UNIT – I

Basic Concept and First Law

1. What do you understand by pure substance?

A pure substance is defined as one that is homogeneous and invariable in chemical
composition throughout its mass.
2. Define thermodynamic system.
A thermodynamic system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space, on
which the analysis of the problem is concentrated.
3. Name the different types of system.
1. Closed system (only energy transfer and no mass transfer)
2. Open system (Both energy and mass transfer)
3. Isolated system (No mass and energy transfer)
4. Differentiate closed and open system
Closed system open system
1. There is no mass transfer. Only heat 1. Mass transfer will take place, in
and transfer will take place. addition to the heat and work transfer.
2. System boundary is fixed one 2. System boundary may or may not
change.
3. Ex: Piston & cylinder arrangement, 3. Air compressor, boiler
Thermal power plant

5. Explain Mechanical equilibrium.

If the forces are balanced between the system and surroundings are called Mechanical
equilibrium
6. Explain Chemical equilibrium.
If there is no chemical reaction or transfer of matter form one part of the system to
another is called Chemical equilibrium
7. Explain Thermal equilibrium.
If the temperature difference between the system and surroundings is zero then it is in
Thermal equilibrium.
8. Define thermodynamic equilibrium.
If a system is in Mechanical, Thermal and Chemical equilibrium then the system is in
thermodynamically equilibrium. (Or) If the system is isolated from its surrounding there will
be no change in the macroscopic property, then the system is said to exist in a state of
thermodynamic equilibrium.
9. What do you mean by quasi-static process?
Infinite slowness is the characteristic feature of a quasi-static process. A quasi-static
process is that a succession of equilibrium states. A quasi-static process is also called as
reversible process.
10. Define Path function.
The work done by a process does not depend upon the end of the process. It depends
on the path of the system follows from state 1 to state 2. Hence work is called a path function.
11. Define point function.
Thermodynamic properties are point functions. The change in a thermodynamic
property of a system is a change of state is independent of the path and depends only on the
initial and final states of the system.
12. Name and explain the two types of properties.
The two types of properties are intensive property and extensive property.
Intensive Property: It is independent of the mass of the system.
Example: pressure, temperature, specific volume, specific energy, density.
Extensive Property: It is dependent on the mass of the system.
Example: Volume, energy. If the mass is increased the values of the extensive properties also
increase.
13. Explain homogeneous and heterogeneous system.
The system consist of single phase is called homogeneous system and the system
consist of more than one phase is called heterogeneous system.
14. What is a steady flow process?
Steady flow means that the rates of flow of mass and energy across the control surface
are constant with respect to time.
15. Prove that for an isolated system, there is no change in internal energy.
In isolated system there is no interaction between the system and the surroundings.
There is no mass transfer and energy transfer. According to first law of thermodynamics as
dQ = dU + dW;
dU = dQ – dW;
dQ = 0, dW = 0,
Therefore dU = 0 by integrating the above equation U = constant, therefore the
internal energy is constant for isolated system.
16. Indicate the practical application of steady flow energy equation.
1. Turbine 2.Nozzle 3.Condenser 4.Compressor.
17. Define state of a system.
It is termed as the condition of the system at the particular point. It is defined by its
properties.
18. Define process.
It is defined as the change of the system from one equilibrium state to another.
Normally change of state of the system is termed as process.
19. Define cycle.
It is defined as a series of state changes such that the final state is identical with the
initial state.
20. Define Zeroth law of Thermodynamics.
When two systems are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third system then they
themselves is in thermal equilibrium with each other.
21. State the first law of thermodynamics.
It states that for a cyclic process the net amount of heat transfer is equal to the net
amount of work done.
Mathematically,∮ Q=∮ W
For a process first law states that, Q=ΔU+W
22. What are the limitations of first law of thermodynamics?
1. According to first law of thermodynamics heat and work are mutually convertible
during any cycle of a closed system. But this law does not specify the possible conditions
under which the heat is converted into work.
 2. According to the first law of thermodynamics it is impossible to transfer heat from
lower temperature to higher temperature.
3. It does not give any information regarding change of state or whether the process is
possible or not.
4. The law does not specify the direction of heat and work.
23. What is perpetual motion machine of first kind?
It is defined as a machine, which produces work energy without consuming an
equivalent of energy from other source. It is impossible to obtain in actual practice, because
no machine can produce energy of its own without consuming any other form of energy.
24. Define: Specific heat capacity at constant pressure.
It is defined as the amount of heat energy required to raise or lower the temperature of
unit mass of the substance through one degree when the pressure kept constant. It is denoted
by Cp.
25. Define: Specific heat capacity at constant volume.
It is defined as the amount of heat energy required to raise or lower the temperature of
unit mass of the substance through one degree when volume kept constant. It is denoted
by Cv.
26. Define the term enthalpy?
The Combination of internal energy and flow energy is known as enthalpy of the
system. It may also be defined as the total heat of the substance.
Mathematically, enthalpy (H) = U + PV (kJ)
Where, U – Internal energy (kJ)
p – Pressure (kN/m2)
v – Volume (m3)
In terms of Cp & T → H = mCp (T2-T1) (kJ)
27. Define the term internal energy
Internal energy of a gas is the energy stored in a gas due to its molecular interactions.
It is also defined as the energy possessed by a gas at a given temperature.
28. What is meant by thermodynamic work?
It is the work done by the system when the energy transferred across the boundary of
the system. It is mainly due to intensive property difference between the system and
surroundings.

UNIT II
Second Law

1. State the Kelvin-Planck statement of second law of thermodynamics.

Kelvin-Planck states that it is impossible to construct a heat engine working on a
cyclic process, whose only purpose is to convert all the heat energy given to it in an equal
amount of work.
It essentially means that while the heat is getting converted to work you need a second
body which is at a lower temperature through which part of the heat should also pass. That is
why heat is considered a lower grade of energy compared to work.
2. State Clausius statement of the second law of thermodynamics.
It states that heat can flow from a cold body to a hot body only with external aid or
work added in a cyclic process. But heat can easily pass from a hot body to a cold body
without any external aid and in the process does work.
3. State Carnot’s theorem.
No heat engine operating in a cyclic process between two fixed temperatures can be
more efficient than that of a reversible engine operating between the same temperature limits.
4. What are the corollaries of Carnot theorem?
1. All the reversible engines operating between the two given thermal reservoirs with
the fixed temperatures have the same efficiency.
2. The efficiency of any reversible heat engine operating between two reservoirs is
independent of the nature of the working fluid and depends only on the temperature of the
reservoirs.
5. Define PMM of the second kind.
Perpetual motion machine of the second kind draws heat continuously from a single
reservoir and converts it into equivalent amount of work. Thus it gives 100% efficiency. This
is impossible.
6. What is the difference between a heat pump and refrigerator?
Heat pump is a device which operating in a cyclic process maintains the temperature
of a hot body at a temperature higher than that of the surroundings
A refrigerator is a device operating in a cyclic process maintains the temperature of a
cold body at a temperature lower than the temperature of the surroundings.
7. What is meant by a heat engine?
A heat engine is a device, which is used to convert the thermal energy into mechanical
energy.
8. Define the term COP?
Co-efficient of performance is defined as the ratio of heat extracted or rejected to
work input.
Heat extracted /rejected
COP=
Work input
9. Write the expansion for COP of a heat pump and refrigerator.
COP for a heat pump
Heat rejected T1
COP ( H . P ) = =
Work input (T 1−T 2)
COP for a refrigerator

Heat extracted T2
COP ( Ref )= =
Work input (T 1−T 2)
10. Why Carnot cycle cannot be realized in practice?
1. In a Carnot cycle, all the four processes are reversible but in actual practice there is
no process that is reversible.
2. There are two processes to be carried out during compression and expansion. For
isothermal process, the piston moves slowly and for adiabatic process the piston moves as
fast as possible. This speed variation during the same stroke of the engine is not possible.
3. It is not possible to avoid friction between moving parts completely.
11. Name two distinct methods by which the efficiency of a Carnot cycle can be
increased.
1. Efficiency can be increased as the higher temperature T2 increases.
2. Efficiency can be increased as the lower temperature T1 decreases.
12. Why a heat engine cannot have 100 % efficiency?
For all the heat engines there will be a heat loss between system and the surroundings.
Therefore we cannot convert all the heat input into useful work.
13. When the Carnot cycle efficiency will be the maximum?
Carnot cycle efficiency is maximum when the initial temperature is 0 K.
14. Sketch the p-v and T-s diagram for Carnot cycle. Also What list out the various
processes involved in the Carnot cycle?

Carnot cycle consists of the following processes.

