Wind Turbine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 

This article discusses wind‐powered electrical generators. See windmill for wind‐powered 
machinery used to grind grain or pump water. 

A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical energy. If
the mechanical energy is used to produce electricity, the device may be called a wind generator
or wind charger. If the mechanical energy is used to drive machinery, such as for grinding grain
or pumping water, the device is called a windmill or wind pump.

Contents 

• 1 History 
• 2 Resources 
• 3 Types  
o 3.1 Horizontal axis 
o 3.2 Vertical axis design  
ƒ 3.2.1 Subtypes 
• 4 Turbine design and construction 
• 5 Unconventional wind turbines 
• 6 Small wind turbines 
• 7 Record‐holding turbines  
o 7.1 Largest capacity 
o 7.2 Largest swept area 
o 7.3 Tallest 
o 7.4 Largest vertical‐axis 
o 7.5 Most southerly 
o 7.6 Most productive 
o 7.7 Highest‐situated 
o 7.8 Gallery of record‐holders 
• 8 See also 
• 9 References 
• 10 Further reading 
• 11 External links                                                                       Offshore wind farm using 5MW turbines                            
R                                                                                                  REpower M5 in the North Sea off Belgium 

 
 
History 
 

James Blyth's electricity generating wind turbine photographed in 1891 

Windmills were used in Persia (present-day Iran) as early as 200 B.C.[1] The windwheel of Heron
of Alexandria marks one of the first known instances of wind powering a machine in history.[2][3]
However, the first practical windmills were built in Sistan, a region between Afghanistan and Iran,
from the 7th century. These "Panemone" were vertical axle windmills, which had long vertical
driveshafts with rectangular blades.[4] Made of six to twelve sails covered in reed matting or cloth
material, these windmills were used to grind corn or draw up water, and were used in the
gristmilling and sugarcane industries.[5]

Windmills first appeared in Europe during the middle ages The first historical records for their use
in England date to the 11th or 12th centuries and there are reports of German crusaders taking
their windmill-making skills to Syria around 1190. [6] By the 14th century, Dutch windmills were
in use to drain areas of the Rhine delta.

The first automatically operated wind turbine, built in Cleveland in 1887 by Charles F. Brush. It was 60 feet 
(18 m) tall, weighed 4 tons (3.6 metric tonnes) and powered a 12kW generator.[7] 

The first electricity generating wind turbine, was a battery charging machine installed in July 1887
by Scottish academic, James Blyth to light his holiday home in Marykirk, Scotland.[8] Some
months later American inventor Charles F Brush built the first automatically operated wind
turbine for electricity production in Cleveland, Ohio.[8] Although Blyth's turbine was considered
uneconomical in the United Kingdom[8] electricity generation by wind turbines was more cost
effective in countries with widely scattered populations.[6] In Denmark by 1900, there were about
2500 windmills for mechanical loads such as pumps and mills, producing an estimated combined
peak power of about 30 MW. The largest machines were on 24-metre (79 ft) towers with four-
bladed 23-metre (75 ft) diameter rotors. By 1908 there were 72 wind-driven electric generators
operating in the US from 5 kW to 25 kW. Around the time of World War I, American windmill
makers were producing 100,000 farm windmills each year, mostly for water-pumping.[9] By the
1930s, windmills for electricity were common on farms, mostly in the United States where
distribution systems had not yet been installed. In this period, high-tensile steel was cheap, and
windmills were placed atop prefabricated open steel lattice towers.

A forerunner of modern horizontal-axis wind generators was in service at Yalta, USSR in 1931.
This was a 100 kW generator on a 30-metre (98 ft) tower, connected to the local 6.3 kV
distribution system. It was reported to have an annual capacity factor of 32 per cent, not much
different from current wind machines.[10] In the fall of 1941, the first megawatt-class wind turbine
was synchronized to a utility grid in Vermont. The Smith-Putnam wind turbine only ran for 1,100
hours before suffering a critical failure. The unit was not repaired because of shortage of materials
during the war.

