Performance Analysis of Wound Rotor Induction

Motor Subjected to Rotor Windings Asymmetry

R. R. Abdel-Wahab, T. M. Abdo and H. H. Hanafy
Electrical Power and Machines Department,
Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University,
Giza 12613, Egypt

Abstract—The aim of this paper is to analyze the suitable than squirrel cage motor. The main advantage of these
performance of 3-phase wound rotor induction motor (WRIM) motors over the squirrel cage motors is their high starting
under rotor windings asymmetry. The behavior of WRIM were torque with low startup current by the means of inserting an
simulated under healthy and asymmetry conditions. With the aid external resistance in series to the rotor circuit. Besides
of simulation results, variation of motor speed, electromagnetic limiting the starting current, this resistance can also be used in
torque, stator and rotor currents have been analyzed. To validate
controlling the motor speed. These advantages made the
the simulation results a series of experiments were conducted for
healthy and asymmetry rotor circuit. The results proved that for WRIM suitable for large power industrial application such as
the asymmetry rotor windings conditions the stator and rotor cranes, pumps, conveyors and hoists [1]. One of the
current increase while the motor speed decrease and the ripples advantages of the wound rotor induction machine that it can
of speed and electromagnetic torque increase. The paper proved be used as a generator especially in wind energy systems. This
that the performance of the motor in the asymmetry rotor case is configuration is known as a doubly-fed induction generator
directly affected by the connection of rotor windings. (DFIG). This generator has various advantages such as the
wide range of variable speed operation; the capacity of the
Keywords—wound-rotor induction motor; rotor windings inverter device is only one-third of the generator rating and
asymmetry; open phase fault.
cost effectiveness [2]. These advantages made the DFIG the
LIST OF SYMBOLS
main generator of wind turbines.
Vs : Stator voltage.
Asymmetrical operation of induction machine results in
Vr : Rotor voltage referred to stator side unbalanced air gap flux, consequently unbalanced supply
: Stator current currents, increased losses, increased torque pulsations, and
Is decreased average torque [3]. Windings, magnetic circuit and
Ir : Rotor current referred to stator side motor mechanical system (mainly bearing failures) faults are
: Stator resistance the three main categories of faults of induction motors [4].
Rs According to a survey in [5], more than 36% of motor failures
Rr : Rotor resistance referred to stator side are related to the stator windings insulation. Turn-to-turn, coil-
: Stator self inductance to-coil, line-to-line, line-to-ground, and single or multi-phase
Ls windings open-circuit faults are considered the main
Lr : Rotor self inductance referred to stator side categories of stator windings faults. Turn-to-turn has been
: Maximum mutual inductance considered the most challenging one since the other types of
Lo failures are usually a consequence of turn-to-turn faults [6].
Lls : Stator leakage inductance Bearings are among the most important component in a vast
: Rotor leakage inductance majority of machines. Furthermore, studies show that more
Llr than 40% of motor failures are related to the bearings failures
θr : Rotor position in electrical degree [5]. The main problem of the bearing is the outer race defect in
: Electromechanical torque the load zone [7]. Rotor asymmetries are one of the most
T em
critical failures in induction machines. Although these faults
ωr : Motor speed electrical rad. /sec do not cause an immediate collapse of the machine, they
ωm : Motor speed in rad./sec progressively degenerate, leading to an irreversible failure,
unless condition monitoring is applied [8]. Broken rotor bars
P : Number of pair –poles and broken end-rings are the most common faults that can
occur in the squirrel cage induction motors [9-10].
I. INTRODUCTION Increasing resistance or open-circuit of one or more of the
Three phase induction motors are popular in industrial and rotor windings or brush-gear circuits are the common rotor
manufacturing processes as well as some propulsion faults of WRIM. Performance of WRIM is more affected by
applications. The wound rotor and the squirrel cage rotor are asymmetrical rotor windings than asymmetrical stator
the main two categories of the induction motors. In some windings [11]. On the other hand DFIG is subjected to many
application wound rotor induction motor (WRIM) is more types of faults, such as converter faults [12], and winding