(1-2) Reversible adiabatic compression.
(2-3) Reversible isothermal heat addition.
(3-4) Reversible adiabatic compression.
(4-1) Reversible isothermal heat rejection.
15. Is the second law independent of the first law ?
Yes, the second law of thermodynamics independent of the first law. The second law
speaks about quality of energy.
16. Define Entropy?
The entropy of an assembly in a state of thermal equilibrium is a thermodynamic
property, in principle related through equations of state to other thermodynamic properties.
The change of entropy is defined only for reversible processes stated as:
2

∫ dq =ds
1 T
Hence in a closed isolated system the entropy changes ds=0. This aspect relates to the
second law of thermodynamics in dictating the direction and flow of heat in a workable
engine or heat pump. The property of the entropy namely specific entropy has been arrived
on the basis that equilibrium values are easily and quickly achieved though the various
molecules are in random and disorderly motion and are in combination as various Meta states
in a system. Once the assembly are system is in a highly probable macro-state though
disorderly, the probability of returning to a low probable macro-state is very small.
17. Define the terms source sink and heat reservoir.
Source: The part from where heat is rejected to a colder body for doing work, or the
part from where heat is generated for doing work is called as the source,
Sink: The part which receives heat from work absorbing or work developing device is
called sink.
Reservoir: The part which supplies or receives heat continuously without change in
its temperature is called a reservoir.
18. Why the performance of refrigerator and heat pump are given in terms of COP and
not in terms of efficiency?
The performance of any device is expressed in terms of efficiency for work
developing machines. But for Heat pump and refrigerator are work absorbing machines. So
the performance of these devices is based on COP only.
19. What is meant by principle of increase of entropy?
For any infinitesimal process undergone by a system, change in entropy,
dQ
( dS ) ≥
T
For a reversible, dQ = 0 and hence dS = 0
For irreversible, dS > 0
So the entropy of a system would never decrease, it will always increase and remains
constant if the pressure is reversible and is called as principle increase of entropy.
20. What is meant by Clausius inequality?
It is impossible for a self acting machine working in a cyclic process unaided by any
external agency to convey heat from a body at a lower temperature to a body at a higher
temperature,
dQ
∮ T ≤ 0 , is known as inequality of Clausius.
If,
dQ
∮ T =0 ,the cycle is reversible.
dQ
∮ T < 0, the cycle is irreversible and possible.
dQ
∮ T > 0, the cycle is impossible. (Violation of second law).
21. Explain the term reversibility.
If the process traces the same path during the process when reversed is called as
reversibility. And the entropy change is zero.

UNIT III
Properties of Pure substance and Steam power cycles

1. Why Rankine cycle is modified?

The work obtained at the end of the expansion is very less. The work is too
inadequate to overcome the friction. Therefore the adiabatic expansion is terminated at the
point before the end of the expansion in the turbine and pressure decreases suddenly, while
the volume remains constant.
2. Name the various vapour power cycle.
Rankine cycle, Binary cycle and combined cycle.
3. Define efficiency ratio.
The ratio of actual cycle efficiency to that of the ideal cycle efficiency is termed as
efficiency ratio.
4. Define overall efficiency.
It is the ratio of the mechanical work to the energy supplied in the fuel. It is also
defined as the product of combustion efficiency and the cycle efficiency.
5. Define specific steam consumption of an ideal Rankine cycle.
It is defined as the mass flow of steam required per unit power output.
6. Name the different components in steam power plant working on Rankine cycle.
Boiler, Turbine, Cooling Tower or Condenser and Pump.
7. What are the effects of condenser pressure on the Rankine Cycle?
By lowering the condenser pressure, we can increase the cycle efficiency. The main
disadvantage is lowering the back pressure in release the wetness of steam. Isentropic
compression of a very wet vapour is very difficult.
8. Mention the improvements made to increase the ideal efficiency of Rankine cycle.
1. Lowering the condenser pressure.
2. Superheated steam is supplied to the turbine.
3. Increasing the boiler pressure to certain limit.
4. Implementing reheat and regeneration in the cycle.
9. Why reheat cycle is not used for low boiler pressure?
At the low reheat pressure the heat cycle efficiency may be less than the Rankine
cycle efficiency. Since the average temperature during heating will then be low.
10. What are the disadvantages of reheating?
Reheating increases the condenser capacity due to increased dryness fraction,
increases the cost of the plant due to the reheats and its very long connections.
11.What are the advantages of reheat cycle?
1. It increases the turbine work.
2. It increases the heat supply.
3. It increases the efficiency of the plant.
4. It reduces the wear on the blade because of low moisture content in LP state of the
turbine.
12. Define latent heat of evaporation or Enthalpy of evaporation.
The amount of heat added during heating of water up to dry steam from boiling point
is known as Latent heat of evaporation or enthalpy of evaporation.
13. Explain the term super heated steam and super heating.
The dry steam is further heated its temperature raises, this process is called as
superheating and the steam obtained is known as superheated steam.
14. Explain heat of super heat or super heat enthalpy.
The heat added to dry steam at 100 ̊C to convert it into super heated steam at the
temperature Tsup is called as heat of superheat or super heat enthalpy.
15. Explain the term critical point, critical temperature and critical pressure.
In the T-S diagram the region left of the waterline, the water exists as liquid. In right
of the dry steam line, the water exists as a super heated steam. In between water and dry
steam line the water exists as a wet steam. At a particular point, the water is directly
converted into dry steam without formation of wet steam. The point is called critical point.
The critical temperature is the temperature above which a substance cannot exist as a liquid;
the critical temperature of water is 374.15 ̊C. The corresponding pressure is called critical
pressure.
16. Define dryness fraction (or) What is the quality of steam?
It is defined as the ratio of mass of the dry steam to the mass of the total steam.
17. Define enthalpy of steam.
It is the sum of heat added to water from freezing point to saturation temperature and
the heat absorbed during evaporation.
18. How do you determine the state of steam?
If V>vg then super-heated steam, V= vg then dry steam and V< vg then wet steam.
19. Define triple point.
The triple point is merely the point of intersection of sublimation and vapourisation
curves.
20. Define heat of vapourisation.
The amount of heat required to convert the liquid water completely into vapour under
this condition is called the heat of vapourisation.
21. Explain the terms, Degree of super heat, degree of sub-cooling.
The difference between the temperature of the superheated vapour and the saturation
temperature at the same pressure. The temperature between the saturation temperature and
the temperature in the sub cooled region of liquid.
22. What is the purpose of reheating?
The purpose of reheating is to increase the dryness fraction of the steam passing out
of the later stages of the turbine.
23. What are the processes that constitute a Rankine cycle?
Process 1–2: Isentropic expansion of the working fluid through the turbine from
saturated vapor at state 1 to the condenser pressure.
Process 2–3: Heat transfer from the working fluid as it flows at constant pressure
through the condenser with saturated liquid at state 3.
Process 3–4: Isentropic compression in the pump to state 4 in the compressed liquid
region.
Process 4–1: Heat transfer to the working fluid as it flows at constant pressure through
the boiler to complete the cycle.

UNIT IV
Ideal and Real Gases and Thermodynamic Relations

1. Define Ideal gas.

It is defined as a gas having no forces of intermolecular attraction. These gases will
follow the gas laws at all ranges of pressures and temperatures.
2. Define Real gas.
It is defined, as a gas having the forces of attraction between molecules tends to be
very small at reduced pressures and elevated temperatures.
3. What is equation of state?
The relation between the independent properties such as pressure, specific volume and
temperature for a pure substance is known as the equation of state.
4. State Boyle’s law.
It states that volume of a given mass of a perfect gas varies inversely as the absolute
pressure when temperature is constant.
5. State Charle’s law.
It states that if any gas is heated at constant pressure, its volume changes directly as
its absolute temperature.
6. Explain the construction and give the use of generalized compressibility chart.
The general compressibility chart is plotted with Z versus Pr for various values of Tr.
This is constructed by plotting the known data of one of mole gases and can be used for any
gas. This chart gives best results for the regions well removed from the critical state for all
gases.
7. What do you mean by reduced properties?
The ratios of pressure, temperature and specific volume of a real gas to the
corresponding critical values are called the reduced properties.
8. Explain law of corresponding states.
If any two gases have equal values of reduced pressure and reduced temperature, then
they have same values of reduced volume.
9. Explain Dalton’s law of partial pressure.
The pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the
constituents. The partial pressure of each constituent is that pressure which the gas would
expect if it occupied alone that volume occupied by the mixtures at the same temperatures.
m = mA+mB+mC+……. = mi
mi = mass of the constituent.
P=PA+PB+PC+……. = Pi, Pi – the partial pressure of a constituent.
10. State Avogardo’s Law.
The number of moles of any gas is proportional to the volume of gas at a given
pressure and temperature.
11. What is compressibility factor?
The gas equation for an ideal gas is given by (PV/RT) = 1, for real gas (PV/RT) is not
equal to 1 (PV/RT) = Z for real gas is called the compressibility factor.
12. What is partial pressure?
The partial pressure of each constituent is that pressure which the gas would exert if it
occupied alone that volume occupied by the mixtures at the same temperature.
13. Define Dalton’s law of partial pressure.
The total pressure exerted in a closed vessel containing a number of gases is equal to
the sum of the pressures of each gas and the volume of each gas equal to the volume of the
vessel.
14. How does the Vander Waal’s equation differ from the ideal gas equation of state?
The ideal gas equation pV=mRT has two important assumptions,
1. There is little or no attraction between the molecules of the gas.
2. That the volume occupied by the molecules themselves is negligibly small
compared to the volume of the gas. This equation holds good for low pressure and
high temperature ranges as the intermolecular attraction and the volume of the
molecules are not of much significance.
As the pressure increases, the inter molecular forces of attraction and repulsion
increases and the volume of the molecules are not negligible. The real gas deviates
considerably from the ideal gas equation [p+(a/V2)](V-b) = RT
15. Explain Joule-Kelvin effect. What is inversion temperature?
When a gas (not ideal gas) is throttled, the temperature increases up to a point and
then decreases. This is known as Joule Kelvin effect. The temperature at which the slope of a
throttling curve in T-p diagram is zero is inversion temperature.

