TUTORIAL SHEET

Origin of Quantum Theory

Q1. State Planck’s quantum hypothesis and derive the mathematical

expression for Planck’s law of radiation. Show that for longer
wavelengths it reduces to Rayleigh- Jean’s law.
1. How many photons are present in 1.00 cm 3 of radiation in
thermal equilibrium at 1000 K? What is the average energy?[N=2.03 x
1010 photons,Eav =0.233 eV].
2. Sunlight arrives at the earth at the rate of about 1.4 kW/m 2 when
the sun is directly overhead. The average radius of the earth’s orbit is
1.5 x 1011 m and the radius of the sun is 7.0 x 108 m. From these
figures find the surface temperature of the sun on assumption that it
radiates like a blackbody, which is approximately true( = 5.67 x10-8
W/m2 K4). [T=5.8 x 103 K].
P3. If tungsten filament of a light bulb is equivalent to a black body
at 2900 K, find the % of the emitted radiant energy in the form of
visible light with frequencies between 4 x 10 14 Hz and 7 x 1014 Hz.
[6.398%]

Photoelectric Effect

Q1. What is photoelectric effect? Give Einstein’s explanation for the

photoelectric effect.
1. Radiation of 184.9 nm wavelength is incident on a metal. The
stopping
potential was 2.72 V. Find the threshold frequency, the work function
and the
maximum, minimum and average speeds of the electrons
(h = 6.063 x 10-34 Js, e = 1.602x10-19 C, m = 9.1 x 10-31kg) .
2. Ultraviolet light of wavelength 350 nm and intensity 1.00 W/m 2
is directed at a potassium surface. (a) Find the maximum KE of the
photoelectrons. (b) If 0.50 % of the incident photons produce
photoelectrons, how many are emitted per second if the potassium
surface has an area of 1.00 cm2? [KEmax= 1.3 eV,ne=8.8 x 10 11
photoelectrons/s]
3. The threshold wavelength for photoelectric emission in tungsten
is 230 nm. What wavelength of light must be used in order for
electrons with a maximum energy of 1.5 eV to be ejected?
Bohr’s Atomic Model

Q1. Based on Bhor’s assumptions, obtain an expression for the

energy of hydrogen
atom. With the help of energy level diagram, explain different series
of spectral lines
of hydrogen atom.
P1. How many revolutions does an electron in the n=2 state of
hydrogen atom make before dropping to the n=1 state? The average
life time of an excited state is about 10-8 seconds.
P2. Calculate the radius of the orbit of the electron in the hydrogen
atom. Given the binding energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom is
–13.6 eV.
Q2. Describe Frank-Hertz experiment and show that the energy
levels are quantized.
Q3. State four quantum numbers and give their physical
interpretation. State Pauli’s exclusion principle.

De Broglie Waves

Q1. What are de Broglie’s matter waves? State their properties.

Derive an expression for de Broglie wavelength of an electron
accelerated through a potential difference of V volts.
Q2. What is group and phase velocity? Show that the particle velocity
is equal to the group velocity.
Q3. State the de-Broglie hypothesis of matter waves. Discuss the
Davisson-Germer
experiment for the verification of de-Broglie’s hypothesis.
1. Find the kinetic energy of a proton whose de Broglie wavelength
is 1.000 fm=1.000 x 10-15 m,
which is roughly the proton diameter. (Given the proton rest mass
energy E0 =0.938 GeV) [KE=617MeV].
2. An electron has a de Broglie wavelength of 2.00 pm. Find its
kinetic energy and the phase and group velocities of its de Broglie
waves. [KE=292keV ,vp=1.30c and vg=0.771c]
3. Show that the de Broglie wavelength of a particle of rest mass
m0 and kinetic energy KE is given by =hc/(KE (KE+2m0c2))1/2.
Quantum Mechanics