978-1-5090-3474-1/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE 1721

faults. In the literatures the analysis and fault diagnosis of the  2π 2π 
squirrel cage induction motors takes more attention from  cos(θr ) cos(θr - ) cos(θr + ) 
3 3
researchers than wound rotor motors. There are different 
diagnostic methods that were proposed for detection of WRIM 2π 2π 
faults [13-14].
[Zsr ] = Lo pcos(θr + ) cos(θr ) cos(θr - )  (6)
 3 3 
It was observed that the WRIM with opening one phase in
 2π 2π 
rotor circuit was capable of running at another stable speed,
 cos(θr - 3 ) cos(θr + 3 ) cos(θr ) 

approximately one half of its synchronous speed, with
efficiency much higher than that of the balanced motor
operated at the same speed with external rotor resistances[15-
[Z rs ] = [Z sr ]T
(7)
16].However, although the possibility of reasonably efficient Ls = Lls + Lo , Lr = Llr + Lo (8)
half-speed operation is attractive, this method is hardly ever
P T dL
used in practice due to the injection of low-frequency currents Tem = [i ] [i] (9)
into the supply, mechanical vibration and magnetic saturation 2 dθ r
which leads to excessive currents [17].
In this paper, the dynamic performance of the WRIM P
pωr = (Tem − Tload ) (10)
under healthy and rotor windings asymmetry with one-open- J
phase fault conditions is analyzed. The simulation and
p θ r = ω r = Pω m (11)
hardware verification show that the ripples of speed and
torque have increased, causing a noticeable reduction in the Where p = (12)

average speed, and also the stator and rotor currents have
increased. Analysis of the motor performance with different B. Open phase machine model
rotor windings connections shows that the performance of the The equations of the WRIM are adjusted to represent the
motor under asymmetry conditions depends on the type of open rotor-phase case. The stator winding of studied motor
connection of the rotor windings. The motor with star- has a star connection while the connection of the rotor
connected rotor windings with isolated neutral has the worst winding can be star with isolated-neutral connection, star with
performance, while the one with delta-connected rotor connected-neutral connection, or delta connection as shown in
windings has more acceptable performance. Fig. 1
II. INDUCTION MACHINE MODELING
A. Healthy machine model
The voltage differential and the mechanical equations of
the 3-phase induction motor in healthy case can be written as a
function of rotor position as follows [18].
(a) (b) (c)
Vs   Z ss Z sr   I s 
V  =  Z Z rr   I r 
(1) Fig. 1. Different connections of rotor windings.(a) Star with isolated-neutral
 r   rs connection (b) Star with connected-neutral connection. (c) Delta connection

Where 1) Star with isolated neutral connection

For star with isolated neutral connection, when one rotor
[Vs ] = [Vas Vbs Vcs ] , [Vr ] = [0 0 0]T
T
(2) phase is open circuited the other two phases are connected in
series as shown in Fig. 1(a). So the differential voltage and
mechanical equations can be rewritten as in healthy case with
[I s ] = [ias ibs ics ] ,
T
[I r ] = [iar ibr icr ]
T
(3) the following changes:
[Vr ] = [0] (13)
 Rs + Ls p − 0.5Lo p − 0.5Lo p  [I r ] = [iar ibr ]T , iar = −ibr (14)
[Z ss ] = − 0.5Lo p Rs + Ls p − 0.5Lo  (4) [Z rr ] = [2 Rr + (2 Lir + Lo ) p] (15)
− 0.5Lo p − 0.5Lo p Rs + Ls p   2π 
 cos( θ r ) - cos( θ r - 3 ) 
 2π 
 Rr + Lr p − 0.5Lo p − 0.5Lo p  [Z sr ] = Lo p  cos( θ r + ) - cos( θ r )  (16)