UNIT V
Psychrometry

1. What is humidification and dehumidification?

The addition of water vapour into air is humidification and the removal of water
vapour from air is dehumidification.
2. Differentiate absolute humidity and relative humidity.
Absolute humidity is the mass of water vapour present in one kg of dry air. Relative
humidity is the ratio of the actual mass of water vapour present in one kg of dry air at the
given temperature to the maximum mass of water vapour it can with hold at the same
temperature. Absolute humidity is expressed in terms of kg/kg of dry air. Relative humidity is
expressed in terms of percentage.
3. What is effective temperature?
The effective temperature is a measure of feeling warmth or cold to the human body
in response to the air temperature, moisture content and air motion. If the air at different DBT
and RH condition carries the same amount of heat as the heat carried by the air at temperature
T and 100% RH, then the temperature T is known as effective temperature.
4. Define Relative humidity.
It is defined as the ratio of partial pressure of water vapour (pw) in a mixture to the
saturation pressure (ps) of pure water at the same temperature of mixture.
5. Define specific humidity.
It is defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapour (ms) in a given volume to the
mass of dry air in a given volume (ma).
6. Define degree of saturation.
It is the ratio of the actual specific humidity and the saturated specific humidity at the
same temperature of the mixture.
7. What is dew point temperature?
The temperature at which the vapour starts condensing is called dew point
temperature. It is also equal to the saturation temperature at the partial pressure of water
vapour in the mixture. The dew point temperature is an indication of specific humidity.
8. What is meant by dry bulb temperature (DBT)?
The temperature recorded by the thermometer with a dry bulb. The dry bulb
thermometer cannot affect by the moisture present in the air. It is the measure of sensible heat
of the air.
9. What is meant by wet bulb temperature (WBT)?
It is the temperature recorded by a thermometer whose bulb is covered with cotton
wick (wet) saturated with water. The wet bulb temperature may be the measure of enthalpy of
air. WBT is the lowest temperature recorded by moistened bulb.
10. Define dew point depression.
It is the difference between dry bulb temperature and dew point temperature of air
vapour mixture.
11. What is meant by adiabatic saturation temperature (or) thermodynamic wet bulb
temperature?
It is the temperature at which the outlet air can be brought into saturation state by
passing through the water in the long insulated duct (adiabatic) by the evaporation of water
due to latent heat of vapourisation.
12. What is psychrometer?
Psychrometer is an instrument which measures both dry bulb temperature and wet
bulb temperature.
13. What is psychrometric chart?
It is the graphical plot with specific humidity and partial pressure of water vapour in y
axis and dry bulb temperature along x axis. The specific volume of mixture, wet bulb
temperature, relative humidity and enthalpy are the properties appeared in the psychrometric
chart.
14. Define sensible heat and latent heat.
Sensible heat is the heat that changes the temperature of the substance when added to
it or when abstracted from it. Latent heat is the heat that does not affect the temperature but
change of state occurred by adding the heat or by abstracting the heat.
15. What are the important psychrometric processes?
1. Sensible heating and sensible cooling,
2. Cooling and dehumidification,
3. Heating and humidification,
4. Mixing of air streams,
5. Chemical dehumidification,
6. Adiabatic evaporative cooling.
16. What is meant by adiabatic mixing?
The process of mixing two or more stream of air without any heat transfer to the
surrounding is known as adiabatic mixing. It is happened in air conditioning system.
17. What are the assumptions made in Vanderwaal’s equation of state?
1. There is no inter molecular forces between particles.
2. The volume of molecules is negligible in comparison with the gas.
18. Define coefficient of volume expansion.
The coefficient of volume expansion is defined as the change in volume with the
change in temperature per unit volume keeping the pressure constant.
19. State Helmholtz function.
Helmholtz function is the property of a system and is given by subtracting the product
of absolute temperature (T) and entropy (S) from the internal energy (U).
Helmholtz function = U – TS
20. What are thermodynamic properties?
Thermodynamic properties are pressure (p), temperature (T), volume (V), internal
energy (U), enthalpy (H), entropy (S), Helmholtz function and Gibbs function
21. Define throttling process.
When a fluid expands through a minute orifice or slightly opened valve, the process is
called as throttling process. During this process, pressure and velocity are reduced.
22. Define Molecular mass.
Molecular mass is defined as the ratio between total mass of the mixture to the total
number of moles available in the mixture.
23. Define isothermal compressibility.
Isothermal compressibility is defined as the change in volume with change in pressure
per unit volume keeping the temperature constant.
24. Define psychrometry.
The science which deals with the study of behavior of moist air (mixture of dry air
and water vapour) is known as psychrometry.

16 marks
Unit 1

1). A gas whose original pressure, volume and temperature where 140 kN/m 2, 0.1 m3
and 25oC respectively is compressed such that its new pressure is 700 kN/m 2 and its new
temperature is 60oC. Determine the new volume of the gas.

Given data:

p1 =140 kN/m2

V1= 0.1 m3

T1 = 25+273= 298 K

p2 = 700 kN/m2

T2= 60+273= 333 K

To find:

(1) V2=?

Solution:

The characteristic gas equation is

p1V 1 p2V 2
=
T1 T2
 140× 0.1 700 ×V 2
→ =
298 333

V2 = 0.0223 m3

Answers:

(1) V2 = 0.0223 m3

2) A gas cylinder has got a volume of 30 litres and indicates a pressure of 80 N/cm 2 and
temperature 30oC. Find out the weight of the gas, if the value of gas constant of
particular gas is 270 J/kgK.

Given data:

V= 30 litres = 30× 10-3 (1 litre = 1×10-3 m3)

p= 80 N/cm2= 800 kN/m2

T= 30 + 273= 303 K

R= 270 J/kgK

R=0.270 kJ/kgK

To find:

(1) W=?

Solution:

The gas equation or equation of state is

PV=mRT

PV
m=
RT

800 ×30 ×10−3 m= 0.2934 kg

m=
0.270 ×303

W= m×g

W= 0.2934× 9.81

W= 2.878 N
Answers:

(1) W = 2.878 N

3) A gas whose pressure, volume and temperature are 5 bar, 0.23 m 3 and 185oC
respectively, has its state change at constant pressure until its temperature becomes
70oC. Determine (i)Work done (ii) Change in Internal energy (iii) Heat transferred
during the process. Take R=0.29 kJ/kgK and Cp= 1.005 kJ/kgK.

Given data:

p1= 5 bar = 500 kN/m2 (1 bar= 1 ×105 N/m2= 100 kN/m2)

V1= 0.23 m3

T1= 185+273= 458 K

T2= 70+273= 343 K

To find:

(1) W=?

(2) ΔU=?

(3) Q=?

Solution:

(1) Work done (W):

W= p (V2-V1) or mR(T2-T1)

p1V 1
m=
RT1

500 ×0.23
m=
0.29× 458

m= 0.866 kg

W= 0.866× 0.29×(343-458)

W= -29 kJ

(2) Change in Internal energy (ΔU):

W.K.T, ΔU= mCv(T2-T1)

According to Meyer’s relationship

 Cp-Cv=R

1.005- Cv= 0.29

Cv= 0.715 kJ/kgK

ΔU= 0.866×0.715×(343-458)

ΔU= -71.206 kJ

(3) Heat transferred (Q):

Q=ΔU+W

Q=-71.206-29

Q=-100.2 kJ

Answers:

(1) Work done, W= -29 kJ (‘-‘sign indicates that work is done on the system (gas))

(2) Change in Internal energy, ΔU= -71.206 kJ (‘-‘sign indicates the decrease in
change in internal energy)

(3) Heat transferred, Q=-100.2 kJ (‘-‘sign indicates heat is rejected)

4) 5 kg of a gas was heated from a temperature of 100 0C at constant volume till its
pressure becomes three times its original pressure. For this process calculate (i) Heat
transferred (ii) Change in internal energy and (iii) Change in enthalpy. Assume
Cp=1 kJ/kgK and Cv=0.71 kJ/kgK.

