PSS SINCAL Platform 16.5 - Technical Description - v1.0

PSS®SINCAL 16.5 - Technical Brochure v1.
PSS®SINCAL 16.5
Technical
Description
Simulation software for analysis
and planning of electric and
pipe networks
Siemens.com/pss-sincal
PSS®SINCAL 16.5 - Technical Brochure v1.0
Contents
Contents ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
PSS®SINCAL Platform ..................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Modules – Electricity Networks .........................................................................................................................................................6
Modules – Pipe Networks.................................................................................................................................................................. 6
PSS®SINCAL User Interface ................................................................................................................................................................ 7
PSS®NETOMAC User Interface ......................................................................................................................................................... 11
Architecture and Programming Interfaces ....................................................................................................................................... 14
Model Management..................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Multi-User Master Database ........................................................................................................................................................... 19
Model Merge .................................................................................................................................................................................. 20
Electrical Networks – Modelling ................................................................................................................................................... 21
Network Model (electrical) .............................................................................................................................................................. 22
Network Reduction ......................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Line and Cable Parameters .............................................................................................................................................................. 24
Graphical Model Builder .................................................................................................................................................................. 26
DLL Model Interfaces....................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Dynamic Model Library ................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Electrical Networks – Core Modules ............................................................................................................................................. 31
Power Flow ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Short Circuit .................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
Harmonics / Harmonic Contingency ................................................................................................................................................ 37
Stability (RMS)................................................................................................................................................................................. 40
Electromagnetic Transients ............................................................................................................................................................. 43
Electrical Networks – Extended Modules ...................................................................................................................................... 46
Operating Point/Time Series Calculation ......................................................................................................................................... 47
Network Development .................................................................................................................................................................... 49
Load Assignment/Transformer Tap Detection .................................................................................................................................. 51
Economic Efficiency Calculation....................................................................................................................................................... 53
Network Stress Test ......................................................................................................................................................................... 54
Energy Storage Placement and Sizing .............................................................................................................................................. 56
Maximum Hosting Capacity ............................................................................................................................................................. 58
Grid Code Compliance Renewables ................................................................................................................................................. 60
Contingency Analysis and Resupply ................................................................................................................................................. 62
Probabilistic Reliability Analysis ....................................................................................................................................................... 64
Transfer Capacity ............................................................................................................................................................................. 66
Optimal Network Structures ............................................................................................................................................................ 66
Load balancing ................................................................................................................................................................................ 67
Optimal Branching........................................................................................................................................................................... 67
Compensation Optimization ............................................................................................................................................................ 67
Volt/Var Optimization...................................................................................................................................................................... 68
Load flow optimization .................................................................................................................................................................... 68
Network Planning Tools (Electrical Networks).................................................................................................................................. 69

Multiple Faults ................................................................................................................................................................................ 71
Motor Start-Up ................................................................................................................................................................................ 72
Electrical Networks – Protection Modules .................................................................................................................................... 74
Overcurrent Time Protection Simulation ......................................................................................................................................... 75
Extended Protection Simulation ...................................................................................................................................................... 77
Distance Protection Setting Calculation ........................................................................................................................................... 80
Protection Security Assessment ...................................................................................................................................................... 81
Arc Flash Calculation ....................................................................................................................................................................... 84
Fuse Dimensioning .......................................................................................................................................................................... 86
Electrical Networks – PSS®NETOMAC ........................................................................................................................................... 87
Eigenvalue/Modal Analysis .............................................................................................................................................................. 88
Identification and Optimization ....................................................................................................................................................... 90
Frequency Domain and Resonances ................................................................................................................................................ 92
Torsional Analysis ............................................................................................................................................................................ 94
Pipe Network – Calculation Modules ............................................................................................................................................ 96
Gas (Steady-State) ........................................................................................................................................................................... 97
Gas Operating/Time Series ............................................................................................................................................................ 100
Gas Contingency Analysis .............................................................................................................................................................. 102
Water (Steady-State) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 103
Water Operating/Time Series ........................................................................................................................................................ 106
Water Tanks .................................................................................................................................................................................. 107
Water Contingency Analysis .......................................................................................................................................................... 108
Heating/Cooling (Steady-State) ..................................................................................................................................................... 109
Heating/Cooling Operating/Time Series ........................................................................................................................................ 112
Heating/Cooling Contingency Analysis .......................................................................................................................................... 114
Network Planning Tools (Pipe Networks) ....................................................................................................................................... 115
PSS®SINCAL Platform
Overview · Transmission and generation of energy in transport

networks, transmission grids and interconnected networks
The programs of the PSS®SINCAL (Siemens Network Calculation)
by transmission network operators
Platform for network analysis and planning are designed for the
calculation, visualization and evaluation of electrical networks · Integration of decentralized, renewable generation systems
and pipe networks. (DER) in the different voltage levels of the transmission and
supply networks
There are currently two application programs available that use
the same program components: PSS®SINCAL and PSS®NETOMAC. · Traction power supply networks for the supply of traction
In addition to the graphical user interface of PSS®SINCAL, units/trains along railway lines
PSS®NETOMAC provides an additional interface for dynamic and
· Studies by consulting offices for the use cases described
transient calculations in expert mode.
· Research on current and future questions of energy
Application areas
production and supply regarding control and regulation
PSS®SINCAL is a product from practice with a large variety of methods in complex networks, optimization of structures
calculation methods that have proven themselves and operating modes as well as concepts for multimodal
internationally. networks of different energy carriers,
Problems from the following application areas are addressed: · Training of engineers and planners with model-based
simulation software
· Energy supply in supra-regional or regional areas by
distribution network operators and municipal utilities with Analysis and planning tool
electrical energy, district heating/cooling and gas
More than 50 years of experience in network planning, from the
· Energy supply and generation in campus facilities, quarters first load flow calculations to complex protection simulations
and properties (e.g. hospitals) based on electrical energy, and the observation of dynamic and transient processes are
district heating/cooling or gas incorporated in the calculation methods for electrical networks.
After the start of Siemens network calculations on mainframe
· Planning of water supply networks in residential water
computers in 1960, we became known as a center of expertise
engineering for transport networks or in the connection
for electrical network planning. The calculation methods for pipe
area of supply companies and support in the operational
networks for heating/cooling, gas and water supply have also
planning, planning and analysis of the fire water supply
developed at the same time.
· Energy supply and generation in industrial facilities (e.g.
PSS®SINCAL offers a wide range of technical possibilities, a high
steelworks, paper, aluminum and chemical production
level of quality as well as a modern user experience. This
plants as well as automobile and aerospace industry) based
provides users with the necessary calculation and analysis tools
on electrical energy, district heating/cooling or gas
to model, calculate and analyze networks of the different sectors
· Power generation and auxiliary networks of large power based on the calculation results.
plants with special consideration of the mechanical
components (turbine, drive train, generator) of a power
plant
Offers for interfaces and integration projects License types

In addition to the manual application of PSS®SINCAL via the Various license types are available for optimal use in the
graphical user interface, the software architecture also allows company.
the flexible integration of individual program components such
· Single user license (PC-bound)
as calculation methods into other programs and IT architectures.
It is also possible to create and enhance network models with · Dongle license
external applications as interfaces.
· Network license
· Interfaces to geographic information systems (GIS), asset
o Multi-user license
management systems, accounting systems and components
of control centers o Floating license
· Integration of software modules in turnkey projects for o Check-out options
integrating PSS®SINCAL into the corporate IT environment
· Flexible network license
Offers for educational institutions, universities and research
o SQL database locally or in the network
institutes
o Multi-user license on module level
The training of engineers at academic institutions requires a
comprehensive and easy-to-use software for network analysis o Check-out options
and planning. The following three types of licenses are available:
· Use of network license in the company
· RESEARCH license for use in funded research projects
o Restricted to one site
· EDUCATION license for training groups of students and
o Unrestricted site license within one country
pupils at institutes and schools
· Leasing license for all license types
· STUDENT license (free-of-charge) for the individual
processing of dissertation and project work by students in · License on an hourly basis
further education establishments and in schools
· Installation on virtual machines (e.g. CITRIX support)
Offers for training/courses
Languages
It is also possible to arrange customer-specific training and
PSS®SINCAL currently supports the following languages:
workshops with individual course contents in addition to courses
with fixed contents for users of the basic functions. · Chinese
· Training courses with defined training content on basic · English
functions from the Siemens Power Academy offering
· German
o Basic courses on modeling and basic calculation
· Russian
methods as well as scripting at the Nuremberg site
· Spanish
o Basic courses on modeling and basic calculation
methods as well as scripting at other sites or in the · Turkish
customer's offices
System requirements
· Customer-specific workshops and training on specific
Recommended hardware
technical topics on request with technical experts
· CPU: x64, >= 2 GHz (MultiCore)
Support
· RAM: >= 8 GB
Product and user support are provided through various channels
and can be combined and requested by the user accordingly. · Hard drive space: >= 20 GB
· Hotline support and access to all updates and upgrades of · Graphics card: >= 1920 x 1200, True Color
the software
PSS®SINCAL provides software for 64-bit operating systems:
· Application support related to the individual technical
· Windows 8 and 10
questions of the user by experts in the specific fields
· Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2012 R2,
· User meetings in the regions with technical presentations,
Windows Server 2016, Windows Server 2019
product news, workshops and exchange with product
management and other users
Modules – Electricity Networks
Modules – Pipe Networks

