Topic: Switched WAN (Wide Area Network)

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

MR. Ankur Sodhi ASHU GOYAL

B.TECH (H) I.T.-MBA

ROLL NO: 84

Reg no: 7470070015

SEC: OE127

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 INDEX

Introduction to RBI……………………...…………………………………3

WAN and OSI Model……………………...………………………………3

Switched WAN Methods…………………………………………………3

Point to Point………………………………….3

Circuit Switching………………………………4

Packet Switching………………………………4

Switched WAN Protocols…………………………………………………4

ATM………………………………………………………………………..4

ATM Reference Model………………………4

Applications…………………………………..5

Frame Relay………………………………………………………………5

Frame Relay Structure………………………5

Applications of Frame Relay………………..5

X.25…………………………………………………………………………6

Architecture of X.25………………………..6

Applications of X.25………………………..6

Comparison of WAN Protocols………………………………………….7

References …………………………………………………………..……..7

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 Switched Wide Area Network (WAN)
1. Introduction

The term switched wide area network consists of two

different terms i.e. switched network, wide area
network.

So, first know these two things:-

Switched Network:- When we connect two or more

devices together i.e. called a network and when we
use the switch to connect these devices we called it a
switched network. So, switched network is a network
that provides the communication circuit or packed
switched. The example is public switched telephone
network i.e. PSTN.

Wide Area Network:- When we connect the various

small networks together the network formed is called
wide area network.

Eg:- when we connect two or more LANs(Local area
network) or MANs (Metropolian area network) it is
called a WAN. It covers a large geographic area.
Switched WANs:- so when we use a switch to
connect the various LANs or MANs i.e. called a
switched WAN.
It shows the various WAN protocols
working at the different layers of OSI
reference model.
3. Switched WAN Methods
There are three WAN switching methods:-

2. WAN and OSI Model • Point to point switching method

The WAN or wide area network technology work at • Circuit switching method
lower layer of the OSI model i.e. Physical layer, Data
link layer, Network layer. • Packet switching method

Point to point switching:- In point to point switching

method there is a direct connection between the
customer premises and the carrier network. It is also
called a leased line because the path between the two
devices is permanent & fix.