Given data:

m= 5 kg

T1= 100+273= 373 K

V1=V2=V ∴ (W=0)

p2
p2=3p1 ∴ =3
p1

Cp=1 kJ/kgK

Cv=0.71 kJ/kgK

To find:
 (1) Q=?

(2) ΔU=?

(3) ΔH=?

Solution:

(1) Heat transferred (Q)

Since it is a constant volume process, W=0

Therefore, Q=ΔU=mCv(T2-T1)

T2 p2
=
T1 p1

T2
=3
T1

T2 = 1119 K

Q=ΔU=mCv(T2-T1)= 5×0.71×(1119-373)= 2648.3 kJ

Q= ΔU=
2648.3 kJ
(2) Change in Enthalpy (ΔH):

ΔH= mCp(T2-T1)= 5×1×(1119-373)= 3730 kJ

ΔH= 3730 kJ
Answers:

(1) Heat transfer and change in internal energy, Q= ΔU= 2648.3 kJ

(2) Change in enthalpy, ΔH= 3730 kJ

5) The initial volume of 0.18 kg of a certain gas was 0.15 m 3 and at a temperature of
150C and a pressure of 100 kN/m2. After adiabatic compression the pressure and volume
was found to be 400 kN/m2 and 0.056 m3. Find (i) the ratio of specific heat (γ) and (2)
Change in internal energy.

Given data:

m=0.18 kg

V1=0.15 m3

p1= 100 kN/m2

p2= 400 kN/m2

 V2= 0.056 m3

T1= 15+273= 288 K

Solution:

(1) Ratio of specific heat (γ):

p1V1= mRT1

p 1 V 1 100× 0.15
R= = = 0.2894 kJ/kgK
mT 1 0.18 ×288
γ
p1 V 100 0.056 γ
W.K.T,
p2( )( ) ( )(
= 2
V1
=
400
=
0.15 )
(0.25)=( 0.373 )γ

Taking log on both sides,

log (0.25)= log ( 0.373 )γ

log (0.25)= γ log (0.373)

log (0.25)
γ= = 1.4057 γ=1.4057
log (0.373)

(2) Change in Internal energy (ΔU)

p 1 V 1− p2 V 2 ( 100× 0.15 )−(400 × 0.056)

W= = = -18.24 kJ
γ −1 1.4057−1

W=-18.24 kJ

Q=W + ΔU (since Q=0)

ΔU=-W ,
ΔU= 18.24 kJ
Answers:
(1) Ratio of specific heat, γ=1.4057

(2) Change in Internal energy, ΔU= 18.24 kJ

6) 1 kg of air at 11 bar and 800C is expanded to 10 times the original volume by

(i) Isothermal process (ii) Isentrophic (reversible adiabatic) process. Determine the
workdone in each of the cases. Plot these on a common PV diagram. Take R= 0.287
kJ/kgK and γ=1.4.

Given data:
 m= 1kg

p1= 11 bar= 1100 kN/m2

T1= 80+273= 353 K

V2
V2=10V1, =10
V1

R= 0.287 kJ/kgK, γ= 1.4

To find:

(1) (1-2) Isothermal process, W=?

(2) (1-2) Isentrophic process, W=?

Solution:

(1) Work done (W), if T=C process:

V2 V2
W= p1V1ln ( ) or
V1
mRT1ln ( )
V1
W= 233.277 kJ
W= 1×0.287×353×ln(10) = 233.277 kJ
(2) Work done (W), if PVγ= C process:

p 1 V 1 − p2 V 2 mR (T 1 −T 2 )
W= or
γ −1 γ −1
γ −1
T1 V 353
( )( )
T2
= 2
V1
, T2
=101.4−1, T2= 140.525 K

1× 0.287 ×(353−140.525)
W=
1.4−1

W= 152. 45 kJ

(3) Common PV diagram:

Find p2 and p2’:

p1 V 2
(1-2) T=C process: =
p2 V 1

1100
=10 , p2= 110 kN/m2
p2
 γ
p1 V
γ
(1-2’) PV = C process: ( )( )
p2 '
= 2
V1

p1
( )
p2 '
1.4
=( 10 ) , p2’= 43.796 kN/m2

7) A quantity of gas occupies a volume of 0.28 m 3, at a pressure of 120 kN/m 2 and

temperature of 250C. The gas is compressed isothermally to a pressure of 600 kN/m2 and
then expanded adiabatically to its initial volume. Determine (i) heat received or rejected
during compression (ii) mass of the gas and (iii) Change in internal energy during
expansion. Assume γ= 1.4 and Cp=1 kJ/kgK.

Given data:

V1= 0.28 m3

p1= 120 kN/m2

T1= 25+273= 298 K

p2= 600 kN/m2

Cp= 1 kJ/kgK

γ= 1.4

(1-2) T=C Compression (Isothermal process)

(2-3) PVγ= C expansion (Adiabatic process)

V3=V1

To find:
 (1) m=?

(2) Q1-2=?

(3) ΔU2-3=?

Solution:

(1) Mass, m=?

p1V1= mRT1

p1V 1
m=
RT1

Cp 1
γ= , Cv=
1.4
, Cv= 0.714 kJ/kgK
Cv

R=Cp-Cv=1-0.714= 0.286 kJ/kgK

120× 0.28
m=
0.286 ×298
= 0.3942 m=0.3942 kg kg

(2) Heat transfer during isothermal compression (Q1-2):

V2
W.K.T, Q1-2= p1V1ln( )V1

V2 p1 V2 120 V2
( )( )( )( )( )
V1
=
p2
,
V1
=
600
, V1
=( 0.2 )

Q1-2= 120×0.28×ln (0.2) = -54.0771 kJ

Q1-2= - 54.0771 kJ
(3) Change in internal energy during adiabatic expansion (ΔU2-
3):

ΔU2-3= mCv(T3-T2)

T2= 298K (since T1=T2)

V2
=0.2, V2=0.2×0.28, V2=0.056 m3
V1

V3=V1=0.28m3
γ−1 1.4−1
T2 V 298 0.28
( ) ( ) ,( ) ( )
T3
= 3
V2 T3
=
0.056 , T3= 156.54 K
 ΔU2-3= 0.3942×0.714×(156.54-298), ΔU2-3= -39.8151 kJ

ΔU2-3=-39.8151 kJ
Answers:

(1) Mass, m= 0.3942 kg

(2) Heat transfer during isothermal compression, Q1-2= - 54.0771 kJ

(3) Change in internal energy during adiabatic expansion, ΔU2-3=-39.8151 kJ

8) When a system is taken from state l to state m as shown in figure along path lqm. 168
kJ of heat flows into the system and the system does 64 kJ of work. (i) how much will be
the heat that flow into the system along the path lnm if work done is 21 kJ. (ii) When
the system is returned from m to l along the curved path, the work done on the system is
42 kJ. Does the system absorbs or liberate heat and how much of heat is absorbed or
liberated. (iii) If Ul=0 and Un=84 kJ. Find the heat absorbed in the process ln and lm.

Given data:

Ql-q-m= 168 kJ

Wl-q-m= 64 kJ

Wl-n-m= 21 kJ

Wm-l= -42 kJ

To find:

(1) Ql-n-m=?

(2) Qm-l=?

(3) Ql-n=?
 (4) Qn-m=?

Solution:

(1) Ql-n-m:

Ql-q-m=ΔUl-q-m+Wl-q-m

168= ΔUl-q-m+ 64, ΔUl-q-m= 104 kJ

ΔUl-q-m= Um-Ul= 104 kJ

Ql-n-m= (Um-Ul)+ Wl-m-n= 104+21=125 kJ

Ql-n-m= 125 kJ
(2) Qm-l:

Qm-l= (Ul-Um)+ Wm-l

Qm-l= -104-42= -146 kJ (Ul-Um)=-104 kJ

Qm-l= -146 kJ
(3) Ql-n and Qn- m:

Ul=0, Un=84 kJ and Wl-n-m= 21 kJ

Wl-n-m= Wl-n+Wn-m

Wn-m=0 (since constant volume process)

Therefore, Wl-n-m= Wl-n= 21 kJ

Wl-n= 21 kJ

Ql-n= ΔUl-n+ Wl-n= (Un-Ul)+Wl-n= (84-0)+21

Ql-n=105 kJ

Ql-n-m= Ql-n+ Qn-m

125= 105+ Qn-m Qn-m= 20 kJ

Answers:

(1) Ql-n-m= 125 kJ

(2) Qm-l= -146 kJ

 (3) Ql-n=105 kJ & Qn-m= 20 kJ

9) Air at a temperature of 150C passes through a heat exchanger at a velocity of 30 m/s

where its temperature is raised to 8000C. It then enters to a turbine with the same
velocity of 30 m/s and expands until the temperature falls to 650 0C. On leaving the
turbine the air is taken at a velocity of 60 m/s to a nozzle where it expands until the
temperature fallen to 5000C. If the air flow rate is 2 kg/s, calculate (i) the rate of heat
transfer to the air in the heat exchanger. (ii) The power output from the turbine
assuming no heat loss. (iii) The velocity at exit from the nozzle assuming no heat loss.
Take the enthalpy of air as h=cpt, where Cp is the specific heat= 1.005 kJ/kgK and t,
temperature in 0C.