PSS®SINCAL User Interface

(SINCAL GUI)
Overview · Maintenance of the network model for different tasks in

multidimensional, synchronized views (schematic,
PSS®SINCAL has a flexible and modern graphical user interface. It
geographical)
offers users intuitive functions for the creation (modelling),
editing and evaluation of networks. These functions can also be · Support of multidimensional network models (network
adapted to the requirements of user workflows. The various levels, variants, scenarios, graphic layers, views)
phases of a user project are supported here with clear and
· Comprehensive automation functions for the user interface
helpful tools.
via the COM interface with various programming languages
The graphical user interface has the same structure and design (Python, VBScript, VBA, C++, C#, etc.)
for electrical networks and pipe networks (heating/cooling
· Use of the PSS®NETOMAC user interface in Expert mode
networks, gas networks, water networks).
(ExpMode) for the dynamics and transient engine
The user interface allows efficient modeling and handling of
User interface
input data and provides support for the use of the calculation
and evaluation options of the simulation results in the network The user-definable graphical interface offers functions for
graphic, as well as in diagrams, tables and reports. importing and managing network models, the graphics editor,
the tabular view, dialog boxes for controlling and starting
· Graphics editor for creating, editing and formatting network
calculations, diagram and results view as well as other tool
elements in the network graphic
windows and browsers.
· Geographic or schematic visualization of network models of
· User-defined design of the toolbars and position of the
any size (e.g. > 50’000 nodes) in the user interface and
views and the tool windows
interaction similar to a GIS application
o Storage and management of different work
· Interactive, web-based overlay of online and offline
environments (according to the project phase)
background maps
o Export and import of workspace areas to secure and
· Excellent suitability for network documentation through
preserve custom program settings
high-quality graphics and integration of OLE (Object Linking
and Embedding) objects o Creation of user-defined toolbars with frequently used
functions
· Integrated network browser, tabular view, diagram and
results view as well as professional report generation (List & o Import of diagrams, table and page settings from
Label) to simplify the presentation of data and analyses other projects
· Extensive visualization and evaluation functionalities as well · Fully context-sensitive integration of Help in the screen
as ISO areas (heat maps) for input data and results for the forms
rapid identification of network areas, feeders and weak
points
· Direct switching to the user interface in Expert mode o Verification of the topological data (e.g. unique node
(ExpMode) for the PSS®NETOMAC dynamics and transient names)
engine
o Checking the technical values (e.g. for xd" of a
Creating and importing network models generator)
The basic requirement for performing calculations and creating o Indication of invalid values or values entered outside
studies is the generation and processing of a computable and the standard value range
consistent network model (see Model Management).
· Creation and editing of graphic objects and graphics in the
The graphical user interface is designed for the initial manual network graphic
creation and editing of a network model by the user.
o Geometric shapes, freehand lines and text fields as
· Interactive manual modeling by the user (or automated) in well as highlighting and shading to structure and
the user interface as a network graphic with the graphics document the network graphic
editor and the tabular view
o Adaptive legends to document the annotation of
Network models generated with the interfaces already supplied elements with input and result data
or externally developed can also be edited, extended and
o Integration of active diagrams from the diagram view
validated in the graphical user interface.
into the network graphic (automatic update after each
· Access in the user interface to the interfaces contained in calculation)
the product for importing data sets using the supplied
o Annotation fields for the documentation of plans
interfaces and adapters (see Model Management)
o Export of the graphic via a menu function to other
· Integration of functions for managing the network model in
applications for highly resolved documentation and
the graphical user interface
presentation
o Support of multidimensional network models
o Integration of SQL database queries in text fields for
(variants, scenarios, network states)
direct evaluation and graphic display of input and
o Integration of the functions for managing and using result data from the database
the master database (PM module)
· Support for the creation of the network graphic with grids,
Editing the network model in the graphics editor guidelines, ruler and zoom functions
The graphics editor is used to edit and enter the network model · Multiple functions for selecting and editing the network
with graphical representation as a network graphic. The network elements and graphic objects as well as formatting the
graphic is an individual geographical or schematic representation graphical representation of the input and result data of the
of the network model (or individual subareas) with its input and network elements
result data. In addition, the tabular view is also provided for
o Move, rotate, copy, paste, delete individual network
entering and adapting the input data.
elements or entire groups of elements directly in the
· Intuitive graphical Microsoft Windows application with network graphic
browsers, screen forms, selection fields and lists as well as
o Selection of elements by type or user-defined filters
pop-up menus
o Selection of routes, elements supplied from the
· Creation and editing of network elements (nodes, branch
element, supply of the element or connected
elements and node elements) interactively in the network
elements (based on last solved load flow)
graphic by the user
o Intuitive functions for formatting the graphical
o Interactive insertion, positioning and connection of
representation (e.g. colors, text types, line types)
the individual network elements in the user interface
o User-defined annotation of the network elements in
o Input of the data via the element-specific input screen
the network graphic with the input and result data
forms or the tabular view
o Free positioning of the annotations of the network
o Input screen forms with specific minimum and
elements
maximum values for physically meaningful input
values of the elements o User-defined selection and display of units, decimal
places and automatic unit switching
o Step-by-step undo function and restoration of the last
saved state of the network model o User-defined display and formatting of future or
decommissioned elements
o Search function in the network graphic
· Display of digitized plans or construction views with input
o Interactive connection and disconnection of elements
data as background graphics
with the switch mode
· Display of online or offline background maps from map
o Support for the manual or automated generation of
providers
graphic representations of network elements
o Interactive, web-based overlay of online background
· Checking the input data during manual input regarding
maps and possibility to download the required map
topology and technically specified value range
sections for offline use
o Support of the providers MapBox, CloudMade, Bing, o Automatic creation of a macro as VBScript or Python
OpenStreetMap® or generic interface script by recording the user's commands in the user
interface
· Display of the (technical) network model or parts of this
network model in any number of individual graphical views o Extension and adaptation of the recorded macros by
(e.g. as one geographical and one schematic view each) the user
o Consideration of all elements in the calculation · Printing or exporting the network graphic for
methods irrespective of their graphical representation documentation
in the network graphic
· Linking and opening of external files (e.g. datasheets as
o Schematic and geographical (with scale) views of the *.pdf) in the input screen form of elements
network graphic
Editing the network model in the tabular view
o Sheet line-free display in world coordinates
Besides the network graphic, the tabular view is also provided
o Views for drawing in scale mode or WYSIWYG mode for entering and adapting the input data.
(what you see is what you get)
· Creation and manipulation of input data in input data tables
o Fully synchronized views and selecting of elements in and evaluation of results in result tables
the different views
o Table with results of the individual result compilation
o Creation and management of any number of network
o Integration of user-defined SQL views (full SQL syntax
graphics as views
functionality) in the database for viewing in the
o Creation of positions in the views and linking of these tabular view
positions to graphical elements
· Complete connection of the tabular view with the graphics
· Structured and individualized display of the network editor and the element-specific input screen by selecting
graphics through vertical and horizontal structuring with the graphic element in the network graphic from the pop-
graphic layers and object types up menu of the tabular view
· Evaluation and filter functions for the graphical display of · Use of individual views as well as sorting and filtering
input and result data by coloring the network graphic or the functions for the tables
network elements with user-defined colors and value
o Creation and compilation of individual views with
ranges
predefined filters and column selection
o Evaluation functions for temporary coloring of
o Text-based filter line for filtering and searching in the
network elements according to various criteria (e.g.
table
operating state, supply, line type, network levels,
network areas, object types, ...) o Selection-based or exclusionary filtering by type, input
and result data
o Filter functions for three state filter evaluation or
evaluation with user-defined filter ranges and colors · Use of copy and paste of tables (or table sections) to or
of input and result data specifically by element type from Office applications (e.g. Excel)
and object type
o Changing and manipulating a large amount of input
o Colored ISO areas (heat maps) for the representation data
of input and result data
o Extraction of results for further evaluation and
o Full synchronization of the graphical coloring with the documentation
respective display of input or result data of the
o Column evaluation to determine total values,
different calculations and calculation steps
minimum values, maximum values of the average and
· Linking of the topology with the graphical representation of standard deviation
the network model for network tracing, evaluation of
Performing calculations and simulations
network feeders etc.
The calculations can be parameterized and started individually or
· Automatic or user-defined generation of the network
as multiple calculations directly in the user interface.
graphic or the graphical representation of individual
elements and network areas · Dialog boxes for parameterization and control of the
simulation process
o Schematic plans with substation layout
o Definition of calculation settings, reference values and
o Function for manual updating of network elements in
sizes as well as output options
the views of the network graphic
o Definition of the scope of the results to be stored
o Function for automatic updating of network elements
according to different procedures in the views of the o Definition and management of plot definitions
network graphic
· Dialog box for compiling and executing multiple calculations
o Function for duplicating network graphics in different consisting of several individual calculations to be executed
network views in succession
· Macro recorder for the commands executed by the user in o User-defined compilation of the calculation methods
the interface (VBScript, Python) to be performed
o User-defined selection of all variants and scenarios to · Standard reports are available for each calculation type
be calculated
· Creation and adaption of user-defined reports (e.g.
o Automatic execution of all calculations in all selected individual protection setting data sheet, arc flash labels)
variants and scenarios with just one click and diagrams
Evaluation and presentation of results Additional functions and tool windows
Tabular view In addition to the editors and options for evaluating results, tool
windows are available for working with projects and the network
The tabular view makes it possible to display the calculation
models opened in the graphics editor.
results for the different calculation types in result tables. All
functions of the tabular view are available for viewing and · Example explorer to find and open the example networks
evaluating the result tables.
· Project explorer enables the efficient project organization
Diagram view of network models and user-defined files with input data
and results
Automatically generated diagrams based on input data or user-
defined diagrams based on the results are displayed in the o Project file (*.prj) for structuring the project with a
diagram view. user-defined directory structure
· User-defined diagrams with the compilation of time and o Linking of folders and files in the project from
value-based data series individually for the individual directories of the operating system
calculation methods
· Network browser with the display of the network topology
o Input data based diagrams (e.g. for protection devices in a tree structure and link
or profiles)
o Linking of entries to both input data and results
o User-defined compilation of the displayed data series
o List of neighbor elements connected to an element
o Scaling, design and labelling options
o Provision of the functions for graphical updating
o Options for integrating evaluation objects and using
o Direct link to the corresponding help page
post-processing functions (e.g. calculation of mean
values) · Catalogs for interactive creation and use of frequently used
network elements and standard configurations (e.g. fields,
o Min/Max evaluation for the detection of minimum
stations)
and maximum values in recorded signals as well as
their maximum rates of change o Individually designable catalogs for network elements
and network element configurations
o Access to data points for exporting the data series
o Drag and drop for creating and interactively inserting
· Simple function for comparing the data series of different
catalogs into the network graphic
variants in the diagrams
o Use as (permanent) clipboard for single elements or
Result browser
any complex element configuration
A separate, interactive result browser is available for displaying
· Toolbox tool window with direct access to frequently used
the calculation results of specific modules.
modeling and formatting functions
Result view
· Properties tool window for changing format properties of
The result view offers the view of user-defined result the selected network elements or views
compilations as well as results from other modules.
· Message window with information about the calculation,
· Interactive compilation of results (Result Cockpit) with the warnings and error messages as well as links to help and the
user's individual result view tripping element in the protection coordination
o Filter functions · Macro output to integrate platform help programs as well
as custom programs and scripts
o Link to the network graphic
o Interactive debug mode for load flow calculation
o Export function for creating a report (*.pdf)
o Connection of user-defined, externally developed
· Presentation of calculation results of other calculation
scripts (with user-defined HTML-based interface)
modules
directly into the user interface
· Display of calculation logs
· Help menu for topic-specific or structured presentation of
Report view the chapters of the program manuals
Reports are created with the fully integrated List & Label
reporting tool.
PSS®NETOMAC User Interface