[Z rr ] = − 0.5Lo p Rr + Lr p − 0.5Lo p  (5)

 3
cos( θ - 2π ) - cos( θ + 2π ) 


− 0.5Lo p − 0.5Lo p Rr + Lr p   r

3
r
3 

1722
 A. Star with isolated-neutral connection
2) Star with connected neutral connection The fault is modeled by opening one phase of rotor circuit
For star with neutral connection, when one rotor phase is during the normal running of the motor at 4.5 Sec. The motor
open circuited each phase of the other two phases will be short speed, electromagnetic torque, stator phase-A current and
circuited as shown in Fig. 1(b) the differential voltage and rotor currents are presented in Figs.2:5, respectively.
mechanical equations can be rewritten with the following Due to opening of one phase of rotor circuit the average
changes: value of rotor speed has decreased from 1418 rpm to 1323 rpm
[Vr ] = [0 0]T (17) and the ripples of speed at steady state have increased to 6.35
percent compared to the healthy case as shown in Fig.2.
[I r ] = [iar ibr ]T (18) Furthermore, the ripples in the electromagnetic torque have
increased to 227 percent compared to the healthy case as
[Z rr ] = 
Rr + Lr p − 0.5 Lo p  shown in Fig.3. Fig.4 shows that the peak value of phase A of
 (19)
stator current in faulty case is greater in magnitude than the
− 0.5 Lo p Rr + Lr p 
healthy case, and the peak value of stator phase A current is
 2π  oscillating. Additionally, the currents of the two phases of
 cos( θ r ) cos( θ r - )
3  rotor are equal in magnitude but they are shifted by 180
 
[Z sr ] = Lo p cos( θ r + 2π ) cos( θ r ) 
(20) electric degrees as shown in Fig. 5. The peak value of the
current of the two phases has increased from 1.047 A in
 3 
 cos( θ - 2π ) cos( θ + 2π )  healthy case to 3.07 A in faulty case.
 r
3
r
3  B. Star with connected neutral connection
3) Delta connection The fault is modeled by opening one phase of rotor circuit
For delta connection, when one rotor phase is open during the normal running of the motor at 6 Sec. The motor
circuited two of rotor phases are connected in series and the speed, electromagnetic torque, stator phase-A current and
combination of them is connected in parallel with the other
rotor currents for this case are presented in Figs.6:9
phase as shown in Fig. 1(c). The differential voltage and
respectively.
mechanical equations can be rewritten with the following
As a result of opening of one phase of rotor circuit the
changes:
average value of rotor speed has decreased from 1418 rpm to
[Vr ] = [0 0]T (21) 1373 rpm and ripples of speed have increased to 4.15 percent
compared to the healthy case as shown in Fig.6. On the other
[I r ] = [iar ibr ]T (22)
hand the ripples in the electromagnetic torque have increased
by 108 percent compared to the healthy case as shown in