Given data:

Solution:

(1) Q1-2:

Enthalpy of air, h=Cpt

h1=Cpt1=1.005×15= 15.075 kJ/kg

h2=Cpt2=1.005×800= 804 kJ/kg

h3=Cpt3=1.005×650=653.25 kJ/kg

h4=Cpt4=1.005×500= 502.5 kJ/kg

SFEE for (1-2) process: 0

0
 g z1 C 21 g z2 C 22
m [ +
1000 2000 ]
+h 1 + Q 1−2=m [ +
1000 2000 2 ]
+h +W 1−2

Z1=Z2 (because it is at a same distance from the datum)

W1-2=0 (since it occurs naturally)

C 21 C22
m [
2000 1
+h +Q 1−2=m] + h +0
2000 2 [ ]
C21 −C22
2×
2000[ ]
+2 ( h1−h 2 )+ Q 1−2=0

302−30 2
2× [ 2000 ]
+2 ( 15.075−804 ) +Q 1−2=0

Q1-2= 1577.85 kJ/s or kW

(2) SFEE for (2-3) process:

g z2 C 22 g z3 C 23
m [ +
1000 2000 2
+ h +Q 2−3=m ] +
1000 2000 3 [ ]
+ h +W 2−3

Z2=Z3 (since inlet and outlet are at same datum height)

Q2-3=0 (sine given that to assume no heat loss)

C22 −C23
2× [ 2000 ] +2 ( h2−h3 )=W 2−3

302−60 2
2× [ 2000 ]
+2 ( 804−653.25 )=W 2−3

W2-3= 298.8 kJ/s or kW

(3) SFEE for (3-4) process:

g z3 C 23 g z4 C24
m [ +
1000 2000 ]
+ h3 +Q 3−4 =m [
+
1000 2000 4 ]
+h +W 3−4

Z3=Z4 (since inlet and outlet are at same datum height)

Q3-4=0 (sine given that to assume no heat loss)

W3-4= 0 (since no work is done)

 C 23 C 24
2 [ 2000 ] [
+h 3 =2
2000 4
+h ]
602 C 24
2
2000 [
+653.25 =2 ] [
2000
+502.5 ]
C4= 552.358 m/s
Answers:

(1) Q1-2= 1577.85 kW

(2) W2-3= 298.8 kW

(3) C4= 552.358 m/s

10) In an isentrophic flow through a nozzle, air flows at the rate of 600 kg/hr. At inlet to
the nozzle, pressure is 2Mpa and temperature is 127 0C. The exit pressure is 0.5 Mpa.
Initial air velocity is 300 m/s. Determine (i) Exit velocity of air and (ii) Inlet and exit
area of nozzle.

Given data:

600
m= 600 kg/hr= kg /s = 0.167 kg/s
3600

p1= 2Mpa = 2000 kN/m2

T1= 400 K

p2= 0.5 Mpa= 500 kN/m2

C1= 300 m/s

To find:

(1) C2=?

(2) A1=? & A2=?

Solution:

(1) Exit velocity C2:

V1
p1V1= mRT1, p1 = RT1
m

RT1 0.287 ×400

p1v1= RT1, v1= , v1=
p1 2000

v1= 0.0574 m3/kg

 v2 γ p1 1
v2 p
( ) ( ) ( )( )
v1
=
p2
, also
v1
= 1
p2
γ

v2 2000 1

( 0.0574)( )
=
500
1.4
, v2= 0.1544 m3/kg

g z1 C 21 g z2 C 22
m [ +
1000 2000 ]
+ h1 +Q 1−2=m [+
1000 2000 2
+h + W 1−2 ]
C 21 C 22
+p v = +p v
2000 1 1 2000 2 2

3002 C 22
+ ( 2000 × 0.0574 )= +(500 × 0.1544)
2000 2000

C2= 406.448 m/s

(2) A1 & A2:
A C A × 300 A1= 3.195 × 10-5 m2
m= 1 1 , 0.167= 1
v1 0.0574

A2 C 2 A × 406.448 A2= 6.344× 10-5 m2

m= , 0.167= 1
v2 0.1544

Answers:

(1) Exit velocity of air, C2= 406.448 m/s

(2) A1= 3.195 × 10-5 m2 & A2= 6.344× 10-5 m2

Unit 2

1) Explain the various processes in the carnot cycle and derive its efficiency.

Carnot cycle was developed by a scientist named carnot. It is an ideal cycle for any
heat engine.

Carnot cycle consists of the following processes.

(1-2) Reversible adiabatic compression.
(2-3) Reversible isothermal heat addition.
(3-4) Reversible adiabatic compression.
(4-1) Reversible isothermal heat rejection.

Efficiency:
 Q s−Q R W
η= =
Qs Qs

V2
(1-2) T=C expansion: Q s =p 1 V 1 ln ( )
V1

V3
(3-4) T=C compression: Q R= p3 V 3 ln ( ) V4

V2 V3
Q s =mR T 1 ln ( ) V1
& Q R=mR T 2 ln ( )
V4

1
V3 T
γ
(2-3) pV =C expansion:
V2
= 1
T2 ( )( ) γ −1

1
V4 T
γ
(4-1) pV =C compression:
V1
= 1
T2 ( )( ) γ −1

V2 V3
=
V1 V4

V2 V

η=
p1 V 1 ln ( )
V1
− p3 V 3 ln 2
V1 ( )
V2
p 1 V 1 ln
( )
V1

V2 V

η=
mRT 1 ln ( )
V1
−mR T 2 ln 2
V1 ( )
V2
mR T 1 ln
( )
V1

V2
( )
( )
mRln
T 1−T 2 V1
η=
T1 V2
mRln ( ) V1

T 1−T 2
η=
T1

2) A heat engine develops 10 kW power, when receiving heat at the rate of 2250 kJ/min.
Evaluate the corresponding rate of heat rejection from the engine and its thermal
efficiency.
Given data:

W= 10 kW

Q1= 2250 kJ/min= 2250/60 kW= 37.5 kW

To find:

(1) Q2=?

(2) η=?

Solution:

(1) Heat rejection (Q2):

W=Q1-Q2, 10=37.5-Q2

Q2= 27.5 kW
(2) Efficiency (η):

W
η= ×100 %
Q1

η= 10/37.5 ×100%

η=26.67%
Answers:

(1) Heat rejection, Q2= 27.5 kW

(2) Efficiency, η=26.67%

3) A machine operating as a heat pump extracts heat from the surrounding atmosphere,
is driven by a 7.5 kW motor and supplies 2×10 5 kJ/hr heat to a house needed for its
heating in winter. Find the coefficient of performance for the heat pump. How this COP
will be affected if the objective of the same machine is to cool the house in summer
requiring 2×105 kJ/hr of heat rejection. Comment on the result.

Given data:

W= 7.5 kW

Q1= 2×105 kJ/hr= 2×105/3600= 55.556 kW

To find:

(1) (COP)H.P=?

(2) (COP)Ref=?

Solution:

(1) (COP)H.P:

(COP) H.P =Q =7.407

1 55.556
(COP)H.P=7.407 =
W 7.5

(2) (COP)Ref:

W= Q1-Q2
7.5= 55.556- Q2

Q2= 48.056 kW
Q 2 48.056
(COP) Ref= = = 6.407 kW
W 7.5

(COP)Ref =6.407

Answers:

(1) (COP)H.P=7.407

(2) (COP)Ref =6.407

Comment: (COP)H.P= 1+(COP)Ref or (COP)Ref =1-(COP)H.P

4) An inventor claims a new engine that will develop 2.5 kW for a heat addition of
300 kJ/min. The highest temperature of the cycle is 1800 K and the lowest temperature
is 600K. Examine the feasibility of the engine.

Given data:
 T1= 1800 K

T2= 600 K

Q1= 300 kJ/min = 300/60 kW= 5 kW

W= 2.5 kW

To find:

The feasibility of the engine.

Solution:

T 1−T 2
ηcarnot =
T1

1800−600 1200
ηcarnot =
1800
= 1800 ×100 % = 66.77%

ηcarnot= 66.77%

W 2.5
η H . E= = ×100%= 50%
Q1 5

ηH.E= 50%

Answers:

Engine is feasible since ηcarnot>ηH.E

5) A carnot heat engine which operates between temperature level of 927 0C and 330C. It
rejects 30 kJ of heat to the low temperature sink. The heat pump receives 270 kJ of heat
from low temperature reservoir and rejects it to the surrounding at 33 0C. Determine the
temperature in 0C of the low temperature reservoir of the heat pump.

Given data:

To find:

(1) Temperature of the lowest reservoir, T4=?