The first utility grid-connected wind turbine to operate in the U.K. was built by John Brown &
Company in 1951 in the Orkney Islands.[8][11] It had an 18-metre (59 ft) diameter, three-bladed
rotor and a rated output of 100 kW.[citation needed]

Resources 
Wind power 

A quantitative measure of the wind energy available at any location is called the Wind Power
Density (WPD) It is a calculation of the mean annual power available per square meter of swept
area of a turbine, and is tabulated for different heights above ground. Calculation of wind power
density includes the effect of wind velocity and air density. Color-coded maps are prepared for a
particular area described, for example, as "Mean Annual Power Density at 50 Meters." In the
United States, the results of the above calculation are included in an index developed by the U.S.
National Renewable Energy Lab and referred to as "NREL CLASS." The larger the WPD
calculation, the higher it is rated by class. Classes range from Class 1 (200 watts/square meter or
less at 50 meters altitude) to Class 7 (800 to 2000 watts/square meter). Commercial wind farms
generally are sited in Class 3 or higher areas, although isolated points in an otherwise Class 1 area
may be practical to exploit.[12]

Types 

Wind turbines can rotate about either a horizontal or a vertical axis, the former being both older
and more common.[13]
  

The threee primary typ
pes:VAWT Sa WT towered;                                                                                                               
avonius, HAW
VAWT D Darrieus as they appear in operation. 

Horizzontal axiss 
 

Compon nents of a horrizontal axis w or                                                                                                         

wind turbine ((gearbox, roto
shaft an
nd brake assem mbly) being liifted into possition 

11x 7,5 MW E126 Esttinnes windfa ore                                                                                  
arm Belgium JJuly 2010, onee month befo
complettion, see unique 2 part blad
des 
  

11x E126 7,5 MW turbines Estinnes windfarm Belgium 10 October 2010, after completion 

Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the
top of a tower, and must be pointed into the wind. Small turbines are pointed by a simple wind
vane, while large turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled with a servo motor. Most have a
gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to
drive an electrical generator.[14]

Since a tower produces turbulence behind it, the turbine is usually positioned upwind of its
supporting tower. Turbine blades are made stiff to prevent the blades from being pushed into the
tower by high winds. Additionally, the blades are placed a considerable distance in front of the
tower and are sometimes tilted forward into the wind a small amount.

Downwind machines have been built, despite the problem of turbulence (mast wake), because they
don't need an additional mechanism for keeping them in line with the wind, and because in high
winds the blades can be allowed to bend which reduces their swept area and thus their wind
resistance. Since cyclical (that is repetitive) turbulence may lead to fatigue failures, most HAWTs
are of upwind design.

Modern wind turbines 

Turbine blade convoy passing through Edenfield in the UK 
Turbinees used in wiind farms foor commerciaal productionn of electric power are usually
u three-bladed
and poiinted into thee wind by coomputer-conntrolled motoors. These haave high tip speeds of ovver
320 kiloometres per hour (200 mph),
m high effficiency, and low torquee ripple, whiich contributte to
good reeliability. Th
he blades are usually coloored light grray to blend in
i with the clouds
c and raange in
length from
f 20 to 40 metres (666 to 130 ft) or
o more. Thee tubular steeel towers rannge from 60 to 90
metres (200 to 300 ft) tall. The blades rotate at 10-22 reevolutions peer minute. At
A 22 rotationns per
minute the tip speed m [15][16] A gear box is commonly used
d exceeds 3000 feet per seecond (91 m/s). u for
steppingg up the speed of the gennerator, although designns may also use
u direct driive of an annnular
generattor. Some mo odels operate at constantt speed, but more energyy can be colllected by varriable-
speed tuurbines whicch use a solidd-state poweer converter to interface to the transm
mission systeem. All
turbiness are equipped with prottective featurres to avoid damage at high
h wind speeds, by feathering
the bladdes into the wind
w which ceases their rotation, suppplemented by brakes.

