere appears unambiguously as the
name of the lineage to which the brothers Gunnar and Högni (Hǫgni) belong and seems mostly
interchangeable with Gjúkingar, meaning descendants of Gjúki, Gjúki being Gunnar's father.

The variant form Hniflungr also occurs as the name of Högni's son in the eddic poem Atlamál, and as a
term for the children born by Gunnar's sister Gudrún (Guðrún) to Atli (Attila the Hun). It appears to be a
general term for "warrior" in Helgakviða Hundingsbana I. Hniflungar might be of separate origin,
meaning descendants of Hnef, referring to the Hnæf son of Hoc who is prominent in the Old
English Finnesburg Fragment. However h was early dropped initially before other consonants in
Norwegian dialects which might lead to the adding of h to names in other dialects where it did not
originally belong.

Niblung genealogy
Lex Burgundionum
In the Lex Burgundionum, issued by the Burgundian king Gundobad (c. 480–516), it is decreed that
those who were free under the kings Gibica, Gundomar, Gislaharius, and Gundaharius will remain
free. But as will be seen below, legendary tradition often makes Gibiche or Gjúki (that is Gibica) the
father of Gunther/Gunnar and names Giselher (the same name as Gislaharius) as one of
Gunther/Gunnar's brothers. In Norse tradition another brother is named Gutthom (Gutþormr) which
looks like a slight garbling of Gundomar. German tradition provides instead a third brother named
Gernot, which may be a substitution of a more familiar name for an unfamiliar one. In
the Nibelungenlied, all three brothers are called kings. If these legends preserve authentic tradition,
then historically Gibica of the Burgundian Laws might have been the father of the three kings
Gundomar, Gislaharius, and Gundaharius who shared the kingdom among them, presumably with
Gundaharius as the high king (the sharing of the throne between brothers was a common tradition
among the Germanic tribes, see Germanic king). But if so, the order of the names here is puzzling.
One would expect Gundaharius to be named immediately after Gibica.
German tradition
In the Waltharius King Gibicho of the Franks is father of Guntharius, that is Gunther, and both father
and son are called kings of the Franks, not kings of the Burgundians, though their city is Worms on the
Rhine. Another king called Heriricus rules the Burgundians and is father of Hiltgunt, the heroine of the
tale. The only other kinsman of Gunther who appears here is Hagen. But Hagen's exact familial
relation to Gunther is not given.

The Old Norse Thidreks saga is a medieval translation of German legendary material into Norwegian.
Here Gunther (the name Norsed as Gunnar) and his brothers are sons and heirs of Irung (in one
place) or Aldrian (elsewhere) by Aldrian's wife Ode. The sons are named Gunnar (that is Gunther),
Gernoz, and Gisler. Ode also bears a daughter named Grímhild. One later passage adds Guthorm.
But Guthorm is never mentioned again and is possibly an addition from Norse tradition by the
translator or by an early copyist. Högni (German Hagen) appears as their maternal half-brother,
fathered on Ode by an elf when Ode once fell asleep in the garden while her husband was drunk. Yet
one passage names Högni's father as Aldrian. There are confusions and doublings in the Thidreks
saga and it may be that Aldrian was properly the name of Högni's elf father. Gunnar and his legitimate
brothers are often called Niflungar and their country is named Niflungaland. Their sister Grímhild bore
to Atli (Attila) a son named Aldrian who is slain by Högni. At the end of the resultant battle, Högni,
though mortally wounded, fathered a son on Herad, one of Thidrek's relations. This son, named
Aldrian, accomplished Atli's death and became Jarl of Niflungaland under Brynhild (Brynhildr). In
the Faroese Högnatáttur a similar tale is told. Here Gunnar and Högni have two younger brothers
named Gislar and Hjarnar, both slain along with their elder brothers. Högni, lies with a Jarl's daughter
named Helvik on his deathbed and prophecies to Helvik that a son born to her will avenge him. The
son in this account is named Högni. On the birth of the child, Helvik, following Högni's advice, secretly
exchanged it with a newborn child of "Gudrún" and "Artala". As a result, Gudrún slew the supposed
child of Högni, thinking to have put an end to Högni's lineage, but in fact killed her own child and then
brought up Högni's child as her own. This second Högni learned of his true parentage and took
vengeance on Artala as in the Thidreks saga.