Solution:

(1) Temperature of the lowest reservoir, T4:

T 1 −T 2
η H . E=
T1

1200−306
η H . E= ×100 %=74.5 %
1200

W Q 1−Q 2
η H . E= =
Q1 Q1

Q1−30
0.745= , Q1=117.65 kJ
Q1

W W
η H . E= , 0.745=
Q1 117.65

W= 87.649 kJ
W=Q3-Q4, Q3=W+Q4, Q3=87.649+270
 Q3=357.65 kJ

Q 3 357.65
(COP)H.P= = =4.08
W 87.65

Q3 T3
(COP)H.P= =
Q3−Q4 T 3−T 4

306
4.08=
306−T 4
,

T4= 231 K

Answers:
(1) T4= 231 K

6). A carnot heat engine with efficiency 0.4 drives a refrigerator with (COP) Ref =4. Both
the engine and refrigerator rejects energy to the atmosphere. Determine the amount of
energy rejected into the atmosphere by both the devices for each kJ of energy from the
cold space by the refrigerator.

Given data:

ηH.E= 0.4

(COP)Ref =4

To find:

(1) Q2=?

(2) Q3=?
Solution:

(1) Q2 and Q3:

Q4 1
(COP)Ref= , 4 = Q −1
Q 3−Q 4 3

Q3= 1.25 kJ
W= Q3-Q4

W= 1.25-1=0.25 kJ

W= 0.25 kJ
W 0.25
η H . E= , 0.4= ,
Q1 Q1

Q1= 0.625 kJ

W= Q1-Q2, 0.25=0.625-Q2

Q2= 0.375 kJ
Answers:

(1) Q2= 0.375 kJ

(2) Q3= 1.25 kJ

7) A heat engine working on a carnot cycle absorbs heat from three thermal reservoirs
at 1000 K, 800 K and 600 K. The engine does 10 kW of net work and rejects 400 kJ/min
of heat to a heat sink at 300 K. If the heat supplied by the reservoir at 1000 K is 60% of
the heat supplied by the reservoir at 600 K. Make calculations for the quantity of heat
absorbed by the engine from each reservoir.

Given data:
To find:

(1) Q1, Q2 & Q3=?

Solution:

QR= 6.667 kW

W=QS-QR , QS= W+QR

QS= 10+6.667= 16.667 kW

QS=Q1+Q2+Q3

16.667=0.6Q3+Q2+Q3

16.667= 1.6Q3+Q2

Q2= 16.667-1.6Q3 1

Q1=0.6Q3 2

dQ
∮ T
=0 (Assume the engine is reversible)

Q1 Q 2 Q 3 (−6.667)
+ + + =0
1000 800 600 300

0.6 Q 3 (16.667−1.6 Q 3) Q 3 6.667

+ + − =0
1000 800 600 300

× by 100
0.6 Q 3 (16.667−1.6 Q 3) Q 3 6.667
+ + − =0
10 8 6 3

0.06Q3+2.083-0.2Q3+0.167Q3-2.223=0

Q3=5.21 kW

Q1=3.127 kW

Q2=16.667-(1.6×5.21)

Q2=8.331 kW

Answers:

(1) Q1=3.127 kW

(2) Q2=8.331 kW

(3) Q3=5.21 kW

8) A reversible heat engine is supplied with 900 kJ of heat from a heat source at 500 K.
The engine develops 300 kJ of net work and rejects heat to two heat sinks at 400 K and
300 K. Determine the engine thermal efficiency and magnitude of heat interaction with
each of the sink.

Given data:

To find:

(1) ηH.E=?

(2) Q1=? & Q2=?

Solution:
(1) Thermal efficiency of the engine (ηH.E):

W=Qs-QR , 300=900-QR

QR=600 kJ

W 300
η H . E= =
Q s 900

η H . E=33.34 %

QR=Q1+Q2, 600=Q1+Q2

Q2=600-Q1

dQ
Given the engine is reversible, ∮ T
=0

Q s Q 1 Q2
(ie) + + =0
T 1 T2 T3

900 (−Q¿¿ 1) (−Q¿¿ 2)

+ + =0 ¿¿
500 400 300

900 Q 1 600 Q 1
− − + =0
500 400 300 300

× by 100

900 Q 1 600 Q 1
− − + =0
5 4 3 3

180-0.25Q1-200+0.33Q1=0

Q1=240 kJ
Q2=600-240

Q2=360
kJ
Answers:

(1) Q1=240 kJ

(2) Q2=360 kJ

9) 1 kg of air initially at 7 bar pressure and 360 K temperature expands polytrophically

according to the law pV1.2=constant, until the pressure is reduced to 1/5 th pressure.
Determine (i) final specific volume and temperature. (ii) change in internal energy,
workdone and heat interaction, and (iii) change in entropy. Take R=0.287 kJ/kgK,
γ=1.4.
Given data:

m=1 kg

p1=7 bar= 700 kN/m2

T1=360 K

n=1.2

p1
p2 = = 700/5= 140 kN/m2
5

R=0.287 kJ/kgK, γ=1.4

To find:

(1) v2=? & T2=?

(2) ΔU=? W=? & Q=?

(3) ΔS=?

Solution:

(1) v2 & T2:

n−1
T2 p
( )( )
T1
= 2
p1
n

T2 140 1.2−1

( )( )
360
=
700
1.2

T2=275.15 K

p2V2=mRT2

140×V2=1×0.287×275.15

V2=0.564 m3

v2=V2/m=0.564 m3/kg

v2 =0.564 m3/kg
(2) ΔU, W & Q:

ΔU= mCv(T2-T1)= 1×0.718 (275.15-360)

ΔU=-60.922 kJ
 mR (T 1 −T 2 ) 1 ×0.287 ×(360−275.15)
W= =
n−1 1.2−1

W=121.759 kJ

Q= ΔU+W= -60.92+121.759

Q=60.839 kJ

(3) ΔS:

T2 p1
ΔS= C p ln ( ) ( )
T1
+ Rln
p2

ΔS= 1.005 ln ( 275.15

360 ) +0.287 ln (
700
140 )

ΔS=0.192 kJ/kgK
Answers:

(1) T2=275.15 K, v2 =0.564 m3/kg

(2) ΔU=-60.922 kJ, W=121.759 kJ, Q=60.839 kJ

(3) ΔS=0.192 kJ/kgK

10) 1 kg of air is contained in a piston cylinder assembly at 10 bar pressure and 500 K
temperature. The piston moves outwards and the air expands to 2 bar and 350 K
temperature. Determine the maximum work attainable. Assume the environmental
conditions to be 1 bar and 290 K. Also make calculations for the availability in the
initial and final states. For air, R= 0.287 kJ/kgK, Cp= 1.005 kJ/kgK and Cv=0.718
kJ/kgK

Given data:

m=1 kg

p1=10 bar= 1000 kN/m2

T1= 500 K

p2=2 bar= 200 kN/m2

T2= 350 K

p0=1 bar= 100 kN/m2

T0=290 K
 R= 0.287 kJ/kgK, Cp= 1.005 kJ/kgK and Cv=0.718 kJ/kgK

To find:

(1) Wmax=?

(2) I(A)=?

(3) F(A)=?

Solution:

(1) Wmax:

Wmax=A1-A2= (U1+p0V1-T0S1)-(U2+p0V2-T0S2)

= (U1-U2)+p0(V1-V2)+T0(S2-S1)

U1-U2=mCv(T1-T2)= 1×0.718×(500-350)= 107.7 kJ

mR T 1 mR T 2 1 ×0.287 × 500 1 ×0.287 × 350

p0(V1-V2)= p0 [ p1
−
p2 ] [
= 100
1000
−
200 ]= -35.88 kJ

T2 p
[ ( ) ( )]
T0(S2-S1)= T 0 mC p ln
T1
−mRln 2
p1

[
= 290 1 ×1.005 × ln ( 350
500 )−1 ×0.287 × ln (
200
1000 ) ]
= 30 kJ

Wmax= 107.7-35.88+30= 101.82 kJ

Wmax=101.82 kJ
(2) Initial availability I(A):

I(A)= (A1-A0) = (U1+p0V1-T0S1)-(U0+p0V0-T0S0)

= (U1-U0)+p0(V1-V0)+T0(S0-S1)

U1-U0=mCv(T1-T0)= 1×0.718×(500-290)= 150.78 kJ

mR T 1 mR T 0 1 ×0.287 × 500 1 ×0.287 × 290

p0(V1-V0)= p0 [ p1
−
p0 ] = 100 [ 1000
−
100 ]= -68.88 kJ

T0 p
[
T0(S0-S1)= T 0 mC p ln ( )
T1
−mRln 0
p1 ( )]
[
= 290 1 ×1.005 × ln ( 290
500 )−1 ×0.287 × ln (
100
1000 ) ]
= 32.88 kJ
 I(A)= 150.78-68.88+32.88= 114.78 kJ

I(A)= 114.78 kJ

(3) Final availability, F(A):

F(A)= (A2-A0) = (U2+p0V2-T0S2)-(U0+p0V0-T0S0)

= (U2-U0)+p0(V2-V0)+T0(S0-S2)

U2-U0=mCv(T2-T0)= 1×0.718×(350-290)= 43.08 kJ

mR T 2 mR T 0 1 ×0.287 × 350 1 ×0.287 × 290

p0(V2-V0)= p0 [ p2
−
p0 ] [
= 100
200
−
100 ]
= -33.01 kJ

T0 p
[ ( ) ( )]
T0(S0-S2)= T 0 mC p ln
T2
−mRln 0
p2

[
= 290 1 ×1.005 × ln ( 290
350 )−1 ×0.287 × ln (
100
200 ) ]
= 2.883 kJ

F(A)= 43.08-33.01+2.883= 12.953 kJ

F(A)= 12.953 kJ
Answers:

(1) Wmax=101.82 kJ

(2) I(A)= 114.78 kJ

(3) F(A)= 12.953 kJ

Unit 3

Pure substances and vapour power cycles

1) Calculate the enthalpy of 1 kg of steam at a pressure of 8 bar and dryness fraction of 0.8
bar. How much heat would be required to rise 2 kg of this steam from water at 200C.