(NETOMAC GUI)
Overview The following modules of the PSS®SINCAL Platform are

integrated in both the PSS®SINCAL and PSS®NETOMAC user
The PSS®NETOMAC (NEtworkTOrsionMAchineControl) user
interfaces and can be used extensively:
interface is the native simulation environment of the
PSS®SINCAL Platform for dynamic and transient calculations in · Stability (RMS) (ST module)
expert mode (ExpMode). The customizable graphical user
· Electromagnetic transients (EMT module)
interface is designed for efficient use of the dynamic and
transient engine in advanced calculations that require a high PSS®SINCAL modules based on these, such as the protection
level of model detail. It combines the advantages of the high- simulation (SZ module), use the functions in the background of a
performance PSS®NETOMAC engine with useful functions for calculation so that no direct access to it is necessary.
handling, simulating and analyzing user-specific network models.
The following modules of the PSS®SINCAL Platform are
The engine has a modular structure for use in various user integrated in the native user interface of the PSS®NETOMAC
interfaces of the PSS®SINCAL Platform. The engine can be used (ExpMode) dynamic and transient engine:
directly in the PSS®SINCAL user interface for standard
· Eigenvalue/modal analysis (EVA module)
calculations of dynamic and transient processes in network
planning and analysis as well as in protection analysis. For more · Identification and optimization (OPT module)
extensive calculations, the user can use the expert mode
· Frequency domain (FRD module)
(ExpMode) of the engine. The calculations can also be
parameterized and executed with the help of the automation · Torsional analysis (TOR module)
interface (e.g. using VBScript or Python).
· Graphical model builder (GMB module)
The two user interfaces allow the respective calculations as well
as an efficient handling of the input data and evaluation of the
simulation results in diagrams and tables.
PSS®NETOMAC user interface · Various tools such as tables, diagrams and export functions
are available to the user for evaluating the results of
The user interface is designed to suit to the workflows of the
simulations
users as well as the possibilities of the PSS®NETOMAC dynamic
and transient engine. It supports the user in the most efficient o Any input data read in can be output in structured
use of the advanced modeling and simulation options. The files, even after global and local constants have been
various phases of a user project are supported here with clear resolved
and helpful tools.
o The results of steady state calculations and modal
· Project Explorer enables efficient project organization of analysis (EVA module) are displayed in tables. These
input and result files contain useful filter functions and are linked to the
network browser. Basic functions allow the calculation
o Organization of all input data of a project, which is
of minimum, maximum and average values in the
available as ASCII files. In addition to the input data
columns
for the network model and the parameters for other
models, these contain the essential settings for the o The Signal Explorer provides the user with the signals
simulation obtained from the result files contained in the result
directories for evaluation. These can be easily
o Structuring and assignment of standard files according
converted into diagrams using drag and drop, copied
to the specifications of the PSS®NETOMAC engine,
to other applications or exported in various formats.
which are stored in the project file (*.nprj)
The filter function and the multiple selection facilitate
o Automated renaming of project files and adaptation here the search for the necessary signals
of the necessary file and diagram links
o If the results directory contains results in the form of
o Deletion of results files from the results directories *.res, *.out or *.csv files, these are also made
available by the Signal Explorer for graphical
o Linking of result directories in which results of
evaluation
different formats are available (*.res, *.out, *.csv). If
these are detected, they are provided as series in the o The diagrams for time- and value-based data series
signal explorer not only contain scaling, design and annotation
options, but also options for incorporating evaluation
o Configurations allow the variable assignment of
objects and applying post-processing functions (e.g.
standard files depending on the configuration
calculation of mean values)
selection so that calculation options and model files
can be changed quickly o Many calculation methods create log files that contain
intermediate steps and final results of a calculation
· When developing a network model, the user is supported
process. These files can be opened directly with the
with intuitive editors as well as functions of the dynamic
text editor or displayed as a log file in the message
and transient engine that are relevant for the task at hand
window
o Source Editor supports the user with color-coded
o In user-defined models, any ASCII character-based
column orientation, line numbers, block selection,
files can be created according to defined structures
commenting, bookmarks and other functions
· Post-processing functions allow efficient, automated
o Snippets are predefined model calls, model parts and
processing of results
other code snippets that can be intuitively
implemented in network and controller models o Min/Max evaluation for the detection of minimum
and maximum values in recorded signals as well as
o Network Browser displays the network topology read
their maximum rates of change
from the input data and the dependencies of the
individual elements clearly in a tree structure. The o Evaluation of flicker in the results of time interval
entries are linked to both the input data and the simulations according to the standards of UIE/IEC and
results. Furthermore, the corresponding help page can IEC61000-4-15
be opened directly
· Dialog boxes for parameterization and control of the
o BOSL (Block Oriented Simulation Language) offers the simulation process
user a wide range of applications for the evaluation
o Definition of calculation settings, reference values and
and control of simulations as well as for the
sizes as well as output options
programming of user-defined models such as
excitation systems, governor controllers, variable o Plot definition for user-defined recording of any
admittances and many other model types. It contains signals contained in a model and definition of global
many predefined functions that can be supplemented evaluation functions
with FORTRAN statements
o Simple and complex event definitions to simulate a
o Graphical model builder (GMB module) enables the wide variety of error conditions
user to graphically develop steady-state and dynamic
o Interactive dialog during various calculations for
models based on BOSL. Besides the integration of
calculation control
dynamic link library (DLL module), subsystems with
FORTRAN syntax can also be defined · Tools for creating advanced input data, searching it,
encrypting models and automatically searching the stability
o Block-related help link with reference to the input
limit of dynamic network models
format of the respective blocks
o The saturation characteristic curve function enables · Many additional functions for user-friendly handling and
characteristic curves for inductances and current execution of dynamic or transient studies
transformers to be created and output in a suitable
o Variable-dependent data input by evaluating IF THEN
format
ELSE conditions
o The Stability Limit tool determines the stability limit
o Efficient application of parameter variations through
of a network model in conjunction with an abort
variant calculation, variant-specific diagram labels and
model using an iterative procedure
result evaluation across variants.
o By encrypting models, ASCII character-based models
o Control of variant calculations through dependency
can be encrypted except for the header. The function
relationships
of the models is retained while the structure is no
longer visible o User-defined evaluation of simulations in evaluation
models with output in the log file or structured ASCII
o Search function in files, which are also restricted to
character-based files
certain columns, with a preview and link to the
identified lines o Optional real-time mode for appropriate calculations
· Functions for the import and export of network data, o Use of global variables of the network model to label
project and program settings result diagrams
o Native PSS®SINCAL - PSS®NETOMAC interface that o Possibility of partitioning network models to map
combines the graphical design and management of networks of different frequencies including DC
the network model in PSS®SINCAL with the advanced networks or for coupling between RMS (ST module)
modeling capabilities in PSS®NETOMAC and EMT calculations (EMT module)
o If the degree of model individualization is limited to o Functions for signal evaluation during the simulation
individual network elements, these definitions can be process such as Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) with
used as diakoptics models in PSS®SINCAL window functions, Matrix Pencil method or
determination of auto- and cross-correlations
o Export a project for distribution including all relevant
project files in a *.zip file o The interpretation of FORTRAN statements by the
engine provides a fast and intuitive way to
o Import of diagrams, table and page settings from
individualize, influence and evaluate the network
other projects
model according to the user's specifications and to
o Export and import of workspace settings to secure export results
and preserve custom program settings
Architecture and Programming Interfaces
Overview o Oracle 9i, Oracle 10g, Oracle 11g

