1. What are the important 3 phases of perioperative periods and understand each phase?

- The preoperative phase begins when the decision to proceed with surgical intervention is made and ends with
the transfer of the patient onto the operating room table. In this phase, the patient is physically and
psychologically prepared for the surgery. Diagnostic procedures and medical regimens are initiated.
Information obtained from preoperative assessment and interview is used to prepare a plan of care for the
patient. Nursing activities are directed towards patient support, teaching, and preparation for the procedure.
- The intraoperative phase begins when the patient is transferred onto the operating room table and ends
when he or she is admitted to the postanesthesia care unit. In this phase, patient is monitored, anesthetized,
prepped, draped, and the procedure is performed. Nursing activities center on patient safety, facilitation of
the procedure, prevention of infection, ensuring proper function of equipment, and assistance.
- The postoperative phase begins with the admission of the patient to the PACU and ends with a follow-up
evaluation in the clinical setting or at home. Nursing activities in the immediate postoperative phase center
on patient’s physiological systems. In the later stages of recovery, focus is on reinforcing essential
information and preparation for discharge.

2. Identify the conditions that require surgery and its categories of surgical procedure.
Categories

Category Examples
Diagnostic  biopsy or exploratory laparotomy
Curative  excision of a tumor or an inflamed appendix
Reparative  multiple wound repair
Reconstructive or cosmetic  mammoplasty or a facelift
Palliative  to relieve pain or correct a problem; for instance, a
gastrostomy tube may be inserted to compensate
for the inability to swallow food

3. What is the classification of surgery based on extent and urgency?

CLASSIFICATI INDICATIO EXAMPLES

ON NS FOR
SURGERY
Emergent— Without  Severe bleeding Bladder or intestinal
Patient requires delay obstruction
immediate  Fractured skull
attention;  Gunshot or stab wounds Extensive burns
disorder may be
life-threatening
Urgent—Patient Within 24–  Acute gallbladder infection Kidney or ureteral
requires prompt 30 h stones
attention
 Required— Plan within  Prostatic hyperplasia without bladder
Patient needs to a few weeks obstruction
have surgery or months  Thyroid disorders
 Cataracts
Elective— Failure to  Repair of scars
Patient should have  Simple hernia
have surgery surgery not  Vaginal repair
catastrophic
Optional— Personal  Cosmetic surgery
Decision rests preference
with patient

4. How to obtain an informed consent and its purposes?

How:

- Informed consent is necessary before non-emergent surgery can be performed. Before the patient signs the
consent form, the surgeon must provide a clear and simple explanation of the surgery, benefits, alternatives
and the like. The nurse then ascertains that the consent form has been signed before administering
psychoactive premedication because it may affect decision-making. The nurse may ask the patient to sign the
form and may witness the patient’s signature.

Purpose of informed consent:

 Explanation of procedure and its risks

  Description of benefits and alternatives
 An offer to answer questions about procedure
 Instructions that the patient may withdraw consent
 A statement informing the patient if the protocol differs from customary procedure

5. Identify common medications before wheeling the patient to the operating room.

6. Familiarize the common surgical terminology.

SUPRA ABOVE; BEYOND

ARTHRO JOINT
CHOLE BILE OR GALL
CYSTO BLADDER
ENCEPHALO BRAIN
ENTERO INTESTINE