Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Q: Design a LPF for cut-off frequency of 2GHz, which offers a 30 dB attenuation at 6GHz;
(i) maximally flat
(ii) 0.5 dB equal ripple Chebyshev filter
Maximally flat:
Based on the given data and comparing it with the Attenuation VS Normalized frequency for
maximally flat prototypes we get the order of the filter as N=3.
Observing the graph for Attenuation VS Normalized frequency for 0.5 dB equal ripple
Chebyshev low pass filter we get the order of the filter as N=3.
Attenuation VS Normalized frequency for 0.5 dB equal ripple Chebyshev low pass filter
Observing the table for the values for the 0.5 equal ripple filter prototype
Applying impedance scaling to the elements using the formula used above we get the final
circuit
Thus the two required filters have been designed considering the ideal lumped parameter
model.
Distributed parameter model
K
P=p1
P=p1
Z=Z1
Z=Z1
K
Z=Z2
P=p1
Q: Design a LPF for cut-off frequency of 2GHz, which offers a 30 dB attenuation at 6GHz;
(i) maximally flat
(ii) 0.5 dB equal ripple Chebyshev filter using shunt stub micro strip technology.
Based on the given data and comparing it with the Attenuation VS Normalized frequency for
maximally flat prototypes we get the order of the filter as N=3.
From the table we can get Element Values for Maximally Flat Low-Pass Filter Prototypes
L1= L3= 1
C2= 2
We use Richards’ transformations to convert series inductors to series stubs, and shunt
capacitors to shunt stubs. The characteristic impedance of a series stub (inductor) is L, and
the characteristic impedance of a shunt stub (capacitor) is 1/C.
For commensurate line synthesis, all stubs are λ/8 long at ω = ωc. (It is usually most
convenient to work with normalized quantities until the last step in the design.) The series
stubs would be very difficult to implement in micro strip line form, so we will use one of the
Kuroda identities to convert these to shunt stubs.
First we add unit elements at either end of the filter.
These redundant elements do not affect filter performance since they are matched to the
source and load (Z0 = 1).
Then we can apply Kuroda identity to both ends of the filter.
Further Impedance scaling is done to get the required filter with specifications at 2GHz
Q: Design a LPF for cut-off frequency of 2GHz, which offers a 30 dB attenuation at 6GHz;
(i) maximally flat
(ii) 0.5 dB equal ripple Chebyshev filter using stepped filters
Inference:
Comparing the filter responses for maximally flat filter in all the three cases it comes
to the observation that in case of distributed parameter model the insertion loss
monotonically increases, whereas in the rest two cases there is a local maxima at
around 4GHz.
Comparing the filter responses for Chebyshev filter in all the three cases it comes to
the observation that the insertion loss monotonically increases in lumped parameter
model; the insertion loss has a maxima at 3.9GHz for distributed parameter model
and at 4GHz for shunt stub model.
When comparing the responses of the other models to the stepped filter model the
response is pretty stable for both insertion and return loss.