[Z rr ] =  
R r + Lr p 0 Fig.7. Fig.8 shows that the peak value of phase A of stator
2 Rr + (2 Lr + 3Lo ) p 
(23) current in faulty case is greater in magnitude than the healthy
 0
case, and the peak value of stator phase A current is
 2π 2π  oscillating. Additionally, the peak value of phase A of rotor
 cos(θ r ) cos(θ r +
3
) - cos(θ r - )
3 current increased from 1.47 A in healthy case to 2.55 A in
 2π  (24)
[Z sr ] = Lo pcos(θ r + 2π )
faulty case, and the peak value of phase B of rotor current
cos(θ r ) - cos(θ r + )  increased from 1.47 A to 1.98 A as shown in Fig.9.
 3 3 
 cos(θ - 2π ) cos(θ r − ) - cos(θ r ) 
2π C. Delta connection
 r
3 3 
Similarly, the rotor phase is opened during the normal
III. SIMULATION RESULTS OF HEALTHY AND OPEN PHASE running of the motor at 6 Sec. The motor speed,
CASES electromagnetic torque, stator phase A current, and 3-phase
rotor currents for this case are presented in Figs.10:13,
The experimental and simulation results have been carried respectively.
out on a three-phase wound rotor induction motor with the After one rotor phase was opened, the average value of
data given in Table I. The rotor windings are connected in star
rotor speed has decreased from 1418 rpm to 1400 rpm and
with isolated neutral. In all cases, the motor is simulated at
ripples of speed have increased by 1.93 percent compared to
half full load condition, and the fault is modeled by opening
the healthy case as shown in Fig.10. Furthermore the ripples in
one phase of rotor circuit. The simulation cannot be carried
out at full load condition since the stator and rotor currents the electromagnetic torque have increased by 38.5 percent
will increase significantly above the rated values. Because of compared to the healthy case as shown in Fig.11. Fig.8, shows
the asymmetry that occurs in rotor circuit the resultant that the peak value of phase A of stator current in faulty case
magnetic flux in air gap is not a pure rotating field so it affects is greater in magnitude than that in healthy case, and the peak
the performance of the motor as illustrated in the following value of stator phase A current is oscillating. Additionally, the
subsections at different cases of rotor connections. peak value of phase A of rotor current increase from 1.47 A

1723
in healthy case to 1.88 A in faulty case, and the peak value of electromagnetic torque, and stator and rotor currents in healthy
phase B of rotor current increase from 1.47 A to 1.52 A as and faulty cases have been analyzed. Investigating the
shown in Fig.13. performance of the motor under healthy and rotor windings
From the pervious results, it can be noted that the asymmetry conditions shows that the average value of speed
performance of motor is affected due to opening of one phase decreases and the ripples of the speed and the electromagnetic
of rotor circuit. torque increases compared to healthy conditions. Also the
values of stator and rotor currents increase. The experimental
TABLE I. The WRIM parameters results of the available motor connection have good agreement
Rated Power (W) 270 with simulation results. Comparing the performances of motor
Frequency (HZ) 50 at different rotor windings connections under asymmetry
Rated line voltage (V) 380
conditions shows that the star-connected rotor with isolated
neutral connection has the worst performance while the delta-
Rated rotor speed (RPM ) 1325
connected rotor has a satisfactory performance. So it is
Stator phase resistance (ohm) 36 recommended that the rotor connection should be delta to
Rotor phase resistance referred to stator (ohm) 36.5 protect the motor from the exceeding currents and prevent the
Stator inductance (H) 0.1597 drop of the motor speed under the asymmetry conditions.
Rotor inductance referred to stator (H) 0.1597
Mutual inductance (H) 1.687
Healthy Faulty
Number of pole pairs 2 1440

1420
Inertia (Kg.m^2) 0.0034

Rotor Speed ( rpm )

1400
Viscous friction constant 0.0001 1380

1360

Where the average value of speed has decreased and the 1340

ripples in the speed and the electromagnetic torque have 1320

1300
increased. Also the magnitudes of stator and rotor currents
1280
have increased. Also it can be deduced that the effects on 1260
motor performance due to opening of one rotor phase depends 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5

Time ( Sec )
on the connection of rotor windings where the star rotor
windings with isolated neutral have the worst performance, Fig. 2. Motor speed for star with isolated neutral connection.
while the rotor windings with delta connection have an 3
Healthy Faulty
acceptable performance.
2.5
Electromagnetic torque (Nm )

IV. EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION 2

In order to validate the simulation results a series of 1.5

experiments were carried out for the case of star rotor 1

windings with isolated neutral under rotor windings
0.5
asymmetry. The motor speed, the stator and rotor currents are
presented in Figs.14:16, respectively. As a result of opening of 0

one phase of rotor circuit, the average value of rotor speed -0.5

decreased from 1413 rpm to 1346 rpm and the ripples in speed 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5