Circuit Switching Method:- In circuit switching

method when we send data from one device to

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another it goes through a circuit which consist of
WAN, switch or any network device.
In circuit switching method we have two type of
transmissions i.e. datagram transmission and data
stream transmission. The example of circuit switched
method is ISDN i.e. integrated service digital
network.
Packed switching method:- The packed switching is
a WAN switching method in which the various
network devices shares a single point to point
connection to transfer the packet from source to
destination.
ATM i.e. asynchronous transfer mode and X.25 are
the example of packet switched WAN technology.
4. Switched WAN Protocols
We will mainly discuss the three main WAN
protocols:-
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• ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
• Frame Relay
• X.25
All the three protocols work on the packet switching
WAN technology.
5. ATM
Asynchronous transfer mode is a protocol designed
to support voice and data both on the network. It is
mainly used by the internet service providers on the
long distance networks. It operates at data link layer
of OSI model. We use the fiber optic cable or twisted
pair cable for the establishment of connection. In
ATM there is no routing data place we use the point
to point connection between the service &
destination.
5.1 ATM Reference Model
The ATM reference model is a three dimensional
model. It consists of three planes i.e. user plane,
control plane and management plane.
User plane provides the user information for transfer.
The control plane performs the various connection
related tasks like connection establishment,
monitoring and releasing the virtual connection. And
the management plane performs the maintenance and
management related functions. Each plane in ATM
reference model further divided into various layers.
The lower layers of model described as follows: -
Physical Layer: - The functions of this layer are
divided into two parts i.e. Physical medium
dependent (PMD) functions and Transmission
Convergence (TC) functions. The PMD functions are
regarding the underlying physical medium. It
includes bit transfer, bit alignment, electrical-optical
transformation and the line coding. The TC functions
include cell rate decoupling, cell delineation, cell
header processing, scrambling and descrambling, and
frame generation and recovery.
ATM Layer: - The functions of this layer include
cell multiplexing, cell demultiplexing, cell VPI/VCI
translation, and cell header generation or extraction.
It also includes generic flow control, Usage
Parameter control, congestion notification and
connection assignment and removal.
ATM Adoption Layer: - This layer performs a no.
of functions depending on the type of application.
This layer is divided into two sub layers i.e.
Segmentation and reassembly (SAR) sub layer and
second is Convergence sub layer (CS). The CS layer
interfaces directly with the user and accepts data
from the user. The SAR sub layer segements the data
received from CS layer into smaller data units.
5.2 Applications of ATM
The applications of ATM includes: -
• ATM and MPLS networks
• Voice over ATM
• ATM and DSL networks
• ATM and 3G.
6. Frame Relay
Frame Relay is a standard protocol which is used to
connection the various WANs. It is an fast and
efficient method to transfer the information from the
one user to the other end i.e. the part of router or
bridge. When we transmit the frame relay frame we
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use the concept of virtual circuits. The virtual circuit
established may be permanent or fixed.
6.1 Frame Relay Structure
The Frame Relay frame structure is based on the
LAPD protocol. In this the frame header is modified
slightly to contain the Data Link Connection
Identifier (DLCI) and congestion bits, in place of the
normal address and control fields. This new Frame
Relay header is 2 bytes in length and has the
following format:
DLCI: - 10-bit DLCI field represents the address of
the frame and corresponds to a PVC.
C/R: - Designates whether the frame is a command or
response.
EA: - Extended Address field signifies up to two
additional bytes in the Frame Relay header, thus
greatly expanding the number of possible addresses.
FECN: - Forward Explicit Congestion Notification.
BECN: - Backward Explicit Congestion Notification.
DE: - Discard Eligibility (see DE below).
Information: - The Information field may include
other protocols within it, such as an X.25, IP or
SDLC (SNA) packet.
6.2 Applications of Frame Relay
The applications of frame relay are described as
follows: -
• Frame relay and Internetworking protocol.
• Frame relay and System Network
Architecture.
• User specified layer 3 protocol information.
 • Voice over Frame Relay.

7. X.25

X.25 defines the standard set of rules which are used

for packet switching between different computer
networks. The X.25 protocol works on the lower of
the OSI model i.e. physical layer, data link and
network layer.

7.1 Architecture of X.25

The main task of X.25 is to create a universal and

global packet switches network. The specifications of
X.25 define only the interface between the subscriber
and X.25 network.
The architecture of X.25 consists of three layers: -
• Physical Layer
• Data Link Layer
• Packer Layer.
Physical Layer: - The physical Layer defines the
physical, electrical, functional and procedural
characteristics to control the physical link between
the subscribers i.e. DTE and the X.25 network i.e.
DCE.
Data Link Layer: - The Data Link Layer defines the
procedures or methods for the link access and data
transfer between the DTE and DCE. In X.25 the
LAPB protocol i.e. link access procedure, balanced
manages the communication session and controls the
packet framing. LAPB is a bit oriented protocol that
provides error correction and ordered delivery of
packets.
Packet Layer: - Packet Layer packet layer protocol
for exchanging control and user data packets to form
a packet switching network based on virtual calls,
according to the packet layer protocol.
7.2 Applications of X.25
An X.25 network may be used in a variety of
environments. For instance, X.25 is well suited in
applications where:
• Communications are primarily
asynchronous (though frequent synchronous
applications are now being used).
• Line quality may not be good (X.25's error
correction capabilities overcome poor line
quality).
• Data volume is relatively small and bursty.
• A company wants to use packet switching to
decrease transmission expenses.

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Comparison of Various WAN Protocols

References

http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb726928.aspx

http://www.pulsewan.com/wanintro.htm

http://forums.techarena.in/guides-tutorials/5186.htm

http://tripatlas.com/X.25 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25

ATM Networks Concepts and Protocols by Sumit Kasera Second Edition. Tata McGrawHill Publishing.

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