Verticcal axis de
esign 
   

This section
s does not cite anyy referencess or sourcess.
Please help improve this
t article by adding
a citationns to reliable soources. Unsourrced material may
m be
c nged and remooved. (September 2009) 
challen

Verticaal-axis wind d turbines (oor VAWTs) have the maain rotor shafft arranged vertically.
v Keey
advantaages of this arrangement
a are that the turbine doess not need too be pointed into the winnd to be
effectivve. This is an
n advantage on sites wheere the wind direction is highly variaable, for exam mple
when inntegrated intto buildings. The key dissadvantages include the low l rotationnal speed witth the
consequuential higheer torque andd hence highher cost of thhe drive trainn, the inherenntly lower power
coefficiient, the 3600 degree rotaation of the aerofoil
a within the wind flow
f during each cycle and
a
hence thhe highly dy ynamic loadiing on the bllade, the pulssating torquee generated byb some rotoor
designss on the drivee train, and the
t difficultyy to model thhe wind flow w accurately and hence thhe
challengges of analy ysing and dessigning the rotor
r prior too fabricating a prototype.

With a vertical axiss, the generattor and gearbbox can be placed

p near the
t ground, hence
h avoidiing the
need off a tower andd improving accessibilty for maintennance. Drawbbacks for thiis configurattion
include that wind sp peeds are lowwer close to the ground, so less windd energy is available
a forr a given
size turbbine, and wiind shear moore severe cllose to the grround, so thee rotor experriences higheer
loads. Air
A flow nearr the groundd and other objects
o can crreate turbuleent flow, whhich can introoduce
issues of
o vibration, including nooise and beaaring wear which
w may inncrease the maintenance
m or
shortenn the service life. However, when a tuurbine is moounted on a rooftop,
r the building
b gennerally
redirectts wind overr the roof andd this can doouble the winnd speed at the
t turbine. IfI the height of the
rooftop mounted tu urbine tower is approxim mately 50% of o the buildinng height, this is near thee
optimum m for maxim mum wind ennergy and minimum
m winnd turbulencee. It should be
b borne in mind
m
that winnd speeds wiithin the built environmeent are generrally much lower
l than att exposed ruural
sites.
Subtypes 

Darrieus wind turbine of 30 m in the Magdalen Islands 

Darrieus wind turbine  

"Eggbeater" turbines, or Darrieus turbines, were named after the French inventor, Georges 
Darrieus.[17] They have good efficiency, but produce large torque ripple and cyclical stress on the 
tower, which contributes to poor reliability. They also generally require some external power 
source, or an additional Savonius rotor to start turning, because the starting torque is very low. 
The torque ripple is reduced by using three or more blades which results in a higher solidity for 
the rotor. Solidity is measured by blade area divided by the rotor area. Newer Darrieus type 
turbines are not held up by guy‐wires but have an external superstructure connected to the top 
bearing. 

Giromill 

A subtype of Darrieus turbine with straight, as opposed to curved, blades. The cycloturbine 
variety has variable pitch to reduce the torque pulsation and is self‐starting.[18] The advantages of 
variable pitch are: high starting torque; a wide, relatively flat torque curve; a lower blade speed 
ratio; a higher coefficient of performance; more efficient operation in turbulent winds; and a 
lower blade speed ratio which lowers blade bending stresses. Straight, V, or curved blades may be 
used. 

Savonius wind turbine  

These are drag‐type devices with two (or more) scoops that are used in anemometers, Flettner 
vents (commonly seen on bus and van roofs), and in some high‐reliability low‐efficiency power 
turbines. They are always self‐starting if there are at least three scoops. They sometimes have 
long helical scoops to give a smooth torque. 
Turbine design and construction 

Components of a horizontal‐axis wind turbine 

Wind turbines are designed to exploit the wind energy that exists at a location. Aerodynamic
modeling is used to determine the optimum tower height, control systems, number of blades and
blade shape.