The open and modular architecture of the PSS®SINCAL Platform o SQL Server 2008, SQL Server Express 2008
enables the flexible integration of data management and
o SQL Server 2008 R2, SQL Server Express 2008 R2
calculation methods in IT environments and external programs.
o SQL Server 2012, SQL Server Express 2012
· PSS®SINCAL is a "database application" with completely
open data structure o SQL Server 2014, SQL Server Express 2014
· Management of all relevant input data, libraries and results o SQL Server 2016, SQL Server Express 2016
in relational databases or readable files with read and write
· Complete and flexible database management
access
o Transition (and conversion) between different
· Interfaces to the user interface and calculation methods
database formats at any time via the user interface
based on COM technology
o Compression function for the database to delete
· Comprehensive programming possibilities with standard
stored calculation results
programming languages (VBA, VBScript, C++, .Net, Python,
...) via the COM interfaces · Complete transparency of data in open databases or *.xml
files
· Access to the network model loaded in the memory and
"virtual data tables" for powerful and high-performance o Flexible read and write access to the database and
applications *.xml files (e.g. switching states) with external
applications
Databases
o Documentation of tables and attributes in the
All data of the network model (input data, correct location
PSS®SINCAL Help
information, schematic network graphic and simulation results)
are available in relational databases with open structure. The o External result databases for calculation methods with
complete PSS®SINCAL database (including relations, attributes, many results for user-defined post-processing and
units, limit values) is comprehensively documented. analysis of the data
· Local or central data storage through flexible, adaptable o Enables customer-specific or integrator-developed
storage of the network model database on the user's interfaces to GIS, EMS, SCADA, metering and
hardware or on a server protection data, ERP and other IT systems.
o Single-user system with local stored database · Access to the database from the user interface via SQL
(network model) queries and views in the network diagram and tabular view
o Multi-user mode with a central database (network o SQL queries with full syntax regarding selection,
model) on server linking and evaluation (e.g. mathematical or statistical
functions in SQL) of data
· Supported database systems:
o Display externally generated, user-defined SQL
o SQLite 3.x database views in tabular view
o Microsoft Access
o Direct integration of SQL queries in text fields in the o Full interaction between manual user input and
network graphic function calls of the interface
Interfaces for programming languages and scripting o Macro recorder for recording workflows executed in
the user interface and saving them as *.vbs or *.py
Interfaces are available for the automation of frequently
scripts
recurring as well as very extensive workflows, the development
and integration of user-defined calculation methods or the · Calculation interface API (COM based) for interaction with
integration of calculation methods into external programs. the calculation methods
· Comprehensive programming possibilities with standard o Management of network data and results can be
programming languages (VBA, VBScript, C++, .Net, Python, stored in "virtual tables" for high-performance
...) via the COM interfaces calculation solutions
· HTML based integration of developed modules with input o Direct access to the network model loaded in memory
and output in the user interface
o Use of the calculation methods in the background (as
· Starting and controlling the PSS®SINCAL application from “engine”) for external programs (e.g. GIS system) by
external programs creating a (temporary, virtual) database, calculation
and retrieval of results without using the PSS®SINCAL
o External server (with separate processes) or internal
user interface
server (with the same process)
o “Close to real-time” simulation based on snapshots of
o Enables customer-specific or integrator-developed
the network model and parallel processing
implementations of user-defined calculation modules
(e.g. with integrated HTML user interface) · Measurement data interface (SLF module) for the
connection of measurement databases for load flow and
· User interface API (COM based) for interaction with the
time series calculation
graphical user interface and macro recorder
o Calling user interface functions (such as selection,
evaluation functions, feeder determination) via the
interface
Model Management
Overview o UCTE ASCII file format
PSS®SINCAL offers functions for the creation, management, · Import of data sets using the supplied standard Excel import
structuring and further development of a network model and interface
the associated network graphic(s). The data collected to describe
o Flexible exchange format with user-defined mapping
the network model is available without restriction for use and
transfer to other applications. o Individual and interactive assignment of data by the
user in the user interface
· Import and export interfaces for common network data sets
and user-definable Excel import o Import of network elements
· Support of multidimensional models in relation to the o Import of data series and characteristics
network model (network levels, variants, scenarios) and the
o Incremental import & update of data sets
network graphic (views, graphic layers)
· Import of PSS®SINCAL specific data sets
· Integrated functions for creating, managing and calculating
variants, scenarios and network states o Network state (switching state, operating state,
element data) based on open *.xml files
· Temporary integration of externally stored network models
as "include networks" o Network graphic and graphical objects (OLE)
· Integrated functions for creating, managing and using o Data series, profiles and characteristics from other
element libraries by means of standard databases and PSS®SINCAL network models
catalogs
o Copy and paste from other open projects with
· Integrated function for central administration of the automatic back-documentation of alphanumeric
network model in the network as a master database networks or external systems
(repository) with version control and user roles
o Import/export a project for distribution including all
Creation and editing of network models relevant project files (*.sinx) for archiving
The first step for the later network analysis and calculation is the · Generation of the network model by an external interface
generation and processing of a calculable and consistent from the data set of a network calculation software, a
network model from the available source data sets. Various geographic information system (GIS) or the network model
procedures are available for this purpose. management of a control system
· Modeling completely in the user interface (see user o Standard interfaces to GIS systems for user-specific
interface) adaptation for Intergraph G/Technology, ESRI ArcMap,
ESRI Shape, MapInfo®, AutoCAD® and GE
· Manual or automated extension and refinement of an SmallWorld™ Electric Office
imported network model in the user interface
o Individual interfaces of integrators
· Import of data records using the supplied import
interfaces/adapters for data formats of other network · Update and merging of different PSS®SINCAL network
calculation programs models with conflict handling (MERGE module)
o PSS®E (*.raw, *.seq, *.dyr, *.iec, *.har, *.drw, *.loc) Separate modeling of network graphic and network model
version 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34
PSS®SINCAL allows separate modeling of the network graphic
o DGS exchange format and the network model, and thus also a multiple view of the
same network model (e.g. schematic, geographic, by voltage
o DVG exchange format
level, network areas) in any number of network graphics.
o CYMDIST exchange format
All elements of the network model are included in the
o PSS®U, PSS®ADEPT, PSS®VIPER calculation, even if they do not have a graphical characteristic (as
a graphic object) in the network graphic. In this case, the results
o PSS®Engine HUB file
are still available (for example, in the tabular view).
o DINIS
· Structuring of the network graphic with vertical and
· Import of data records using the supplied import horizontal structure concepts
interfaces/adapters for standard data formats
o Graphic layers (vertical)
o CIM (based on IEC 61970-301) in the versions 10, 12,
o Modeling of any number of graphical views (schematic
14, 16
or geographical) of the network graphic
o Profiles: CIM standard (CIM10), CIM for planning
o Definable zoom positions in views
(CIM12), CIM for ENTSO-E (CIM14) and CGMES 2.4.15
(CIM16) o Linking (hyperlinks) of graphical objects with
views/positions
o Object types (horizontal) for individual typing and · Flexibly combinable scenarios from individual file-based
annotation of network graphic elements network states, input values and parameters in the network
browser
o Graphical network element groups for free
combination of network elements o Creation of external scenario files (*.xml)
· Import of graphic files into the network graphic and export o Free and multiple combination of the scenario files to
of network graphic or diagrams into graphic files for scenarios
documentation
o Integration of switching states and operating states
o Import: DXF, SID, SHP, PIC, SVG
o Network element data
o Export: BMP, PSP, GIF, JPG, PRN, PNG, PRT, PCL, TIF,
o Calculation settings
DWG, WMF, EMF, DXF, EPS
o Flexible arrangement of the scenario files as work
Network model structure and management
packages along the timeline with timestamps
Extensive concepts are available for structuring the network
· Free arrangement of work packages or other changes to the
model in order to refine the modeling in relation to the real
network using the scenarios along the time axis
existing network and its state over its lifetime.
· Combination of scenarios with variants using the multiple
Structuring of the network model
calculation in the user interface or the scripting interface
· Network levels (vertical structuring) for displaying the
Include networks
voltage levels of a network
· Integration of externally stored and maintained PSS®SINCAL
· Network areas (vertical and horizontal structuring) for
network models (e.g. subordinate voltage levels of
hierarchical structuring of the network into areas and
substations) as include networks
subordinate areas
o Allows separate data storage, modeling and
· Network zones (horizontal) for free structuring of the
calculation in the individual network models
network in zones
o Management and assignment of link nodes in the user
· Network element groups (partly with function reference,
interface
e.g. failure) for free combination of network elements
o Modeling of boundary injections and equivalent loads
Timestamp and observation time
for the separate analysis of the individual network
· Use of date-related element states for modeling the time- models
dependent network state (commissioning, decommissioning
· Temporary merging of the linked network models into a
and maintenance)
common network model for the calculation
o Simulation is based on a selected time stamp, for
Database
which the valid network state is determined
· Direct read and write access to the input data and results in
o Date-related scenario files
the database possible (see architecture)
Variants
· Automatic synchronization of user interface and database
· Variants to support planning tasks during ongoing processing with PSS®SINCAL
o Hierarchical structure (tree structure) with any · Database compression to delete stored result data
number of variants and sub-variants
· Free database attributes for entering and managing
o Inheritance of the changes from the higher-level additional data (e.g. transformer filling medium, mapping
variants to the subvariants IDs of GIS, SCADA or MDM systems, UUIDs for CIM)
o Switch to each individual variant for display and Standard databases and catalogs
evaluation
The functions for creating, managing and integrating standard
o Possibility to compare different scenarios (input data, databases are provided for the management and maintenance of
results, diagrams etc.) libraries for equipment (e.g. lines, cables, protection devices).
· Variant management for organizing the variants in a tree · Extensive standard databases supplied for lines and cables
structure with predefined standard types based on cable manuals and
standards
o Variant comparison with option to create a scenario
file from differences · Create, extend and manage custom libraries as standard
databases with user-defined or customized types
o Create, delete variants and overwrite the base variant
o Management of the standard databases in the user
· Display of minimum, maximum and average values of all
interface
calculated variants in the network graphic
o Standard databases open for external access
· Display of variant-specific results in the diagrams
o Unrestricted distribution of standard databases on
Scenarios
one server or as file on a central storage to allow
access for all users
· Creation and use of user-defined catalogs with frequently · CIM (based on IEC 61970-301) in the versions 10, 12, 14, 16
used network elements
o Profiles: CIM standard (CIM10), CIM for planning
Multi-User Master database (CIM12), CIM for ENTSO-E (CIM14) and CGMES 2.4.15
(CIM16)
The master database function (PM module) makes it possible to
implement central management of the network model in the · PSS®NETOMAC data sets
network as a master database (repository) with version control
o Network sets containing network data and calls of
and restrict access and management rights by users based on
dynamic models
different roles. By that, a multi-user project management with
parallel access of authorized users (user rights) to the same o Simulation results as readable *.plt or *.dat/*.cfg files
master network model (incl. management and error
· PSS®E (*.raw) version 32, 33, 34
management) can be supported as a process.
· DGS exchange format
Workflow management
· DVG exchange format
In addition to the options for managing the network model in
the graphical user interface, extended functions for workflow · CYMDIST exchange format
management are available on request.
· UCTE ASCII file format
Export of data sets
The following formats are available for the transfer of single or
complete data sets as well as results to external programs:
Multi-User Master Database

(PM)
Requirements Functions
When working with multiple users or teams on complex network The module offers the following functions to enable different
models, certain requirements must be fulfilled in order to users with different roles to work together:
manage a common network model to track the changes of
· Global master network model in a central master database
individual users and keep the network model consistent.
(repository) on a server
· Mapping of corporate processes with different roles and
o Initial conversion of an existing network model into a
their access rights to a network model for modelling and
master database (repository)
release
o Support of the database systems SQL Server and
· Consistent network model for synchronization (and possibly
Oracle for the master database
also reduction) of work steps (e.g. to support project
management) · Integrated graphical user interface for managing and
executing the module's functions
· Central storage of the network model on a network server
as a repository for the individual users · Creation of user roles (administrator, power user, user,
viewer with read access) to manage access rights to the
· Update or reset to a previous state of the central network
master database
model based on changes made by individual users by
version control · Connection of decentralized users (clients) to the master
database, preview and update to copy the current master
· Tracking and documentation of changes
network model to a local network model
Solution
o Editing the network model in local user databases
The module multi-user master database (PM) in PSS®SINCAL
o Database system of the local database adjustable by
enables you to work on a network model that is synchronized
user (Microsoft Access, SQLite, SQL Server and Oracle)
and distributed across different locations and workstations.
o Sending the changes made locally for publication in
· Creation of a central network model in a master database
the central master network model
on one server (repository) from a previously locally existing
network model o Updating the local network model after changes in the
master network model
· User management for the administration of different user
roles with appropriate access rights · Central administration of the master database by user roles
administrator or power user with defined functions for
· Connection of decentralized users (clients) to the master
synchronization and conflict management
database, local editing and subsequent publication of the
changes made o Review and approval or rejection of changes
requested by users
· Central administration (version control) of the master
database by an administrator with functions for o Assignment of markers (labels) and optional resetting
synchronization and conflict management in a graphical of the network model to a selected state
interface
· Documentation of the changes
Results and evaluation options
· User-defined graphical management view for the
administrator of a master database
o Management of the accesses and authorizations
o Change management functions
· Change history with documented history of the individual
changes
· Preview of changes in the network model in the network
graphic
Model Merge
(MERGE)
Requirements Functions
The modeling of networks is based on the output data set for a The module offers the following functions for merging two
basic model, which is obtained by conversion or an import from network models.
external data sources (e.g. SCADA, GIS) or another network data
· Support of all network models available in file-based
set (e.g. CIM). If this initial data set changes, a new conversion or
database systems (Microsoft Access, SQLite and SQL Server
import is necessary to update the base model. At the same time,
Express)
however, extensions to the model (e.g. loads, protection data,
models and parameters) that have been made in PSS®SINCAL in · Configuration and start of the merging process in a form-
the meantime should be retained. based user interface
· Updating a network model based on changes in the output · Open configuration file with the rules for merging the
data set without losing the additional elements modeled in network models
PSS®SINCAL
o Configuration file in open *.xml format
· Separate processing of models and their regular merging
o User-defined modification of the rules
into a new basic model after processing
· Merging the base variant or an active subvariant
· Incremental update based on the changed, added or
removed elements of the other data source · Conflict handling for new, modified and omitted network
elements
· Avoidance of time-consuming, manual synchronization of
network models · Options for color coding of new, modified or omitted
network elements
Solution
· Consideration of the standard databases for network
The Model Merge module (MERGE) in PSS®SINCAL enables two
elements and protection devices
network models to be merged with minimal user intervention.
· Matching of the network models based on the unique
· Performant and automatic merging of two network models
identification of the individual network elements
with conflict handling
· Maintaining the consistency of the simulation model
The following models and results are available after the merge.
· Individual configuration of the process and marking of
changes in the network graphic · New network model based on the merged network models
o Network element groups for modified elements
· Output of additional files to document the process
o Simple and detailed log file
o Difference file with the differences of the elements in
the two networks in *.xml format
o File listing the errors that occurred during the merge
(e.g. conflicts that could not be resolved)
· Tabular evaluation of the changes made to the various
network elements in the user interface of the Model
Merger module
· Graphical evaluation of changes in the network graphic in
PSS®SINCAL by color-coding of the elements
Electrical Networks – Modelling