In the Nibelungenlied and its dependent poems the Klage and Biterolf, the father of Gunther, Gernot,
Giselher, and Kriemhild is named Dankrat and their mother is named Uote. Hagen is their kinsman
(exact relationship not given), and has a brother named Dancwart whose personality is bright and
cheerful in contrast to Hagen's. Hagen also has a sister's son named Ortwin of Metz. These family
relationships might seem to prohibit any elvish siring, but in the cognate story of Brân the Blessed in
the second branch of the Mabinogion, Hagen's counterpart Efnisien had a brother named Nisien who
was similarly his opposite and Efnisien and Nisien are maternal half-brothers to Brân
and Manawyddan just as in the Thidreks saga, Högni was maternal brother to Gunnar and Gernoz. In
the second half of the Nibelungenliedboth Hagen and Dankwart are called sons of Aldrian. Nothing
further is told of Aldrian here. Also in the Nibelungenlied, Gunther and Brunhild had a son named
Siegfried and Siegfried and Kriemhild had a son name Gunther. Kriemhild's later son born to Etzel
(= Attila) who is slain by Hagen is here named Ortlieb. The Klage relates that Gunther's son Siegfried
inherited the kingdom.

Norse tradition
The Skáldskaparmál names the founder of the Niflung lineage as Nefi, one of the second set of nine
sons of Halfdan the Old who founded many famous legendary lineages. The Ættartolur (genealogies
attached to the Hversu Noregr byggdist) call this son of Halfdan by the name Næfil (Næfill) and relate
that King Næfil was father of Heimar, father of Eynef (Eynefr), father of Rakni, father of Gjúki.

The form Gjúki is etymologically equatable to Gebicca of the Lex Burgundionum. According to
the Skáldskaparmál and the Ættartolur, Gjúki was father of two sons named Gunnar (Gunnarr) and
Högni (Hǫgni) and of two daughters named Gudrún (Guðrún) and Gullrönd. Their mother was named
Grímhild (Grímhildr). Gudný is mentioned in no other extant texts. A younger brother named Gutthorm
(Gutþormr) take on the role of Sigurd's slayer, after being egged on by Gunnar and Högni in the eddic
poems Brot af Sigurðarkviðu (stanza 4), in Sigurðarkviða hin skamma (stanzas 20–23), and in
the Völsunga saga (as well as being mentioned in the eddic poems Grípisspá and Guðrúnarkviða II).
According to the eddic poem Hyndluljóð, stanza 27:

Gunnar and Högni, the heirs of Gjúki,

And Gudrún as well, who their sister was;
But Gotthorm was not of Gjúki's race,
Although the brother of both he was:
And all are thy kinsmen, Óttar, thou fool!

If Gotthorm or Gutthorm, the slayer of Sigurd in northern tradition, is brother of Gunnar and Högni, but
is not a son of Gjúki, he must be a maternal half-brother, just as Hagen, the slayer of Siegfried in the
German tradition, is a maternal half-brother in the Thidreks saga.

Gudrún bore to Sigurd a son named Sigmund according to the Völsunga saga, presumably the same
as the unnamed son mentioned in stanza 5 of Sigurdarkvida hin skamma. But nothing more is said of
him. More often mentioned is Gudrún's daughter named Svanhild(Svanhildr) who became the wife
of Jörmunrek (Jǫrmunrekr). By her third husband Jónakr, Gudrún is mother of Hamdir (Hamðir)
and Sörli(Sǫrli). In the eddic poems Guðrúnarhvöt and Hamðismál, Erp (Erpr), a third son of Jónakr,
was born by a different mother. But in theSkáldskaparmál and the Völsunga saga Erp is also a son of
Gudrún.
In the Atlakviða (stanza 12), a son of Högni says farewell to his father as Gunnar and Högni depart to
visit Atli. The Atlamál (stanza 28) brings in two sons of Högni by his wife Kostbera, named Snævar
(Snævarr) and Sólar (Sólarr). They accompany their father and uncle on their fateful journey to Atli's
court where they also meet their deaths. These sons are also mentioned in the prose introduction to
the eddic poem Dráp Niflunga along with a third son Gjúki. The Atlamál later introduces another son of
Högni (or possibly Gjúki son of Högni under another name) who, along with Gudrún, kills Atli. In
the Völsunga saga this son is named Niflung (Niflungr). He may be a reflex of the posthumous son of
Högni who is called Aldrian in the Thidreks saga. The Danish Hven Chronicle also tells the story of
Högni's posthumous son begotten as Högni is dying, of the switching of children so that Högni is
brought up as son of Atli and "Gremhild", and of how this son lures Gremhild to the cave of treasure
and seals her in.

