Dear all,

Linking words and phrases in English (also called 'connective' or 'transition' words) are used to
combine two clauses or sentences presenting contrast, comparison, condition, supposition,
purpose, etc.
They enable us to establish clear connections between ideas.
Most linking words can either connect clauses within a sentence, or start a sentence to form
a link with the previous statement.
♦Note : A clause is a group of words that includes a subject and a verb.
The following sentence contains two clauses:
She lives in Mexico because she likes the climate.
Below you will find some examples of linking words and how to use them. ….....

Logical Connectives (ii)

Here are some more connecting words for joining statements: because, therefore, however.
Study how they are used in these examples.
1. Because gives the reason or cause.
(a) We must be near the beach.
(b) I can hear the waves.
(a) + (b) We must be near the beach because I can hear the waves.

(a) Cold air hovers near the earth.

(b) It is heavier than hot air.
(a) + (b) Cold air hovers near the earth because it is heavier than hot air.

2. Therefore gives consequence or result.

(a) I failed my driving test the first time.
(b) I took it again.
(a) + (b) I failed my driving test the first time, therefore I took it again.

(a) A hurricane has been announced.

(b) Air traffic will be disrupted.
(a) + (b) A hurricane has been announced, therefore air traffic will be disrupted.

3. However introduces a qualification or concession.

(a) Passenger liners carry passengers. (b) Some carry a large amount of cargo as well. (a)
+ (b) Passenger liners carry passengers; however, some carry a large amount of cargo as
well.
 However as well as although introduce a contrast.
main clause; however, surprising fact. Although + main clause, surprising fact.
e.g She tried hard. She failed the exam.
She tried hard; however, she failed the exam.
Although she tried hard, she failed the exam.

(a) The weather was bitterly cold.

(b) He went hiking.
(a) + (b) The weather was bitterly cold; however, he went hiking.

(a) The hotel was open.

(b) Nobody came to the reception desk.
(a) + (b) The hotel was open; however, nobody came to the reception desk.

Exercise (1) Now join these pairs of sentences using because, therefore, however as appropriate.
1. Sue’s eyes were red. She had been swimming in a chlorinated pool.
2. The elevator was broken. We had to walk up six flight of stairs.
3. It was cold. I went swimming pool.
4. We can’t visit the museum tomorrow. It isn’t open.
5. She said she didn’t want to change her job. She may change her mind.
6. Heavy fog was at the airport. We had to stay in London an extra day.
7. She has plenty of money. She is very mean.
8. I had the money. I didn’t buy the car.
9. We had to stand. All the seats on the train were taken.
10. The banks were closed. We couldn’t get any money.

Here are some more connecting words: although, consequently, as

Study the examples and decide if they introduce a clause of (1) reason or cause (2) consequence
or result, (3) qualification or concession.
We didn’t go out as it was raining.
I’ll lend you some money as you haven’t got any.
Passenger liners often operate as cruise ships for parts of a year as there is not always
enough business for them on liner routes.

It was raining hard, consequently we didn’t go out.

I failed my driving test the first time, consequently I took it again.
Cargo liners sail on fixed routes and keep to a time-table, consequently some are
designed to carry a few passengers.
 Although tankers sail on fixed route, they do not carry passengers.
Although she does not enjoy her job, she works hard.
She passed the exam, although she hadn’t studied for it.
Your answers should have been:
(a) reason or cause
(b) consequence or result
(c) qualification or concession

Exercise 2. Rewrite the sentences in Exercise (1) above using as, consequently, although as
appropriate.

Ok, shall we stop our discussion here. Please drop a line via email or in this team group if you
have something confused. And please feel free to contact us, too.
Daw Khin Soe Thi ( 1EB + ETO )
Daw Hlaing Khin Myo Htun Latt ( 1EA + ETO )