Network Model (electrical)

Network model (electrical) o Input of data with physical units based on the data
given on the nameplate, data sheet or test report
Although each element only needs to be inserted once in the
network, the mathematical model varies depending on the used o Automatic conversion of the input data for the
calculation method. For example, lines can have a PI equivalent calculation methods
circuit diagram or be simulated with wave equations, loads and
· Use of standard databases for the modeling of equipment
asynchronous machines can change their behavior during the
calculation. For the harmonic calculation, the dependence of the · Support of different modeling depths for the representation
impedance on the frequency must be considered. of networks with simplified or detailed simulation of
substations and switch bays
· No fixed limitation of the number of nodes (calculation of
networks in connection with GIS systems with more than o Bus-Branch model with representation of the
100,000 nodes) substations as busbars and simplified modeling of the
switches and protection devices directly on the lines
· Modular network model for gradual extension and
refinement for the properties used in the respective o Node-Breaker model with detailed representation of
calculation methods the substation and the outgoing feeder panels with
the respective switches and protection devices
· Modeling of 3-phase symmetrical and asymmetrical
systems, coupling data and 2-phase traction current systems · Different types of nodes, lines, generators and decentralized
power generation systems (DER) based on available types
o Modeling of symmetrical 3-phase systems
for easier differentiation (e.g. branches as lines, cables or
o Modeling of asymmetrical networks including four- connectors)
conductor or SWER networks
· Modeling of individual equipment based on the
o Modeling 2-phase systems (180° phase difference) for combination of individual RLC elements to circuits
traction power supply network
· Generic element with unlimited, freely definable
o Modeling with transposed systems with complete connections to the network for the integration of highly
(coupling) matrices detailed modeled resources in the network
o Import of the determined (coupling) matrices for lines o Connection of extended models (e.g. multiple HVDC
(module LEIKA) connection)
· Definition of the dynamic and quasi-dynamic behavior using o “Black box” principle
models (macros) from the model library (DML) or user-
· “Co-simulation” with other software programs by diakoptic
defined models
simulation of network areas (e.g. simulation of one network
o Use of models from the model library (DML) of area with the dynamic network calculation engine and the
PSS®SINCAL/PSS®NETOMAC other network area in parallel with the load flow
calculation)
o Use of user-defined models (*.mac) based on BOSL
code and models created with the graphical model · User-defined network models with an unlimited degree of
builder (GMB) (*.xmac) freedom in ASCII-based files for application in calculations
of transient phenomena
o Use of interfaces to pre-compiled DLLs (DLL module)
· Modeling of equipment based on the available nameplate
values
Network Reduction
(NR)
Requirements Process options and result
The consideration of interactions between the users own and The static network reduction uses the modeling and calculation
neighboring network areas, i.e. the area of observation and the principles of the load flow (PF) basic module to reduce a defined
influencing conditions, may for cooperative collaboration be network area for steady-state analyses. At the defined boundary
subject to restrictions regarding data protection and computing nodes, the reduced area, consisting of boundary injections and
capacity. While on the on hand this particularly involves the equivalent branches, behaves like the complete model for
protection of information of critical infrastructure or intellectual steady-state calculations. The procedure contains various
property, on the other hand it involves the optimization of the options to meet user-specific requirements regarding the target
model by reducing it regarding a specific purpose of analysis. In network after network reduction.
both cases, the aim is to obtain the same behavior in a reduced
· Determination of the shape of the target network after
model at the defined boundary nodes as in the complete model:
network reduction regarding splitting and use
· Reduction of defined network areas in the network model
o Determined equivalent elements can be implemented
to equivalent partial models
directly into the original network model
· Enabling the transfer of reduced network data to third
o Split network models can be created based on the
parties with defined boundary nodes
include networks principle. The user defines how the
· Identical behavior of reduced and complete network model original elements are processed, whether they are
at the boundary nodes regarding load flow calculation and deleted or deactivated
short circuit data (3-, 2- and 1-phase)
· Various options for defining and selecting a network area to
· Reduction of the network model to save computing capacity be reduced
for applications such as real-time simulation
o User-defined, graphical polygon definition of any
Solution shape directly in the network graphic
Based on the basic module for load flow calculation, the o Assignment of selected network elements to a
PSS®SINCAL Platform offers the network reduction (NR) module, network element group and their selection
an effective tool for reducing definable areas in network models.
o Definition of an XML-based reduction file with
The network area is selected graphically, by network element
information on the elements to be reduced and the
groups or other selection criteria. As a result, the equivalent
elements to be retained in the format of the NMM
elements are implemented directly in the users network model
module
or optionally in an additional include network model.
o Provision of the methods in the COM object for
· Static reduction method based on the Ward and Extended
automated network reduction
Ward method
o Option to invert the selection
· Consideration of load flow calculation and short circuit data
as reference · Extended options to model the equivalent elements at the
boundary nodes of the network area to be reduced
· Use of boundary injections and equivalent branches at and
between the boundary nodes, for the reduction of the o Optional use of the Extended Ward method for
network area in line with the results extended simulation of boundary injections with user-
defined settings for modeling type (reactance,
· Simple selection of the reduction area by polygons, network
impedance), maximum impedance and power-
element groups or a reduction file
frequency characteristic
o Consideration of short-circuit data for 3-, 2- and 1-
phase faults
o Optional ignoring of shunt impedances of lines,
transformers and other passive shunt elements in the
positive and negative phase sequences
o Setting of the modeling type (reactance, impedance)
of the equivalent branches between the boundary
nodes and specification of the maximum impedance
Line and Cable Parameters

(LEIKA)
Requirements · Overhead lines are calculated with any number of parallel

systems of different voltages and any number of ground
Analytical studies of system behavior, which depend on accurate
cables
modeling of overhead lines and cables, require the
corresponding input data in the form of complex equivalent · Calculation of cables with concentric shields or metal
circuit diagrams and frequency-dependent elements. The sheaths or armor, additional common sheaths around a
planning and operating process provides the user with the three-phase system and parallel ground conductors
information in the physical characteristic values of the
· Line and cable characteristic values can be calculated at
conductors, insulators and insulation materials, as well as the
operating frequency and at higher frequencies up to several
geometric arrangement. It is necessary to convert the physics
kHz
into an electrical equivalent circuit diagram for the different
calculation types of the PSS®SINCAL Platform. · Output of coupling data for PSS®SINCAL and for the expert
mode (Exp Mod) in PSS®NETOMAC
· Determination of parameters for single- and multi-phase
systems with or without ground return from the geometric Input data and function
arrangement and material characteristics (conductors,
The essential input data for the calculation of the characteristics
insulation, shield etc.)
of overhead lines and cables are given by the material
· Modeling of parallel systems and their mutual interaction characteristic values and the geometrical arrangement of the
through couplings transmission system.
· Individual consideration of cable structure and arrangement · Project data with basic frequency as well as the specific
with conductors, shields and armoring ground resistance, which affects the zero impedances or
ground return line
Solution
· Predefined and user-defined extendable material constants
The calculation of electrical parameters of overhead lines and
of conductors
cables (LEIKA) from geometrical arrangements and material
characteristic values is made possible by the PSS®SINCAL o Specific resistance at a reference temperature of 20°C
Platform. The determined parameters serve as input data for
o Temperature coefficient for deviations from the
load flow, short circuit, influence calculation and other
reference temperature
calculation methods.
o Relative permeability of the conductor material
· Consideration of any arrangement and types of conductors
and single cables · Predefined and user-defined extendable constants of
insulation materials
o Relative dielectric constant for calculating the · Input for calculating the characteristic values at frequencies
capacitances other than the nominal frequency
· Use of material constants to define conductor types or Results and output options
cables/cable shields that can be used in an arrangement
The results of the calculation for the electrical characteristic
o Selection of the respective conductor material and the values from the input of geometric arrangements and material
armoring material for cables. A database included in parameters are available in the results log and a graphical
the delivery already contains the characteristic values representation of the defined sections.
of the most frequently used overhead lines
· Log in report form with the specification of all input data
o Definition of conductor and armor cross-sections and user-defined results in different output formats of the
values
o Consideration of the conductor temperature
o Impedances and admittances before and after
o Definition of multiple conductors with their
elimination of grounded conductors for conductor
arrangements and the appropriate clearances
sizes and symmetrical components
o Optional consideration of the DC resistance value. If
o Inductive and capacitive asymmetries
this is not known, it is calculated from cross section,
specific resistance and a twisting factor (stranding) o Wave resistance, natural power and charging power
· Definition of any number of parallel systems of different o Induced currents, voltages and boundary field
voltages and any number of conductors and ground cables intensities based on the specifications in system data
as a template for defining the arrangement
o Internal impedances and current displacement
o 3-, 2- and 1-phase system definition
· Output of the section definition including all systems as
o Free input of conductor voltages for calculating the graphics with specification of all geometric distances
boundary field intensity
· The results are exported as inductive and capacitive
o Free input of conductor currents for calculating coupling matrices for PSS®SINCAL as well as for the expert
induced currents and voltages mode (Exp Mod) in the PSS®NETOMAC transient engine and
can be used directly with analytical studies
· Definition of the arrangement of the transmission systems
for defined sections of the transmission route · Generation of standard types for lines or cables in local
PSS®SINCAL databases
o Input of the respective section length
o Definition of conductor arrangements in coordinates
o Consideration of the sag of conductors
Graphical Model Builder

