TWO-WAY TRAFFIC LIGHT

WITH INTERRUPT FUNCTION

DONE BY: AMIN HAIDER TALIB.

NAME OF THE MATERIAL: EMBEDDED SYSTEM.
STAGE: FOURTH
UNIVERSITY OF KUFA, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT.
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1. INTRODUCTION

• Embedded system
An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and
software designed for a specific function or functions within a larger
system. The systems can be programmable or with fixed functionality.
Industrial machines, consumer electronics, agricultural and process
industry devices, automobiles, medical equipment, cameras, household
appliances, airplanes, vending machines and toys, as well as mobile
devices, are possible locations for an embedded system.
• History of embedded systems
The origins of the microprocessor and the microcontroller can be traced
back to the MOS integrated circuit, which is an integrated circuit chip
fabricated from MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect
transistors) and was developed in the early 1960s.
The first multi-chip microprocessors, the Four-Phase Systems AL1 in
1969 and the Garrett AiResearch MP944 in 1970, were developed with
multiple MOS LSI chips.
• Development of embedded systems
One of the very first recognizably modern embedded systems was the
Apollo Guidance Computer, [citation needed] developed ca. 1965 by
Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory. At the
project's inception, the Apollo guidance computer was considered the
riskiest item in the Apollo project as it employed the then newly
developed monolithic integrated circuits to reduce the computer's size
and weight.
• Elements of embedded systems
generally, consist of three main elements:
A. Hardware : The hardware of embedded systems is based around
microprocessors and microcontrollers.
B. Software: Software for embedded systems can vary in complexity.
industrial-grade microcontrollers and embedded IoT systems generally run
very simple software that requires little memory.
C. Firmware: Embedded firmware is usually used in more complex embedded
systems to connect the software to the hardware. Firmware is the software
that interfaces directly with the hardware.

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2. WORKING PRINCIPLE

The work of this signal depends on the information that the Arduino receives
from the sensors that are located on the streets .As you notice in the figure1
which is in the next page, the principle of doing this traffic light can be divided
into four detailed points that explain the principle of complete work:

I. When the streets are free of cars, the traffic lights remain green on the
western street and red on the southern street.

II. When the car passes on the southern street, the sensor senses that car
and therefore instructs the Arduino to have a car and in turn the other
changes the light condition from green to orange to the western street
and after its time period the traffic signal becomes red for the western
ray and green for the southern street

III. In the time of crowding, the streets are filled with cars. In this case, the
sensors instruct the Arduino to have cars, so both the western and
southern streets. The Arduino move from the green light condition to
the western street and then it becomes red and makes the southern
street light green, and so on.

IV. The interrupt function works to make the traffic lights green for the
street in which the function button was pressed. It is used only for
emergency situations, for example, the passage of an ambulance or a
fire engine, etc.

Through the figure1 shown to you on the next page, you can notice that
there are black arrows representing the direction of the movement of cars
and lighting the traffic that works to regulate the functioning of the streets,
as well as the red button that represents the interrupt button.

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 figure 1

3. STATUS DIAGRAM
To understand the clear case diagram, a problem is shown in Figure 3 on
the following page. The following symbols must be understood in order for
the concepts to be clear:
• Sw: West Street sensor.
• Ss: South Street sensor.
• IBw: sensor of the interrupt button of the West Street.
• IBs: sensor of the interrupt button of the south Street.
The only change that occurred in this experiment is the interrupt function,
which works on the direct transition from a red light to a green without going
through the yellow, for example, when the traffic light is green for the south
street and pressing the interruption button for the western street, the light will
turn from red to green to the west street and vice versa The south as well as
when the light moves from green to yellow and pressing the interrupt button,

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then it turns from yellow to green for the street where the interruption button
was pressed
The following figure 2 shows the state diagram

The following figure2 shows the sate diagram

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