Q1. State Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle and show that the limits
of accuracy are specified by the relation x. p h/2 where the
symbols have their usual meanings.
P1. Using uncertainty principle show that electrons can not be
present within nuclei.
2. A hydrogen atom is 5.3 x 10 -11 m in radius. Use the uncertainty
principle to estimate the minimum energy an electron can have in this
atom [KE=3.4eV].
3. An excited atom gives up its excess energy by emitting a photon
of characteristic frequency . The average period that elapses between
the excitation of an atom and the time it radiates is 1.0 x 10 -8 s. Find
the inherent uncertainty in the frequency of the photon [=8 x 106
Hz].
Q2. What is the wave function? State its characteristics. Starting
from the wave function, derive the time-independent form of
Schrodinger equation.
Q3. Derive stady-state form of Schrodinger equation. Define
eigenvalues and eigenfunctions.
Q4. Solve Schrodinger’s equation for a particle trapped in a rigid
box and obtain expressions for energy and wave functions. Show that
the energy levels are quantized.
1. An electron in a box 0.10 nm across, which is of the order of
atomic dimensions. Find its permitted energies.
Q5. Solve Schrodinger’s equation for a particle trapped in 3D rigid
box. Show that the energy levels are degenerate.
4. The lowest energy possible for a certain particle trapped in a
certain box is 1.00 eV. (a) What are the next two higher energies the
particle can have? (b) If the particle is an electron, how wide is the
box?.
5. Find the probability that a particle trapped in a box L wide can be
found between 0.45L and 0.55L for the ground and first excited states
[19.8% and 0.65%]
6. Find the expectation value <X> of the position of a particle
trapped in a box L wide [<X>= L/2].
Solid State Physics

Q1. Show that in an intrinsic semiconductor, the Fermi level lies

midway between the conduction and valence bands.
Q3. Explain the formation of different energy bands in a solid and
hence distinguish between an insulator, a semiconductor and a
conductor.
Q2. Describe with suitable diagrams the construction and action of
P-N junction diode.
Q3. Derive expressions for resistivity and conductivity in case of a
metal and pure semiconductors. State mass action law.
1. A specimen of pure germanium at 300 K has a density of
charge carriers of 2.5 x 1019 /m3. It is doped with donar impurity
atoms at the rate of one impurity atom for every 10 6 atoms of
germanium. All impurity atoms may be supposed to be ionized. The
density of germanium atoms is 4.2 x 10 28 atoms/m3. Find the
resistivity and conductivity of the doped germanium if electron
mobility is 0.36 m2/V-s.
Q6. Draw a neat and labeled diagram of a normal biasing of
NPN/PNP transistor and explain its working.
Q7. Draw and explain the output characteristics of a transistor in CE
configuration and obtain expression for collector current. Define the
two leakage currents and obtain the relation between them.
2. In an NPN silicon transistor, dc=0.995, IE=10 mA, leakage current
ICBO= 0.5 A. Determine IC, IB , dc and ICEO.

Radioactivity and particle accelerators

Q1. Draw binding energy per nucleon versus mass number curve.
What inferences can be drawn from the curve. Define mass defect.
P1. Estimate the energy released in kWh when 1 kg of uranium 235
undergoes fission. Assuming that energy released per fission of
uranium atom is 200 MeV.
P2. Ex on enreachment
Q2. What is chain reaction? Explain why natural uranium can not
chain react. State the condition to sustain the chain reaction. Define
critical mass.
Q3. Draw neat and labeled diagram of a nuclear power reactor.
Describe its various components and working. State its applications.
P2. #MW energy
Q4. State the requirements of a fusion reactor.
Q5. Describe the construction and working of cyclotron. Derive the
expressions for frequency and the energy gained by the particle.

Optics and Lasers

Q1. State the properties of a laser beam. Distinguish between

spontaneous and stimulated emission of radiation.
Q2. What is population inversion? Describe the various methods
used to obtain the population inversion.
Q2. With the help of suitable diagrams describe the construction
and working of a ruby laser. What is Q-switchig?
Q3. Draw energy level diagram of He-Ne laser and explain its
working. Explain why optical pumping is inefficient in case of gas
lasers.
Q4. Describe the various modes of vibrations of CO 2 molecule. With
the help of energy level diagram explain the working of CO 2 laser.
Explain why gaseous medium is far superior than the other medium for
the laser.
Q5. Describe the interactions of radiation with matter. Obtain
expressions for Einstein’s A and B coefficients. What inferences can be
drawn from the result.