Wind turbines convert wind energy to electricity for distribution. Conventional horizontal axis
turbines can be divided into three components.

• The rotor component, which is approximately 20% of the wind turbine cost, includes the blades 
for converting wind energy to low speed rotational energy. 
• The generator component, which is approximately 34% of the wind turbine cost, includes the 
electrical generator, the control electronics, and most likely a gearbox (e.g. planetary gearbox[19], 
adjustable‐speed drive [20] or continuously variable transmission[21]) component for converting the 
low speed incoming rotation to high speed rotation suitable for generating electricity. 
• The structural support component, which is approximately 15% of the wind turbine cost, includes 
the tower and rotor yaw mechanism.[22] 

A 1.5 MW wind turbine of a type frequently seen in the United States has a tower 80 meters high.
The rotor assembly (blades and hub) weighs 48,000 pounds (22,000 kg). The nacelle, which
contains the generator component, weighs 115,000 pounds (52,000 kg). The concrete base for the
tower is constructed using 58,000 pounds (26,000 kg) of reinforcing steel and contains 250 cubic
yards of concrete. The base is 50 feet (15 m) in diameter and 8 feet (2.4 m) thick near the
center.[23]

Unconventional wind turbines 

One E-66 wind turbine at Windpark Holtriem, Germany, carries an observation deck, open for
visitors. Another turbine of the same type, with an observation deck, is located in Swaffham,
England. Airborne wind turbines have been investigated many times but have yet to produce
significant energy. Conceptually, wind turbines may also be used in conjunction with a large
vertical solar updraft tower to extract the energy due to air heated by the sun.

Wind turbines which utilise the Magnus effect have been developed.[2]
Small wind turbines 

Small wind turbines may be as small as a fifty-watt generator for boat or caravan use. Small units
often have direct drive generators, direct current output, aeroelastic blades, lifetime bearings and
use a vane to point into the wind.

Larger, more costly turbines generally have geared power trains, alternating current output, flaps
and are actively pointed into the wind. Direct drive generators and aeroelastic blades for large
wind turbines are being researched.

Record­holding turbines 
Largest capacity 

The Enercon E-126 has a rated capacity of 7.58 MW [24] , has an overall height of 198 m (650 ft), a
diameter of 126 m (413 ft), and is the world's largest-capacity wind turbine since its introduction
in 2007. [25]

At least four companies are working on the development of a 10MW turbine:

• American Superconductor[26] 
• Wind Power Ltd are developing a 10 MW VAWT, the Aerogenerator X[27] 
• Clipper Windpower are developing the Britannia 10 MW HAWT[26][27][28] 
• Sway AS announced the proposed development of a prototype 10 MW wind turbine with a height 
of 162.5 m (533 ft) and a rotor diameter of 145 m (475 ft).[27][28][29] 

Largest swept area 

The turbine with the largest swept area is a prototype installed by Gamesa at Jaulín, Zaragoza,
Spain in 2009. The G10X – 4.5 MW has a rotor diameter of 128m. [30]

Tallest 

The tallest wind turbine is Fuhrländer Wind Turbine Laasow. Its axis is 160 meters above ground
and its rotor tips can reach a height of 205 meters. It is the only wind turbine taller than 200 meters
in the world.[31]

Largest vertical­axis 

Le Nordais wind farm in Cap-Chat, Quebec has a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) named Éole,
which is the world's largest at 110 m.[32] It has a nameplate capacity of 3.8MW.[33]
Most s
 southerly
y 

The turbbines curren ntly operatingg closest to the

t South Poole are three Enercon E-33 in Antarcctica,
powerinng New Zealand's Scott Base and thee United Staates' McMurddo Station siince Decembber
2009[34]][35] although
h a modifiedd HR3 turbinne from Nortthern Power Systems opeerated at thee
Amunddsen-Scott So outh Pole Staation in 1997 and 1998.[36]
[
In Marchh 2010 CITEEDEF designned,
built annd installed a wind turbinne in Argenttine Marambbio Base.[37]

