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RADIOACTIVITY
dN
* Decay Law: N ; N t N o e t 6.1
dt
* Activity (A) At Ao e t ; mt mo e t 6.2
(m being the mass)
0.693 1
* Half and mean lives: T1 ; T ; T1 0.693 T 6.3
2 2
1
t max ln A 6.5
A B B
Solution:
T1
From A = Ao e-t, t
A
2
ln o
0.693 A
5600 y 12 dpm / g
i.e., t ln 4355 . 5 y
0.693 140 dpm / g
20
PROBLEM 6.2 Find the volume at STP of Rn-222 showing 0.1 Ci activity. T 1/2(Rn) =
3.825 d
PROBLEM 6.3 One cm3 of a solution containing Na-24 with 2000 dps activity is
injected into the blood stream of a man. The specific activity of the blood sample from
the man after 5 h is 16 dpm / cm3. What is the volume of blood in the body? T1/2 (Na) =
15 h.
Solution: If V is the volume of blood, from A = A o e-t, where A = 16/60 dps/cm 3 and A0
= 2000/V dps/cm3, V 6 litres.
Solution: The series is 90Th 232 82 Pb 208 The changes in mass number (232 –
208) is due only to - decay. Hence 6 - decays are present, this alone would decrease Z
from 90 to 78, but the end product is of Z = 82. Thus 4 - decays are present.
1 TRa TRn T
Solution: t m ln Ra ln Rn Inserting TRa = 1620 x
Ra Rn Rn 0.693 TRn TRa TRa
365 d and TRn = 3.825 d, tm = 6.58 d.
PROBLEM 6.7 Naturally occurring specimens, in which neither of the isotopes Pb-204
and Pb-208 is produced by decay, contain them in the ratio 1:40. In a certain Th-232
sample, there are found to be a, b and c g of Pb-204, Pb – 208 and Th-232 present.
Determine the age of the sample.
Solution: Mass of Pb-208 in the mineral not due to Th-decay is 40 a g, since mPb-208 = 40
mPb-204 (Note Pb-204 is not produced in Th- series and, hence, a g of it is present through
out). Hence, of b g of Pb-208 the quantity produced by decay of Th-232 is (b-40a) g.
We know that NTh = (NTh + NPb-208) e - Th t (See, e.g., Wehr and Richardson The Age of
the earth)
b 40a 6.023 1017 e -1.411010 t
0.493
c c
6.023 1017 6.023 1017
232 232 208
232
or t 2.035 ln c b - 40a / c years
208
PROBLEM 6.8.. The decay constants of successive nuclides x,y,z are 2, 3 and 0.
Investigate how the numbers of x y and z vary with time Illustrate graphically.
N z N ox N x N y N ox 1 3 e -2t 2 e -3t
tmax = (1/) ln 1.5 and Nx = Ny when Nz = Nox / 2
(Plot to show these features, assuming = 1/h)
PROBLEM 6.9 The successive count rates at 1 h interval for a radioisotope are 14422,
10064,7860,5818,4285 and 3160 dpm. Determine graphically.
Solution: Since count rates, c, are a measure of activities, Ct = Co e-t and ln(Co/ Ct) = t.
Plot ln(Co/Ct) vs t and determine , the slope = 0.00506 min-1
Line 1 due to the longer-lived comp. Is obtained by joining the last few points and
extrapolating it back to t=0. Line 2 is obtained by subtracting the c-values on line 1 from
the c-values for the mixture and plotting the log of the net count rate against time.
Co1 = 8530; Co2 = 6160 /min; 1 = 0.00505/min and 2 = 0.015 / min; T1 = 137 min and T2
= 46.2 min
9000
8000
count per min 7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1 3 5 7 9 11
time in h
12
10
8
ln c
6
4
2
0
0 5 10 15
time h
PROBLEM 6.11 The relative intensities of -, EC and + decay of Cu-64 are:
(-):(EC):(+) = 2:2:1. T1/2(Cu) = 12.8 h. Calculate the partial and total decay constants,
the half-period for - decay and the activity of Cu-64 emitting 3.7 x 107 - particles per s.
Solution: Intensities are proportional to activities and, therefore, to decay constants; i.e.,
I(-) (-); I(EC) (EC) and I(+) (+) and I(total) (total)
I( ) ( ) I(EC) ( EC ) I( ) ( )
; &
It t It t It t
Since T1/2 = 12.8 h, t = 0.693 / T1/2 = 1.503 x 10 /s.
-5
(-) = (EC) = 2/5 = 0.6 x 10-5 / s; (+) = 0.3 x 10-5 /s; T(-) 32 h. If activity - =
1mCi, At = 2.5 mCi.
PROBLEM 6.12 Determine the half-period of K-40 assuming; (a) K is a mixture of K-
39, K-40 and K-41 containing 0.0119 atom % K-40, (b) K emits 31 -rays and 3.4 -rays
per s per g.
dN
Solution: 10 6 s 1 N
dt
N
dN
t
1 10 6 N
6 dt ; log t;
0 10 N 0
10 6
1 – (N/106) = e-t ; N = 106 / (1 - et) = 1.35 x 1011 atoms.
PROBLEM 6.14 A hospital receives and puts into storage a sample of 100 mCi I-131
(T1/2 = 8 d). How long can the sample be kept in storage so as to provide a dose of at least 12 mCi h?
PROBLEM 6.15 A radon ‘seed’ is meant to provide a therapeutic dose in 5 days after
insertion at a prearranged time. If the implant is delayed 24 h, how long is the seed to
now be left in position to give the required dose? (Rn) = 2.1 x 10-6 /s or 0.18144 /d.
Solution: The required dose is (No – N5) where N5 is the number undecayed atoms after 5
days.
(No – N5) = No (1 – e-0.9075). After 24 h, N1 = No e-0.1815 If Nt is the number after insertion
for t days, (N1 – Nt) = (No – N5) No (1 – e-o.9075) = No e-0.1815 x (1 – e-t); t = 6.89 days.
PROMLEM 6.16 U-234 ( = 8.8 x 10-14 s-1) decays to Th-230 ( = 2.75 x 10-13 s-1). On
starting with pure U-234, what will be the % of Th in the sample after many half-lives?
What will be the rate of decay of Th then?
(a) Find the activity of Th at the end of 30 days after starting with a pure sample of 2
mCi Ac.
(b). A radiochemist mixes 0.5 mCi of pure Th with 0.5 mCi of pure Ra. Find the activity
of each 30 days after mixing.
Solution:
(a)
2 N 2 2
N o 1
2 1
t
e 1 t e 2
0.693
Ao1 2
e
t 0.693 t
1 t 2 t A T
e T1 e T2
A2 e 01 1 1.3338 mCi
2 1 T1 T2
A01 T1 0.693 t
0.693 t
A2 e T1 e T2 A e 2 t 0.3 mCi
T1 T2 o2
(b)
0.693 t
A1 Ao1 e T1
0.1664 mCi