Given data:

m=1 kg

p= 8 bar

x= 0.8

To find:
 (1) Heat required (Q)=?

Solution:

(1) Heat required (Q):

From steam table for p=8 bar

hf=720.9 kJ/kg, hfg= 2046.5 kJ/kg

Since wet steam, hs= hf+xhfg = 720.9+ (0.8×2046.5)

hs= 2358.1 kJ/kg

Heat already present in water hw=cpT=4.186×20

hw= 83.72 kJ/kg

Q= m(hs-hw)= 2(2358.1+83.72)

Q= 4548.76 kJ/kg

Answers:

(1) Heat required Q= 4548.76 kJ/kg

2) Steam enters an engine at a pressure of 12 bar with 67 0C of superheat. It is exhausted at a

pressure of 0.15 bar and 0.95 dry. Find the drop in enthalpy of steam.

Given data:

p1= 12 bar, (Tsup-Tsat)= 670C

p2= 0.15 bar, x2= 0.95

To find:

(1) Drop in enthalpy of steam, ΔH=?

Solution:

(1) Drop in enthalpy of steam:

State 1superheated steam

h1= hg1+Cp(Tsup-Tsat)

From steam table for p1=12 bar, hg1= 2782.7 kJ/kg

h1= 2782.7+2(67)= 2916.7 kJ/kg

State 2wet steam

 h2= hf2+x2hfg2

From steam table p2=0.15 bar, hf2= 226 kJ/kg, hfg2= 2373.2 kJ/kg

h2=226+(0.95×2373.2)= 2480.54 kJ/kg

Drop in enthalpy= h1-h2= 2916.7-2480.54=436.16 kJ/kg

ΔH= 436.16 kJ/kg

Answers:

(1) ΔH= 436.16 kJ/kg

3) Calculate the internal energy of a steam at a pressure at 10 bar, when the steam is (a) 0.9
dry, (b) dry saturated, the volume of water may be neglected.

Given data:

m=1 kg

p=10 bar= 1000 kN/m2

To find:

(1) u=?, when x=0.9

(2) u=?, when x=1

Solution:

(1) u when x=0.9 (wet steam)

u=h-pv

From steam table, for 10 bar, hf= 762.6 kJ/kg, hfg=2013.6 kJ/kg, vg= 0.19430 m3/kg

h= hf+xhfg= 762.6+(0.9×2013.6)= 2574.83 kJ/kg

pv=pxvg= 1000×0.9×0.19430= 174.87 kJ/kg

u= 2574.83-174.87= 2399.97 kJ/kg

u= 2399.97 kJ/kg

(2) u when x=1 (dry steam)

u=h-pv

h= hf+hfg= 762.6+2013.6= 2776.2 kJ/kg

pv=pvg= 1000×0.19430= 194.30 kJ/kg

 u= 2776.2 -194.30 = 2581.9 kJ/kg

Answers: u= 2581.9 kJ/kg

(1) u= 2399.97 kJ/kg , when x=0.9

(2) u= 2581.9 kJ/kg, when x=1

4) Steam at a pressure of 4 bar and dryness 0.7 is allowed to expand at a constant volume
until the pressure rises to 5.5 bar. Find the final condition of the steam and the heat absorbed
by 1 kg of steam.

Given data:

p1= 4 bar

x1= 0.7

p2= 5.5 bar

To find:

x2=?

Q=?

Solution:

From the steam table for p1=4 bar, hf1=604.7 kJ/kg, hfg1=2132.9 kJ/kg, vg1= 0.46220 m3/kg

From the steam table for p2= 5.5 bar, vg2=0.343565 m3/kg

v=C, v1=v2
x1vg1=x2vg2, 0.7×0.4622=x2×0.342565,

x2=0.9445

Since constant volume process, Q=ΔU=u2-u1

u1= h1-p1v1

h1=hf1+x1hfg1= 604.7+(0.7×2132.9)=2097.93 kJ/kg

p1v1=p1x1vg1= 400×0.7×0.46220= 129.416 kJ/kg

u1= 2097.93-129.416= 1968.314 kJ/kg

u2= h2-p2v2

h2=hf2+x2hfg2= 655.8+(0.9445×2095.9)=2635.378 kJ/kg

p2v2=p2x2vg2= 550×0.9445×0.342565= 177.954 kJ/kg

 u2= 2635.378-177.954= 2457.424 kJ/kg

Q=2457.424-1968.314

Q=489.11 kJ/kg

Answers:

(1) x2=0.9445

(2) Q=489.11 kJ/kg

5) Two boilers discharge equal amount of steam into the same main. The steam from one is at
18 bar and 3800C and from other is 18 bar and 0.95 quality. Determine (i) the equilibrium
condition after mixing. (ii) The loss of entropy by the high temperature steam. (iii) The gain
of entropy by the low temperature steam and (iv) Net increase or decrease of entropy. Take
Cp for superheated steam as 2.3 kJ/kgK.

Given data:

To find:

(1) Condition after mixing, h3=?

(2) Loss of entropy by high temperature steam, S2-S3=?

(3) Gain of entropy by low temperature steam, S3-S1=?

(4) Net increase or decrease of entropy=?

Solution:

(1) Condition after mixing, h3:

 Condition of steam in boiler 1 is in superheated state

From superheated steam table, p1= 18 bar and t=380̊C

By interpolation method,

30
h1=hsup= h350+(h400-h350)×
50

30
h1= 3142.7+(3251.9-3142.7)×
50

h1= 3208.22 kJ/kg

30
s1=ssup= s350+(s400-s350)×
50

30
s1= 7.013+(7.182-7.013)×
50

s1= 7.1144 kJ/kgK

Condition of steam in boiler 2 is wet

From steam table, for p2=18 bar, hf2=884.5 kJ/kg, hfg2=1910.3 kJ/kg,

sf2=2.398 kJ/kgK, sfg2=3.977 kJ/kgK

h2=hf2+x2hfg2=884.5+(0.95×1910.3)= 2699.285 kJ/kg

s2=sf2+x2sfg2=2.398+(0.95×3.977)=6.176 kJ/kgK

Energy balance at 3, m1h1+m2h2=m3h3

1(3208.22)+1(2699.285)=2h3

h3=2953.753 kJ/kg

(2) Loss of entropy by high temperature steam:

From steam table, for 18 bar pressure, hg=2794.8 kJ/kg, Tsat=480.1 K

Since h3>hg at corresponding pressure, the final condition of steam is superheated.

h3=hg1+Cp(Tsup-Tsat), 2953.753=2794.8+2.3(T3-480.1)

T3=549.21 K or t3=276.21̊C

26.21 26.21
S3=S250+(S300-S250)× = 6.607+(6.826-6.607)× = 6.722 kJ/kgK
50 50
 S1-Sm= 7.1144-6.722=0.3924 kJ/kgK

S1-Sm=0.3924 kJ/kgK

(3) Gain of entropy by low temperature steam:

Sm-S2=6.722-6.176=0.546 kJ/kgK

Sm-S2=0.546 kJ/kgK

(4) Net increase or decrease of entropy= 0.546-0.3924= 0.1536 kJ/kgK

Answers:

(1) h3=2953.753 kJ/kg

(2) S1-Sm=0.3924 kJ/kgK

(3) Sm-S2=0.546 kJ/kgK

(4) Net increase or decrease of entropy=0.1536 kJ/kgK

6) Steam at a pressure of 10 bar and 0.9 dry expands to atmospheric pressure hyperbolically.
Find (i) Work done. (ii) Change in enthalpy. (iii) Change in internal energy and (iv) heat
absorbed. Take specific heat of steam at constant pressure Cp= 2 kJ/kgK.

Given data:

p1= 10 bar

x1= 0.9

p2=1.01325 bar

hyperbolic process (pV=C)

To find:

(1) Work done, W=?

(2) Change in enthalpy, h2-h1=?