Time ( Sec )
are increased by 7 percent from healthy case as shown in Fig. 3. Electromagnetic torque for star with isolated neutral connection.
Fig.14. Fig.15, shows that the peak value of phase A of stator
current in the asymmetry case is greater in magnitude than that
in healthy case and the peak value of stator phase A current is Faulty
Health
oscillating. Additionally, the current of the two phases of the 1

rotor are equal in magnitude but they are shifted by 180 0.8

electric degrees as shown in Fig. 16. The peak value of current 0.6

0.4
of two phases has increased from 1.24 A in healthy case to
Ias ( Amp )

0.2
2.62 A in the asymmetry case. 0

-0.2

V. CONCULSIONS -0.4

-0.6
Opening one phase of rotor circuit is one of the major -0.8

faults in wound rotor induction machines. In this paper, the -1

voltage differential and mechanical equations are derived in 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5

healthy and faulty case for different rotor windings Time ( Sec )

connections. The performance of WRIM such as rotor speed, Fig. 4. Stator phase-A current for star with isolated neutral connection.

1724
 iar
4 Healthy Faulty
ibr
6
icr Healthy Faulty iar
3 ibr

R o t o r c u rre n t ( A m p )
4
Rotor Current ( Amp ) icr
2
2
1

0
0

-1 -2

-2
-4
-3
-6
-4 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7
3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
Time ( Sec ) Time ( Sec )
Fig. 5. Rotor currents for star with isolated neutral connection. Fig. 9. Rotor currents for star with connected neutral connection.

1440
1440 Healthy Faulty
Healthy Faulty
1430
1420
Rotor Speed ( rpm )

1420

Rotor Speed ( rpm )

1400
1410
1380
1400

1360
1390

1340
1380

1320
5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7 1370

Time ( Sec ) 1360

5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7
Time ( Sec )
Fig. 6. Rotor speed for star with connected neutral connection. Fig. 10. Rotor speed for delta connection.

2.5
Healthy Faulty 2
Healthy Faulty
Electrometrical torque ( Nm) )

2
Electrometrical torque (Nm)

1.5
1.5

1 1

0.5
0.5
0

-0.5 0

-1
5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7
-0.5
5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7
Time ( sec )
Time ( Sec )
Fig. 7. Electromagnetic torque for star with connected neutral connection. Fig. 11. Electromagnetic torque for delta connection.

1 Healthy Faulty 1 Healthy Faulty

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6
Ias ( Amp )

0.4
0.4
0.2
Ias ( Amp )

0.2
0
0
-0.2
-0.2
-0.4

-0.6 -0.4

-0.8 -0.6

-1 -0.8

5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 -1
5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5
Time ( Sec )
Time ( Sec )

Fig. 8. Stator phase-A current for star with connected neutral connection. Fig. 12. Stator phase-A current for delta connection.

1725
 2 Healthy Faulty
REFERENCES
iar
1.5 ibr
[1] Antonino-Daviu, Jose A., et al. "Multi-harmonic tracking for
icr diagnosis of rotor asymmetries in wound rotor induction
1 motors," Proc. of 39th Annual Conference of the Industrial
Rotor Current ( Amp )

0.5
Electronics Society (IECON), pp. 5555-5560, 2013.
[2] Junqing, Li, He Long, and Wang Dong "Rotor winding inter-turn fault
0
analysis of doubly-fed induction generator based on negative sequence
-0.5 component," Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Electrical
Machines and Systems (ICEMS), pp. 785-788. 2013.
-1
[3] Gritli, Yasser, et al. "Advanced diagnosis of electrical faults in
-1.5
wound-rotor induction machines." IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics,
-2
vol. 60, no. 9, pp. 4012-4024, 2013.
5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7 [4] Kowalski, Czeslaw T., and Teresa Orlowska-Kowalska "Neural
Time ( Sec ) networks application for induction motor faults diagnosis,"
Fig. 13. Rotor currents for delta connection. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation , vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 435-
448 , 2003.
Faulty
[5] Yeh, Chia-Chou, et al. "A reconfigurable motor for experimental
Healthy
1440 emulation of stator winding interturn and broken bar faults in
1420 polyphase induction machines,." IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol.
1400
23, no. 4 pp. 1005-1014 , 2008.
1380 [6] Nandi Subhasis, Hamid A. Toliyat, and Xiaodong Li "Condition
Speed (rpm)