(GMB)
Requirements Solution
An intuitive and efficient model editor is required if user-defined The graphical model builder (GMB) in the PSS®SINCAL Platform
models of equipment, control devices or simulation controls are contains an intuitive user interface for user-defined modeling.
to be used, for which the behavior cannot be simulated by the The block oriented GMB is fully integrated in the native GUI of
standard models in the delivered model library. the PSS®NETOMAC dynamics engine and can be used in all
simulation programs of the PSS®Suite via a provided interface
· Possibility of modeling for user-defined models for control
without compilation or other third party software.
devices in generating and transmission systems for different
calculation types as well as individual influencing of load · Intuitive operating and modeling concept as well as
and branch element behavior depending on various automatic plausibility check during modeling
variables and network signals
· More than 30 different controller types for generation and
· Pre-defined functions for the simulation of controlling transmission systems as well as for controlling individual
devices with the option to implement your own code network elements and simulation
· Simplified integration of external DLLs that contain vendor- · Creation of user-defined models for use in different
specific algorithms and model behavior calculation types
· Encryption of models to protect intellectual property · Over 100 predefined function blocks and the possibility of
implementing user-defined code in a FORTRAN syntax
· Use of created dynamic models in different products of the
PSS®Suite · Connection of external DLLs (DLL module) as subsystems of
a model
· Output of selected signals during the runtime of the model
in predefined file structure
· Test environment for the created models with analysis
possibility directly in the block diagram of the model as well
as in diagrams
· Possibility of model encryption
Functionality different phases or in symmetrical components,

depending on the calculation method
The large functional range of the graphical model builder is the
result of its complete integration in the PSS®NETOMAC dynamics o Input variables from results, files and parameters in
engine and is made available to the programs of the PSS®Suite. the simulation
The functionality of the graphical model builder is based on the
o Transfer functions such as proportional gain,
BOSL (Block-Oriented Simulation Language) native programming
integrator, 1st and 2nd order delay element, dead time,
language, which is considered in various calculation types.
high-pass filter, phase compensation, PID and PI
· Consideration of the created models in the different controller and others as well as freely definable
calculation types of the PSS®SINCAL Platform as well as in transfer functions
other programs of the PSS®Suite
o Non-linear functions such as various dead bands, dead
o Depending on model type in load flow and load profile zone, insensitivity, saturation, 1- and 2-dimensional
calculation, stability, electromagnetic transients, functions also from external files, size and rate
eigenvalue calculation, active frequency response limiters, hysteresis and others
o Automatic linearization of the model blocks in the o Other functions for logical calculations, generation of
corresponding calculation types, e.g. eigenvalue random numbers, for the iterative initialization of
analysis or active frequency response models or switching of branches in the network model
o Interoperability of models in PSS®SINCAL, o Mathematical functions that are automatically
PSS®NETOMAC and PSS®E considered correctly in the linearization for certain
calculation types
· Different controller types for generation and transmission
systems as well as for controlling individual network o Implementation of separate functions with separate
elements and the simulation itself code in a FORTRAN syntax
o Control devices for machines such as speed/power o Calculation with complex numbers in the user-defined
controllers, excitation systems, underexcitation and functions
overexcitation as well as stator current limiters,
o Connection of dynamic link library (DLL) within
compensators, power system stabilizer
models through the standardized interface according
o Control devices of the doubly fed asynchronous to IEC61400-27-1 and the external DLL interface (DLL
machine module)
o Effect on node and branch elements such as loads by · Different initialization options depending on the model type
control algorithms in generic controllers or and accuracy requirements
transformer tap changers
o Efficient forward initialization according to Regula Falsi
o Simulation of converter-based systems like for models of machine control devices that are only
photovoltaic systems, wind turbines, batteries and active within the time or modal domain
other storage systems, HVDC, FACTS by generic
o Presetting of essential state variables for all model
elements (power, admittance, voltage and current) as
types. All other variables can be initialized based on
well as by converter control in the EMT simulation
these
o Modeling of protection functions
o Initialization of models together with the load flow
o Simulation of the signal exchange between different iterations, if the models are already active
models
User interface
o Creation of global models for the detailed evaluation
The GMB offers an intuitive and adaptable concept. The layout
of simulations with the possibility of exporting
of a model can be designed according to the requirements of the
information (*.csv, *.txt etc.) as well as the output of
user, irrespective of its functionality.
warnings and fault messages during the simulation
runtime · Targeted support of the user in the model building phase
o Definition of global functions that can be used in a o Definition of described, constant parameters with
modular way in other models their default, minimum, maximum and debug values
o Definition of target functions and secondary o Overwrite default and debug parameters into each
conditions in the optimization other
o Control of variant calculation in the expert mode of o Calculation of parameter dependent constants before
the dynamics engine simulation
· Predefined input and function blocks and the possibility of o Check of parameter values with output of warnings if
implementing user-defined code in a FORTRAN syntax necessary
o Electrical and mechanical input variables from models o Intelligent signal routing and connection of blocks
of machines
o Adjustable prefix for variables that are automatically
o Input variables of the network, directly at the terminal assigned when new blocks are inserted
of a plant or at remote nodes and branches, for
o Automatic identification of the sequential processing

of models
o Efficient search for used parameters and variables in
the model
o Plausibility check during model creation
· Options for a user-defined and efficient layout of models

o All visible blocks can be modified in their layout
regarding size, colors, labeling, etc.
o Graphical objects for structuring and visual adaptation
of models such as predefined and free graphical
objects, text fields and frames in which the view can
be enlarged if required, highlighting of model areas Functional check of the modeling
and integration of graphics in standard format
· Test environment for the created models with advanced
o Functions for fast alignment and distribution of points analysis and display options
and objects
o Definition of debug parameters deviating from the
o Adjustable grids and guidelines for optical alignment default values directly in parameter dialogue
of models
o Automatic background check of model functionality
o Selection and appropriate adaption of blocks based on during test execution
properties
o Check the model initialization according to the user's
· Encryption of models specifications in the debug parameters
o Visibility is limited to the inputs and the output of the o Simulation of open loop tests with step and sinusoidal
model excitation in all model variables
o Delivery of the dynamic model for use in the o Possibility of calculating closed-loop tests with an
PSS®Suite while retaining the intellectual property appropriate network model
rights of the model developer
o Variable-based display of results from initialization,
open and closed-loop tests directly in the model
editor for each initialization or time step
o Intuitive and easy to use diagrams with evaluation and
display options for the test results
o Export of test results to other applications via copy &
paste
o Any signal can be written out from user-defined
models in ASCII character-based formats according to
a defined structure
o Signal export as MATLAB (level 4), COMTRADE, PLT,
CSV
DLL Model Interfaces

(DLL)
Requirements
When creating and maintaining user-defined models of Functionality
equipment, control devices or simulation controls in the model
Both interfaces can be directly integrated as graphical function
builder (GMB module), the integration of program parts and
blocks in the model builder (GMB), connected to the other
blocks developed as DLLs as subsystems is also useful in order to
blocks and parameterized.
address the following requirements:
· Transfer of the calculation type of the PSS®SINCAL Platform
· Functional extension of models with complex data types
performed in the network model as well as in other
and structures as well as functions that are not natively
programs of the PSS®Suite to the DLL
available in GMB
o Depending on model type in load flow, load profile
· Development, use and distribution of user-defined function
calculation and time domain simulation
blocks in C, C++ or other programming languages
o Use of interoperable models in PSS®SINCAL,
· Coupling of internal input or output signals of the
PSS®NETOMAC and PSS®E
controllers with other applications running in parallel (if
necessary, synchronously) o Implementation of user-defined behaviors for the
different calculation types and programs by model
· Protection of intellectual property in the form of subsystem
developer
design or implementation
· IEC DLL interface, standardized to IEC 61400-27-1, Annex F
· Standardized interface for the use of subsystems in different
software environments o Annex F: Generic software interface for use of models
in different software environments (ESE interface)
· Development and testing of control functions in a "Software
in the Loop (SiL)" environment o Specific function for the modes: Load flow,
initialization and integration as well as simulation end
Solution
o Parameter check and error messages
The two interfaces of the DLL model interface (DLL) module, as
part of the PSS®NETOMAC dynamics engine, extend the o Handling of the model with a fixed (model-specific)
simulation of models created with the graphical model builder time step or optionally with a time step synchronized
(GMB) by integrating user-defined subsystems as a dynamic link to the simulation time step
library (DLL).
· EXTERN DLL interface of the PSS®SINCAL Platform with
· Integration of external, already compiled DLLs as model simplified definition
subsystems in models created with the GMB
o Lean interface without predefined functions for the
· IEC DLL interface, standardized to IEC 61400-27-1 F different modes
· EXTERN DLL interface of the PSS®SINCAL Platform with o Handling of the model with a synchronized time step
simplified definition in relation to the simulation time step or with the
sampling rate of the higher-level controller
· Use of the interface in the LF, LP, ST, EMT calculation
methods o ExpMode: text-based connection of DLL
Results and evaluations are provided in the same way as for all
models in the user interface and the GMB, depending on the
calculation method
Dynamic Model Library

(DML)
Requirements o Simple storage model with node voltage control
To analyze the dynamic behavior of electrical power systems, o Simple storage model with branch loading control
standard models are defined by different standardization
· Models of machine control devices
committees (IEC, VDE, IEEE etc.), which must be treated
uniformly in different simulation programs and can be o according to the IEEE, IEC (CIM CGMES) standards, the
individualized only by changing parameters. While the classical PSS®E definition and other specifications
standardization of dynamic models primarily addresses control
o Excitation systems, compensators, limiters, power
devices for conventional generation units, type 2 generation
system stabilizer, speed/power governors
units are gaining in importance and require the consideration of
their models in dynamic simulation. · Generic inverter-based models
Solution o Distributed energy resources according to WECC, EPRI
(e.g. DER_A)
The PSS®SINCAL Platform contains a library of dynamic models
(DML) for different network elements and calculation types that The following dynamic models are contained in the user library
can be connected to the respective network model by the user. in the Documents folder of the user:
The following dynamic models are included in the global library · Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) models for load
of the platform: flow and stability calculations:
· Inherent models, which are used by default in PSS®SINCAL o Static var compensator (SVC)
in the absence of user-defined dynamic models on the
o STATCOM (SVC Plus)
network elements, to simulate the basic dynamics of the
network elements o Mechanically switched capacitors (MSC)
· Generic models for representation of dynamic behavior of o Thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC)
loads, general shunt and serial branches and distributed
· Simple three-phase photovoltaic model
generation plants. These can be used both as the equivalent
of the complex behavior and as a starting point for the · Dynamic models of wind turbines with different generator
creation of user-defined, dynamic models concepts
o Variable power (GNE-P/Q) o Asynchronous machine with squirrel-cage rotor (SCIG)
o Variable shunt admittance (GNE-Y) o Doubly fed asynchronous machine (DFIG)
o Variable serial admittance (GNE-Y4) o Synchronous machine with full converter (FCSG)
o Current injection (GNE-I)
o Voltage injection (GNE-V)
Electrical Networks – Core Modules