Other interpretations of Nibelung

A northern people
Although Nibelungs refers to the royal family of the Burgundians in the second half of
the Nibelunglenlied (as well as in many other texts), in the first half Nibelungenlant is instead a
kingdom on the borders of Norway of which Siegfried becomes the ruler.

In Adventure 3 Hagen tells how Siegfried came by chance upon the two sons of the king of the
Nibelungs who had just died. Their names were Schilbung and Nibelung and they were attempting to
divide their father's hoard, the hoard of the Nibelungs. They asked Siegfried to make the division for
him. For a reason not explained, Siegfried was unable to make the division despite much effort.
Fighting broke out and Siegfried slew Schilbung, Nibelung, twelve giants, and seven hundred warriors,
at which point those still alive, not unreasonably, surrendered and took Siegfried as their king. In this
way Siegfried gained the Nibelung treasure, though he still had to fight the dwarf Alberich whom he
defeated and made guardian of the hoard. We are to presume that when the treasure passed to the
Burgundian kings after Siegfried's death, the name Nibelung went with it. It is a common folklore motif
that the protagonist comes upon two or three persons or creatures quarreling about a division of
treasure or magical objects among themselves, that they ask the protagonist to make the division for
them, and that in the end it is the protagonist who ends up as owner of the treasure. Schilbung and
Niblung are otherwise unknown. It may be coincidence that in the Ættartolur, Skelfir ancestor of
the Skilfings and Næfil ancestor of the Niflungs (Nibelungs) are brothers, though there they are two of
nine brothers.

Referring to dwarfs
In a later poem Das Lied vom Hürnen Seyfried ('The Song of Horny-skinned Siegfried'), known only
from 16th century printed versions, the original owner of the hoard is a dwarf named Nybling. Siegfried
happened to find it one day and bore it away. At Worms Siegfried met King Gybich, his three sons
Gunther, Hagen, and Gyrnot, and his daughter Kriemhild. When Kriemhild was abducted by a dragon,
Siegfried rescued her and was given her hand in marriage.

This variant usage of Niblung may arise from the identification of the hoard of the Burgundians, or at
least most of it, with the hoard of treasure won by Siegfried. The German versions of the tale make
much of Kriemhild's right to the "Nibelungen" treasure through her previous marriage to Siegfried.
Some seemingly took Nibelung to apply primarily to Siegfried's treasure, in which case it must mean
something else than the Burgundian royal family, and so another explanation was contrived.

The alternate theory is that the connection with the treasure was indeed primary, and that nibel-, nifl-,
meaning 'mist, cloud', referred originally to a dwarfish origin for the hoard, though this was later
forgotten and the application of the name to the Burgundian royal family arose from misunderstanding.
In the first half of the Nibelungenlied, Siegfried's last fight to win the treasure is against the dwarf
Alberich. In Das Lied vom Hürnen Seyfried the treasure belonged to the dwarf Nybling. Though the
kings of the Nibelungs named Schilbung and Nibelung in the first half of the Nibelungenlied are
humans as far as is told, it would not be impossible that in earlier tradition they were explicitly dwarfs
like Alberich. The people of the Nibelungs also have giants in their service, perhaps an indication of
their earlier supernatural stature. In the Norse tales the hoard originates from a dwarf named Andvari,
thence passes to Odin, and then to Hreidmar (Hreiðmarr), and then to Hreidmar's son Fáfnirwho
changes into dragon form, and from him to Sigurd (Siegfried).

Niflheim ("Mist-home") is a mythical region of cold and mist and darkness in the north. Niflhel is a term
for part of all of Hel, the land of the dead. As dwarfs are subterranean creatures in these tales, who
live in darkness, Niflung would seem a reasonable name for these beings, an old name forgotten in the
north and only preserved in the garblings of some German accounts of the origin of the Niblung hoard.
In "Silver Fir Cones", one of the tales found in Otmar's Volkssagen (Traditions of the Harz) (Bremen,
1800), the king of the dwarfs is named Gübich.

It cannot be proved which meaning was primary, that of dwarf or Burgundian prince. Scholars today
mostly believe that the Burgundian connection is the more original one. In the 19th century, the dwarf
theory was popular and was adopted by Richard Wagner for his operaticRing cycle which was very
freely adapted from the tales surrounding Siegfried and the Burgundians. In Wagner's
operas Nibelungs refers to the race of dwarfs.