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The first generation, The cellular network system is based on cells to
implement frequency reuse and thus greatly enhances the system capacity.
The AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) uses the 800 MHz band (30 kHz)
of the analog cellular transmission system and it is widely applied in North
America, South America and some Cecum‐Pacific countries.
The TACS (Total Access Communication System) uses the 900 MHz band
(25khz). It is widely applied in Britain, Japan and some Asian countries.
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) Nordic countries 450Mhz & 900Mhz.
The main feature of the first generation mobile communication systems is
that they use the frequency reuse technology, adopt analog modulation
for voice signals and provide an analog subscriber channel every other 30
kHz/25 kHz. However, their defects are also obvious:
Low utilization of the frequency spectrum
Limited types of services
No high‐speed data services
Poor confidentiality and high vulnerability to interception and number
embezzlement
High equipment cost
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To solve these fundamental technical defects of the analog systems, the digital
mobile communication technologies emerged and the second generation
mobile communication systems.
The GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is originated from
Europe. Designed as the TDMA standard for mobile digital cellular
communications, it supports higher data rate and can interconnect with the
ISDN. It uses the 900 MHz band while the DCS1800 system uses the 1800 MHz
band. The GSM system uses the FDD and TDMA modes and each carrier
supports eight channels with the signal bandwidth of 200 kHz.
The DAMPS (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System) is also called the IS‐54
(North America Digital Cellular System). Using the 800 MHz bandwidth, it is
the earlier of the two North America digital cellular standards and specifies
the use of the TDMA mode.
The IS‐95 standard is another digital cellular standard of North America. Using
the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz band, it specifies the use of the CDMA mode and
has already become the first choice among the technologies of American PCS
(Personal Communication System) networks.
Since the 2G mobile communication systems focus on the transmission of
voice and low‐speed data services, the 2.5G mobile communication systems
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emerged in 1996 to address the medium‐rate data transmission needs. These
systems include GPRS and IS‐95B.
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3G technology include CDMA2000, WCDMA/UMTS, TD‐SCDMA, WiMAX,
WiMAX TDD.
IMT2000 stands for International Mobile Telecommunication 2000, this is the
ITU terminology for 3G standard, work on specifications started on 1992 and
was based on the proposals made by several standardization bodies.
ETSI European Telecommunication Standardization Institute) proposed UMTS
WCDMA.
USA came up with another proposal called CDMA 2000.
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Since the proposal of several standardization bodies was based on WCDMA
cooperation started towards a common 3G standard, these bodies joined 3GPP
group, which stands for 3rd generation partnership project, Main contributors were
ETSI, ARIB (JAPAN) and CWTS (China).
The first release was UMTS R99 released in 1999.
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Frequency Division Multiple Access means dividing the whole available
spectrum into many single radio channels (transmit/receive carrier pair). Each
channel can transmit one‐way voice or control information. Analog cellular
system is a typical example of FDMA structure.
Time Division Multiple Access means that the wireless carrier of one
bandwidth is divided into multiple time division channels in terms of time (or
called timeslot). Each user occupies a timeslot and receives/transmits signals
within this specified timeslot. Therefore, it is called time division multiple
access. This multiple access mode is adopted in both digital cellular system
and GSM.
CDMA is a multiple access mode implemented by Spreading Modulation.
Unlike FDMA and TDMA, both of which separate the user information in terms
of time and frequency, CDMA can transmit the information of multiple users
on a channel at the same time. The key is that every information before
transmission should be modulated by different Spreading Code to broadband
signal, then all the signals should be mixed and send. The mixed signal would
be demodulated by different Spreading Code at the different receiver. Because
all the Spreading Code is orthogonal, only the information that was be
demodulated by same Spreading Code can be reverted in mixed signal.
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In third generation mobile communication systems, WCDMA and cdma2000
adopt frequency division duplex (FDD), TD‐SCDMA adopts time division duplex
(TDD).
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HLR: Home Location Register
SMSC: SMS Center
EIR: Equipment Identify Register
SCP: Service Control Point
MSC: Mobile Switching Center
VLR: Visitor Location Register
GMLC: Gateway Mobile Location Center
SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node
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Source coding can increase the transmitting efficiency.
Channel coding can make the transmission more reliable.
Spreading can increase the capability of overcoming interference.
Scrambling can make transmission in security.
Through the modulation, the signals will transfer to radio signals from digital
signals.
Bit, Symbol, Chip:
Bit : data after source coding
Symbol: data after channel coding and interleaving
Chip: data after spreading
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Human speech is made up of two types of sounds: those produced by the vocal
cords, ‘ah’, ‘v’ and ‘mm’ which make up approximately 80% of the time and those
produced by air passing through the teeth, ‘ss’, ‘ff’, and ‘sh’. All that is required is to
pass these sounds through the throat, which will act as a filter and make the voice
sound distinctive. The vocoder needs only to send noise and pitch parameters along
with details of the resonance of the vocal tract filter (Hs). This will reduce the
bandwidth required to transmit the voice.
At the receiver the voice can be re‐synthesized by combining the output of a white
noise generator and a pulse generator to mimic the vocal cords. After passing the
output through the filter to recreate the vocal tract a good representation of the
original voice should be produced.
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CRC is used for error checking of transport blocks at the receiving end.
CRC length: 0, 8, 12, 16 or 24 bits, the more bits the lower probability of
undetected error.
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SF in UL 4 to 256
SF in DL 4 to 512
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