Power Flow
(PF)
The power flow in the network and the voltages and currents in The module (PF) of PSS®SINCAL offers the user fast and robust
the network are useful for solving the following tasks in the methods for calculating the load flow/power flow in electrical
planning, design and operational management of electrical networks, considering a high modeling depth for elements and
transmission, distribution and industrial networks as well as for controlled elements.
other types of networks operated with alternating current
· Robust methods (e.g. Newton-Raphson, current iteration)
(micro-grids, networks on ships and traction power supply):
for calculating the distribution of currents, voltages and
· Planning of new networks and network areas as well as the power in symmetrical and asymmetrical three-phase
analysis and restructuring of existing networks systems (as well as 4-wire systems)
· Determination of the voltages at all nodes in a symmetrical · Simulation of controlled elements with regulators such as
or asymmetrical network transformers, capacitors and reactors or the individual
control of network elements depending on any variables
· Compliance with regulatory requirements of the
(e.g. voltage, current, power) in the entire network model
permissible minimum and maximum operating voltages
· Support of complex load modeling, user-defined models,
· Determination of the equipment utilization (loading) in a
phase shifters and asymmetrical transformers as well as
symmetrical or asymmetrical network
simulation of temperature dependencies
· Checking and planning of switching operations and
· Visualization of weak points in the network based on the
switching configurations
results for voltage and utilization
· Optimization of the settings of controllable and adjustable
equipment (e.g. tap position for transformers, capacitors)
· Integrated analysis of transmission and distribution
networks
· Validated network model based on measurement results
· Loss observations
Modeling o Interactive and step-by-step control of load flow

iterations by the user in case of convergence problems
The modeling of the (controlled) elements for the load flow
calculation is based on standard elements and controllers and o Start value determination and specification (flat start,
can be refined by the user as required. individually or based on calculation results) for the
load flow
· Modeling of symmetrical and asymmetrical systems as well
as multi-phase systems o Adaptation of the network feeders and generators to
a slack a PV-, PQ- or I-type if necessary
o Specification of the phases for the 1-phase or 2-phase
network elements: Loads, generators, transformers o Option for automatic impedance load conversion
(also with center tapping), lines, etc.
o Use of load flow results to initialize dynamic
o Specification of positive, negative and zero-phase simulations (for RMS and EMT in PSS®NETOMAC)
sequence data
o Use of the load flow results in other calculation
o Detailed simulation of the grounding on busbars (or modules of PSS®SINCAL, such as short circuit, multiple
nodes) and neutral points of transformers faults, motor start-up, protection coordination
o Support of the modeling of 4-wire systems with · Fully integrated calculation of different voltage levels
neutral conductor
o Consideration of any number of voltage levels
o Support of the input of lines with coupling matrices
o Input of the rated voltage of the network level as LL or
o Simulation of phase shifters and asymmetrical LE
transformers
· Support of network configurations with multiple and
· Support of complex load types and integration of user- distributed slacks
defined models (GMB) for loads
o Simultaneous calculation of several networks isolated
· Modeling of regulators, phase shifters and switched from each other
network elements (capacitors and reactors)
o Multiple slacks in a network
· Standard controllers for elements with predefined or
o Option to form island networks in isolated network
individual characteristics for Q(V), Q(P), cosPhi(V),
areas by converting generators into slacks
cosPhi(P), P(V)
· Determination of the optimal distribution of the network
o Voltage dependent active and reactive power control
feeders according to the user-defined limit values for power
P(V), Q(V), cosPhi(V)
and frequency statics
o Active power dependent reactive power control Q(P)
· Calculation of load factor and transmission loss factor (TLF)
o predefined or individual characteristics for the at the nodes
different controllers
· Control of generator supplies and tap positions while
o Prioritization of reactive or active power maintaining user-defined voltage bands or power flows
· Absolute and voltage dependent limits for active and · Control using the signals for voltage and power at local and
reactive power (capability curves) remote nodes and branches of the network model
· Integration of user-defined models for network elements · Voltage and current-dependent shedding of loads or
and user-defined controllers (GMB) that exceed the generators/DC infeeder elements
functions of standard controllers
· Consideration of the temperature dependence of lines and
· Modeling of master and slave control concepts for parallel transformers for maximum utilization
or subordinate network elements with active controllers
· Consideration of transfer capacities (max. import and
· Modelling of individual utilization of lines, cables and export powers) between network areas
transformers depending on the ambient temperature of the
· Simulation with meter data and measured values from
network area
operation or forecast data from databases via one interface
· Manipulation factors for scaling the input data (SLF module) without additional transfer of input data
Calculation Load Flow based functions and tools
Established methods are available for the calculation of the load The following additional functions and tools based on load flow
flow (power flow). calculations are already available to the user with the module.
· Robust methods to solve the load flow problem · Simulations of user-defined operating points and scenarios
o Algorithms: Admittance matrix (current iteration) for · Advanced options for scaling loads and generators
symmetrical and asymmetrical networks, Newton-
· Automated calculation of PV and QV curves to assess
Raphson
voltage stability using diagrams
o Automatic use of the solution method for
· Determination of connection points for loads within a user-
asymmetrical network models when using 2- or 1-
defined radius in geographical networks
phase network elements
· Equipment sizing of lines and transformers (network o ISO areas (heat maps) for selected results, such as
planning tools) voltage deviation
· Automatic feeder evaluation and documentation and o User-defined scope, type and format of the
determination of the transfer reserve after switching annotations of the network graphic with results
operations
o Selection of the supply or the supplied elements
Results and evaluation options based on the load flow result
The program provides the following options for evaluating the · Prepared results for the entire network and for the network
results. areas
· Compilation of the achieved accuracy of the load flow and o Display of supplied areas in the network graphic
iterations as well as extended calculation log with results of
o Cumulative supply and consumption as well as the
the individual iterations
respective balance of active and reactive power
· Complete results of the (symmetrical or asymmetrical) load
o Detailed balance results for active and reactive power
flow calculation for evaluation in graphics, tables and
as well as losses by element type
databases as well as in reports
o Subnetwork losses
o Number and identification of node results outside the
user-defined voltage bands o Transfer of powers between network areas
o Utilizations (loading) of elements · Evaluation possibilities in diagrams
o Number and identification of node results above the o Voltage drop along feeders / selected routes
utilization of branch elements
o Simultaneity factors
o Tap position of the transformers
o PV and QV curves
o Network and subnetwork losses
· Evaluation options in reports
o Determination of isolated (without supply) or non-
· Direct access to the database with external applications for
supplied subnetworks
further evaluations
o Color-based filters for node and branch results to
visualize the results
Short Circuit
(SC)
The calculation of short-circuits in networks during planning and The short circuit calculation (SC) module in PSS®SINCAL allows
operation to assess the load on the equipment must be carried the calculation of short circuits according to standardized
out according to standardized procedures. The results obtained procedures and standards. The calculation and its results are
in this way are also required as a basis for further analysis (e.g. then available to be used by other modules.
protection concept, arc flash evaluation).
· Modeling of the network elements for the short circuit
· Dimensioning of the equipment according to the expected calculation according to the listed standardized procedures
thermal and mechanical stress in case of short circuits and standards
(maximum short circuit currents)
· Short circuit calculation for asymmetrical networks with
· Determination of the protection setting based on the simulation of individual phases (instead of symmetrical
results (minimum short-circuit currents) components) and fault impedance
· Arc flash evaluation based on the calculation results · Calculation of short-circuit currents for 3-, 2- and 1-phase
faults with and without earth connection
· Calculation of short circuits under initial load
· Calculation methods:
o IEC 60909/VDE 0102 (2016, 2001, 1990)
o IEC 61363 (1998)
o IEEE C37 (2016, 1990)
o G74
o GOST R 52735 (2007), 28249 (1993)
· Calculation of short-circuit currents with initial load based
on the load flow results
· Determination of the maximum switch off time up to
thermal destruction of lines and transformers
· Visualization of the exceeding of permissible short circuit
currents of equipment in the network graphic
Modeling · GOST R 52735 (2007), 28249 (1993)

The network elements are modeled according to the listed o Calculation based on the approximated approach with
standardized procedures and standards. Extensive possibilities a voltage source at the fault location
are available for the connection of the network conductors, and
· Calculation of the thermally equivalent short circuit current
if necessary, of the ground/earth as a starting point for the
from the initial short-circuit current and calculation of the
short-circuit calculation.
maximum switch off time for lines and transformers
· Symmetrical and asymmetrical modeling of the network for
· Checking the short-circuit current capability of the busbars
the different fault circuits
for initial and peak short-circuit current
· Input of additional data to simulate the connection of
· Calculation of the short circuit at a selected fault location
neutral conductor and earth
with complete current and voltage distribution in the
· Input of a fault resistance by means of ground transition network
and arc impedance at the fault location
o Calculation of the total values of the currents at the
o Entry of additional data for all network nodes or via fault location
the network level for all nodes of the network level
o Calculation of the contributions over the branches
o Individual input of additional data for each node leading to the fault location and the voltage curves
along these branches
· Flexible modeling of the neutral point grounding of
transformers · Simultaneous calculation of the short circuit at all network
nodes of the entire network or for selected network levels
· Consideration of the transformer vector groups with
in one calculation run
asymmetrical faults
o User-defined restriction of the calculation to
· Setting of the short circuit contribution of converters (DC
individual network levels possible
infeeder)
o Calculation at all open line ends
· Modeling of a power unit as a single element or as a
combination of separate generator and transformer Results and evaluation options
elements identified as a block
The program provides the following options for evaluating the
Calculation results.
The short-circuit calculation follows the listed standardized · Complete results of the short circuit calculation according
procedures in the treatment of the individual equipment and the to the listed standardized procedure and standards for
calculation steps. evaluation in graphics, tables and databases as well as in
reports
· Short-circuit calculation according to standardized
procedures and after initial load with the load flow results · Detailed numerical calculation results and graphical
(superposition principle) representation in vector diagrams (conductors L1, L2, L3 as
well as symmetrical components)
· Calculation of short-circuit currents for 3-, 2- and 1-phase
faults with and without earth connection o Screen forms with node and branch results
· IEC 60909/VDE 0102 (2016, 2001, 1990) o Vector diagrams (magnitude and phase) for currents
and voltages
o Maximum/minimum or user-defined calculation
· Creation of diagrams for the plot of the node results Ik", Sk"
o Support of all methods according to IEC 60909 for the
and ip along user-defined routes in the network
calculation of the peak short circuit current (uniform
ratio R/X, ratio R/X at short circuit point, equivalent · User-defined visualization of the exceeding of permissible
frequency procedure for equivalent impedance) short circuit currents of equipment in the network graphic
· IEC 61363 (1998) · Determination of the maximum switch off time up to
thermal destruction of lines and transformers
· IEEE C37 (2016, 1990)
· G74
Harmonics / Harmonic Contingency