monitoring and fault diagnosis of electrical motors-a review," IEEE

1360
Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 719-729, 2005.
1340
[7] Frosini, Lucia, et al. "Use of the stator current for condition
1320
monitoring of bearings in induction motors,"Proc. of 18th
1300 International Conference on Electrical Machines, pp. 1-6, 2008.
1280 [8] limente-Alarcon, V., et al. "Diagnosis of rotor asymmetries in wound
1260 rotor induction generators operating under varying load conditions via
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
the Wigner-Ville Distribution." Proc. of IEEE International
Time ( Sec ) Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and
Fig.14 Experimental rotor speed. Motion (SPEEDAM), pp. 1378-1383 , 2012.
[9] Ying, X. “Characteristic performance analysis of squirrel cage
induction motor with broken bars”, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 45, no. 2,
1.5
Healthy
Faulty pp.759–766, 2009..
1
[10] H. H. Hanafy, Tamer M. Abdo, Amr A. Adly, “Using 2D Finite
Element Analysis in the Calculation of Current and Force
0.5
Distributions for Induction Motors with Broken Bars,” Proc. Of the
39th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society
Ias (Amp)

(IECON 2013), pp.3192-3197, 2013.

0
[11] Roshanfekr, Reza, Hamed Aliakbar, and Alireza Jalilian.
-0.5
"Performance analysis of 3-phase wound rotor induction motor under
asymmetrical fault conditions in stator and rotor windings," Proc. of
5th Power Electronics, Drive Systems and Technologies Conference
-1
(PEDSTC), pp. 323-328, 2014.
-1.5
[12] Xian-liang Rong, Peng Yao, and Qi-chang Duan, "Open Circuit Fault
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (Sec)
Diagnosis of Converter for Wind Power Generation System," Electric
Machines & Control Application, vol.36, no.12, pp.47-51, 2009.
Fig.15. Experimental stator phase-A current.
[13] Stefani, Andrea, et al. "Doubly fed induction machines diagnosis
based on signature analysis of rotor modulating signals," IEEE Trans.
Industry Applications, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 1711-1721, 2008.
3 Healthy
Faulty iar [14] Dinkhauser, Vincenz, and Friedrich W. Fuchs. "Rotor turn-to-turn
ibr
icr faults of doubly-fed induction generators in wind energy plants-
2 modelling, simulation and detection," Proc. of 13th Power Electronics
and Motion Control Conference (EPE-PEMC), pp. 1819-1826, 2008.
Rotor Current ( Amp )

1 [15] Garbarino, H. L., and E. T. B. Gross. "The goerges phenomenon:

Induction motors with unbalanced rotor impedances." Electrical
0 Engineering, vol. 70, no. 7 pp. 604-604, 1951.
[16] Leung, W. S., and W. F. Ma. "Investigation of induction motors with
-1 unbalanced secondary winding connections." Electrical Engineers,
,vol. 114,no. 7, pp. 974-977, 1967.
-2
[17] Barton, T. H., and B. C. Doxey. "The operation of three-phase
induction motors with unsymmetrical impedance in the secondary
-3
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 circuit." Proc. of IEE -Part A: Power Engineering vol. 102, no.1 pp.
Time ( Sec ) 71-79, 1955.
[18] Paul C. Krause, Oleg Wasynczuk and Scott D. Sudhoff, Analysis of
Fig.16. Experimental rotor currents. Electric Machinery and Drive Systems, John Wiley & Sons, 3rd
Edition, 2013.

1726

Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)