(3) Change in internal energy, ΔU=?

(4) Heat absorbed, Q=?

Solution:

(1) Work done, W:

p1v1=p2v2, v1=x1vg1, v2=x2vg2

p1x1vg1=p2x2vg2, x2= p1x1vg1/ p2vg2

From steam table, Corresponding pressure p1 & p2, vg1=0.1943 m3/kg,

vg2= 1.673 m3/kg

1000× 0.9 ×0.1943

x2= , x2= 1.0131
101.325× 1.673

Since x2>1, the final condition of the steam is super heated.

v2=x2vg2=1.0131×1.673=1.725 m3/kg

v1=x1vg1= 0.9×0.19431=0.1749

v2 1.725
W=p1v1ln ( )
v1
= 1000×0.1749×ln (
0.1749 )
W=400.306 kJ/kg

(2) Change in enthalpy:

Δh=h2-h1

From steam table, for p2=1.01325 bar, hf2=419.1 kJ/kg,hfg2=2256.9 kJ/kg

h2=hf2+x2hfg2=419.1+(1.031×2256.9)= 2745.964 kJ/kg

From steam table, for p1=10 bar, hf1=762.6 kJ/kg,hfg2=2013.6 kJ/kg

h1=hf1+x1hfg1=762.6+(0.9×2013.6)= 2574.84 kJ/kg

Δh=2745.964-2574.84= 171.124 kJ/kg

Δh= 171.124 kJ/kg

(3) Change in internal energy:

Δu= Δh= 171.124 kJ/kg

(4) Heat absorbed:

Q=Δu+W=171.124+400.306=571.427 kJ/kg

Q= 571.427 kJ/kg
Answers:
 (1) W=400.306 kJ/kg

(2) Δh= 171.124 kJ/kg

(3) Δu= 171.124 kJ/kg

(4) Q= 571.427 kJ/kg

7) Steam from an initial pressure of 7 bar and 200̊ C is expanded isentrophically to a pressure
of 1 bar. Calculate (i) the final condition of the steam. (ii) Change in internal energy.
(iii) Workdone during the process. (iv) the value of ‘n’ if the expansion follows the law
pvn=C.

Given data:

p1=7 bar

t1=2000C

p2= 1 bar

To find:

(1) x2=?

(2) Δu=?

(3) W=?

(4) n=?

Solution:

(1) Final condition of the steam (x2):

Since isentrophic process, s1=s2

From steam table, Corresponding to p1=7 bar, tsat=1650C

The initial condition of the steam is superheated steam, since t1>tsup

From superheated steam table, p1=7 bar, tsup= 2000C

s1=ssup=6.886 kJ/kgK

From steam table, for p2=1 bar, sf2=1.303 kJ/kgK, sfg2=6.057 kJ/kgK

s1=sf2+x2sfg2, 6.886= 1.303+x2(6.057)

x2=0.922

(2) Change in internal energy:

 Δu= u2-u1, u2=h2-p2v2, u1=h1-p1v1

From superheated steam table, for p1=7 bar and t1= 2000C, h1=2844.2 kJ/kg

vg1
v1=vsup= ×T ¿
T sat

From steam table, p1= 7 bar, vg1=0.27268 m3/kg, Tsat=165+273=438 K

Given Tsup=200+273=473 K

0.27268
v1=vsup= × 473 = 0.2945 m3/kg
438

Therefore, u1=2844.2-700(0.2945)= 2638.05 m3/kg

For 1 bar pressure, hf2=417.5 kJ/kg, hfg2=2251.9 kJ/kg, vg2= 1.673 m3/kg

v2=x2vg2=0.922×1.673= 1.539 m3/kg

h2=hf2+hfg2= 417.5+(0.922×2251.9)= 2493.752 kJ/kg

Therefore, u2=2493.752 -100 (1.539)= 2339.8518 m3/kg

Δu= 2339.8518-2638.05=-298.1982 kJ/kg

Δu=-298.1982 kJ/kg

(3) Workdone during the process:

W=- Δu=298.1982 kJ/kg

W =298.1982 kJ/kg

(4) n:
n
p1 v
( )( )
p2
= 2
v1

n
700 1.539
( )(
100
=
0.2945 )
Taking log on both sides
n
700 1.539
log ( ) (
100
=log
0.2945 )
log ( 700
100 )=nlog (
1.539
0.2945 )
 n= 1.18

Answers:

(1) x2=0.922

(2) Δu=-298.1982 kJ/kg

(3) W =298.1982 kJ/kg

(4) n= 1.18

8) In a steam turbine, steam at 20 bar and 3600C is expanded to 0.08 bar. It then enters a
condenser where it is condensed to saturated liquid water. The pump feeds back the water
into the boiler. Assume ideal process find per kg of steam, the network and the cycle
efficiency.

Given data:

p1=20 bar

t1=3600C

p2=0.08 bar

m=1 kg
To find:

(1) Network, Wnet=?

(2) Cycle efficiency, ηrankine=?

Solution:

(1) Wnet:

From the steam table, corresponding to p1=20 bar, tsat=212.40C

Since t1>tsat, the initial condition of the steam is superheated steam

Wnet=WT-WP

WT=(h1-h2)

From superheated steam table p1=20 bar,

10
h1=h360=h350+(h400-h350)×
50

10
h1=3138.6+(3248.7-3138.6) × = 3160.62 kJ/kg
50
 10 10
s1=s360=s350+(s400-s350)× = 6.960+(7.130-6.960) × =6.994 kJ/kg
50 50

s1=s2, s1=sf2+sfg2

From steam table, for p2=0.08 bar, sf2=0.593 kJ/kgK, sfg2=7.637 kJ/kgK

hf2= 173.9 kJ/kgK, hfg2=2403.2 kJ/kgK

6.994=0.593+x2(7.637), x2=0.838

h2=hf2+x2hfg2= 173.9+(0.838×2403.2)= 2187.78 kJ/kg

WT=h1-h2=3160.62-2187.78=972.84 kJ/kg

Wnet=WT-Wp

Wp=h4-h3, also Wp=vf3(p1-p2)

From steam table, for p2=p3=0.08 bar, vf3=0.001008 m3/kg

Wp=0.001008(2000-8)=2.008 kJ/kg

Wnet=972.84-2.008=970.832 kJ/kg

Wnet=970.832 kJ/kg

(2) Cycle efficiency:

W net W T −W p
η R= =
Qs Qs

Qs=h1-hf4

Wp=h4-h3, 2.008=h4-173.9, h4=175.908 kJ/kg

Qs=3160.62-175.908=2984.71 kJ/kg

970.832
η R= × 100 %
2984.71

η R=32.53 %

Answers:
(1) Wnet=970.832 kJ/kg

(2) η R=32.53 %

9) A turbine is supplied with steam at a pressure of 32 bar and a temperature of 410 0C. If the
steam reheated at 5.5 bar to a temperature of 3950C and then expands isentrophically to a
pressure of 0.08 bar. Find the dryness fraction at the end of expansion and thermal efficiency
of the cycle.

Given data:

p1=32 bar

t1=4100C

p2=5.5 bar, t2=3950C

p4=0.08 bar

To find:

(1) x4=?

(2) ηth=?

Solution:

(1) x4:

From superheated steam table, for p1=32 bar and t1=4100C

h1=3251.68 kJ/kg, s1=6.9222 kJ/kgK

From steam table for p2= 5.5 bar,

sf2=1.897 kJ/kgK, sfg2=4.89 kJ/kgK, hf2=655.8 kJ/kg, hfg2=2095.9 kJ/kg

s1=s2, 6.9222=1.897+x2(4.89), x2=1.03

h2=hf2+x2hfg2=655.8+(1.03×2095.9)

h2=2814.577 kJ/kg

From superheated steam table for p2=5.5 bar and t3=3950C

h3=3260.93 kJ/kg,s3=7.7359 kJ/kgK

 From steam table, for p4=0.08 bar,

sf4=0.593 kJ/kgK,sfg4=7.637 kJ/kgK, hf4=173.9 kJ/kg, hfg4=2403.2 kJ/kg

s3=s4, 7.7359=0.593+(x4×7.637),

x4=0.94
(2) ηth:

h4=hf4+x4hfg4=173.9+(0.94×2403.2)=2432.908 kJ/kg

h5=hf4=173.9 kJ/kg

WT=(h1-h2)+(h3-h2)=(3251.68-2814.577)+(3260.93-2432.908)=1265.125 kJ/kg

Qs=(h1-h5)+(h3-h2)=(3251.68-173.9)+(3260.93-2814.577)=3524.133 kJ/kg

ηth=1265.125/3524.133

ηth=35.90%
Answers:

(1) x4=0.94

(2) ηth=35.90%

10) A steam turbine is fed with steam having an enthalpy of 3100 kJ/kg. It moves out of the
turbine with an enthalpy of 2100 kJ/kg. Feed heating is done at a pressure of 3.2 bar with
steam enthalpy 2500 kJ/kg.