Most p
 productiv
ve 

Four turbines at Røønland wind farm in Dennmark share the

t record foor the most productive
p w
wind
[38]
turbiness, with each having geneerated 63.2 GWh
G by June 2010

Highe
est­situate
ed 

The woorld's highestt-situated wiind turbine iss made by DeWind

D and located in thhe Andes, Arrgentina
around 4,100 metrees (13,500 ft)) above sea level.
l The siite uses a typpe D8.2 - 20000 kW / 50 Hz
H
turbine.. This turbin
ne has a new drive train concept
c withh a special toorque converrter (WinDriive)
made byy Voith and a synchronoous generatoor. The WKA A was put intto operation in Decembeer 2007
m of Barrrick Gold wiith electricityy since then..[39]
and hass supplied the Veladero mine

Gallerry of reco
ord­holders 
 

H
Highest-situa ated wind Røønland, mostt
Enerconn E-126, Fuhrländder Éole, the largest prroductive turrbines,
t
turbine, at thhe
highest rated capaccity Wind Turrbine verticcal axis
V
Veladero minne in San in Denmark
Laasow, wind turbine, in
J
Juan Provincce,
world's taallest Cap-C Chat,
A
Argentina
Quebec

 
See allso 
R
Renewable ene
ergy portal  

Sustainable devvelopment porrtal
 

• American Wiind Energy Asssociation 
• Atmosphericc icing 
• Balancing maachine 
• Compact win nd acceleratio
on turbine 
• Environmenttal concerns w with electricitty generation 
• Environmenttal effects of wwind power
• Éolienne Bollée 
• Floating wind d turbine 
• GE 1.5 MW w wind turbine 
• Green energyy 
• High altitude
e wind power 
• Hybrid powe er source 
• List of wind tturbine manuufacturers 
• List of wind tturbines 
• Maglev wind d turbine 
• Microgeneraation 
• Ram air turbine 
• Renewable e energy 
• Thomas O. Perry 
• Turbine 
• Windpump 
• Wind run 
• Wind turbine es (UK domesstic) 

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Retrieved 20
010‐07‐26. 
39. ^ http://wwww.voithturbo..com/vt_en_p pua_windrivee_project‐repport_2008.htm
m 

Furth
her readin
ng 

• Tony Burton,, David Sharpe, Nick Jenkinns, Ervin Bosssanyi: Wind Energy Handbook, John Wiley & 
Sons, 1st edittion (2001), ISBN 0‐471‐48
8997‐2 
• Darrell, Dodgge, Early Histo 1875, TeloNet Web Develo
ory Through 1 opment, Copyyright 1996–2 2001 
• David, Macau ulay, New Waay Things Wo ork, Houghton n Mifflin Company, Boston n, Copyright 1994–
1999, pg.41‐442 
• on, economicss Birkhäuser, 2006 
Erich Hau Wiind turbines: ffundamentalss, technologiees, applicatio
ISBN 354024 42406 (preview w on Google Books) 
• David Spera (ed,) Wind Tu urbine Techno
ology: Fundam mental Conceepts in Wind TTurbine Enginneering, 
Second Editioon (2009), ASSME Press, ISB
BN #: 9780791802601 

Extern
nal links  
W
Wikimedia Com
mmons has m
media related to: Wind turb
bine
 

• Harvesting thhe Wind (45 lectures abou ut wind turbinnes by professsor Magdi Ragheb 
• Photo journaal and tutorial for 1.5kw reesidential win
nd turbine 
• Time‐lapse video of wind turbine installation at the WMRA Deerr Island Wasteewater Treatm ment 
Plant 
• Wind Projectts 
• Guided tour on wind enerrgy 
• Wind Energyy Technology World Wind Energy Assocciation 
• Wind turbine e simulation, National Geo ographic 
• Building a robust path forr wind turbinee engineeringg Movie and innformation o
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• Airborne Win nd Industry A
Association intternational 

 
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