(OB)
When planning and designing electrical networks, it is also The module (OB) in PSS®SINCAL offers the user the calculation of
useful to observe the frequency-dependent behavior of frequency responses in static network configurations as well as
equipment and the resonance or damping of the harmonics in combinatorial configurations in harmonic contingency
emitted by individual devices: calculation and the calculation of harmonics distribution limit.
Furthermore, a functionality for filter design is available.
· Determination and analysis of the frequency-dependent
behavior of the network and the resonance frequencies for · Extension of the network model with frequency-dependent
the current network state model behavior
· Automatic execution of the analysis for a high · Modeling of active and passive resonance networks
(combinatoric) number of network states (switchovers,
· Extensive options for modeling sources with harmonic
maintenance) or depending on all possible positions of
emission
controllable elements (e.g. capacitors) in order to include all
network configurations in the analysis · Calculation of frequency responses for static states as well
as harmonic contingency calculation (malfunction
· Compliance with regulatory requirements for voltage
calculation for harmonics)
quality of the permissible minimum and maximum
harmonics and distortions of the voltage in the network o Evaluation of the results for voltages and currents in
relation to the limit values from standards IEEE 519
· Prevention of harmonics visible in the lighting (flicker)
(TIF and IT), THFF and EDC, NY x UNY and NY x INY, IEC
· Protection of equipment (e.g. capacitors) against damage or 61000-2-4 class 1, 2, or 3
destruction by voltages and currents of higher frequencies
o Evaluation of the results for voltages and currents in
· Selection of the vector group of transformers for targeted relation to user-defined limits
suppression of individual harmonics (e.g. 5th and 7th for YY0
· Graphical display of gain levels over frequency, frequency
and YY1)
response locus, impedance areas and harmonic levels in
· Design and placement of filters diagrams
· Reduction of network areas (boundary networks) as · Function for detecting resonance points and for filter design
resonance networks, considering the frequency-dependent of filter groups
behavior and the switching states and tap positions of
controllable elements (e.g. reconnected filters)
· Integration of the measured behavior of subnetworks that
were not simulated in detail in the network model
Modeling · Create analyses for frequency responses at nodes or

between nodes (along a route) in the network
The modeling of the frequency dependence of the network
elements is based on a topological model as an additional o User-defined range for minimum and maximum
modeling dimension. frequency
· Modeling the lines with wave equations to determine the o User definable step size of the frequency in the
impedances of the fundamental frequency of the network analysis area
· Modeling of the frequency-dependent behavior of the Calculation
network elements with quality factors for the X/R ratio,
For the calculation, several steps are available which, individually
with the CIGRE models or freely definable frequency-
or in combination, lead to the necessary results for different
dependent behavior
requirements. The frequency responses for defined nodes are
o Quality factor for constant resistance determined based on the determination of the frequency
dependence of the model. Excited with the supplied harmonic
o Quality factor for constant ratio of X/R
currents and voltages, the harmonics distribution limits for the
o Support of different CIGRE models for specific analyzed frequencies are determined and the distortion
network elements characteristics are calculated. Based on the frequency responses,
the levels and the permissible/specified maximum levels, the
o Freely definable frequency-dependent characteristic
filter design can be started. The creation of resonance
curve for R, X and C for detailed modeling of skin and
characteristic curves and areas for the simulation of
proximity effect
subnetworks as resonance networks or as a basis for a more
o Frequency blocking behavior detailed network analysis is carried out by the harmonic
contingency calculation. The frequency dependence is
· Consideration of the fully asymmetrical network model
determined considering all (automatically generated)
(based on the network model for short circuit calculations)
combinatorial cases in the network area.
o Consideration of the vector group and zero system
· Calculation of the frequency response at the user-defined
data for transformers
nodes and routes
o Consideration of asymmetrical elements and sources
o Automatic adjustment of the step size or constant
o Consideration of the correct sequencing of the step size
harmonics
o Calculation of the frequency response locus for the
· Modeling of resonance networks on shunt or serial respective analyses
elements for the frequency-dependent simulation of
o Determination of the parallel and series resonances
reduced, adjacent network areas
for the frequency response
o Passive resonance networks as shunts with resonance
o Automatic determination of the suitable impedances
characteristic curves for the individual harmonics
from the resonance areas that simulate active or
o Active resonance networks as branches with passive resonance networks
resonance areas for the individual harmonics
o Options for the consideration of resonance networks,
o Determination of the resonance characteristic curves loads and voltage angles
or areas with a combinatorial calculation carried out
· Calculation of the even and odd harmonic components and
in advance in the network area to be reduced
the interharmonics of voltage and current in the
o Transfer of measured network distortions (a)symmetrical network model
· Modeling of symmetrical and asymmetrical current and · Calculation of the distortion factors
voltage sources with even and odd harmonics as well as
o THD (total harmonic distortion)
interharmonics at any network node
o TDD (total demand distortion)
· Modeling of filters using the provided filter models for
different filter configurations and types o Arithmetic total of the harmonic voltages
o RLC filter serial, parallel · Evaluation of the voltages and currents in relation to the
limit values from the selected standard or user-defined limit
o High-pass filter
values
o Creation of user-defined filters (administration in
o IEEE 519: TIF (telephone influence factor) and IT
catalogs possible)
o THFF (telephone high frequency factor) and EDC
· Modeling of the PCC (Point of Common Coupling)
configuration of network elements o NY x UNY and NY x INY
o IEC 61000-2-4 class 1, 2, or 3
o User-defined limit values
· Harmonic contingency calculation considering the possible
combinatoric states (caused by element failures) in the
network and the steps of controlled network elements (e.g.
capacitors) to determine resonance characteristic curves or · Graphical evaluation of the harmonic levels at nodes and in
resonance areas the network levels according to the selected limit values of
the standard or user-defined limit values
o Single or combined failure (e.g. connection and
disconnection of a capacitor) of the elements o Display of the limit values
o Optional consideration of the additional o Display of the harmonic levels
combinatorics resulting from the positions of the
o Display of the THD
controllers
· Results of the harmonic contingency calculation: Diagrams
o Implementation for selected harmonic numbers or
for the resulting frequency responses and areas separately
ranges
for harmonic numbers or together
· Automated filter analysis and design based on the
o Display of the frequency responses of all combinations
determined harmonic distortions for all frequencies and for
all nodes of a network level o Display of the impedance area of all combinations for
one frequency each (transferred as one area each of a
o Analysis of the frequency responses of all nodes of the
resonance network) or for all frequencies (as a basis
network level and the distortion levels for all supplied
for the filter sizing or the verification of switching
frequencies
flexibility)
o Selection of compensation method (high pass R or C,
Network graphic
serial or parallel)
· Graphical display of the harmonic levels at all nodes and
o Selection of a minimum deviation of the levels
network levels as well as appropriate filter functions for
reduced by the filters from the selected limit value
color-coded evaluation
o Definition of the maximum number of filters to be
o Display of the total values or each individual
placed in the filter bank
frequency analyzed
o Group of filter elements as calculation result
o Display of node and branch results in result screen
o If required, automatic creation of the filter group in form
the network model
o Embedding of interactive diagrams (frequency
Results and evaluation options response, distortion level)
The program provides the following options for evaluating the Other results
results.
· Full range of results in tabular view
Diagram view
· Log with the determined serial and parallel resonances (in
· Display of the frequency-dependent network impedance message window and log database)
(frequency response) and the angle of the network
· Display of the elements determined in the filter design in
impedance
the result browser
o Frequency response from the perspective of a node or
· Evaluation options in reports
between two nodes in the network
· Direct export of diagram values in list form to Office
o User definable overlays of frequency responses of
products (e.g. Excel)
different nodes
· Direct access to the database with external applications for
· Display of the frequency resonance locus (X-R) in the
further evaluations
complex plane
Stability (RMS)
(ST)
Requirements In addition to precise dynamic models, the dynamics engine

offers a high degree of freedom in modeling and the possibility
The planning and operational management of complex energy
of using it as a calculation module in other programs such as the
systems require analysis methods in the time domain, so that
SIGUARD® product family.
not only stationary conditions but also dynamic processes that
occur in between are included in the assessment of the network · Time domain simulation based on phasors (RMS) for
state. If the dynamics of the network are shifted to the network symmetrical and asymmetrical networks with symmetrical
levels subordinate to the transmission network, the complexity and asymmetrical fault conditions, loads and power
of the demands on the operators of such systems increases. generation
· Time domain analysis for compliance with the classical · Use of proven and successfully validated dynamic models
stability concept according to IEEE regarding voltage, and simulation methods of the PSS®NETOMAC dynamics
frequency and rotor angle stability engine
· Interactions in the electrical power system to and between · Consideration of the protection device behavior during
converter-based systems transients in the time domain simulation and in protection
coordination
· Analysis of transients and stresses in the transmission and
distribution network in case of symmetrical and
asymmetrical events (e.g. short-circuits, start-up processes,
equipment malfunctions)
· Consideration of the influence of different types of
generating plants with their control and communication
devices
· Verification of the protection concept in case of mutually
dependent fault sequences in time domain
Solution
The PSS®SINCAL Platform with its dynamics engine
PSS®NETOMAC offers the user in this module (ST) the possibility
to use it for the most basic applications directly in the
PSS®SINCAL GUI, as well as in the expert mode (ExpMode) to use
the native user interface of the engine for advanced calculations.
Modeling o ExpMode: Combined RMS/EMT hybrid simulation to

simulate DC link circuits and to co-simulate
With the classical focus on electromechanical transients,
subnetworks
established models of machines and their standardized
controller models are provided. But also, the modern converter o ExpMode: Real-time simulation mode for training
based generating plants are considered by the modeling simulators in connection with control center platforms
possibilities and the provision of generic models (DML module).
o ExpMode: Interface to the SIGUARD® (e.g. DSA, DDM)
· Modeling of the dynamic behavior of machines product family
(synchronous and asynchronous machines) by means of
· Any definable events and their sequences in the time
differential equations
domain on busbars, nodes and branch elements at freely
o Synchronous machines are modeled with the 5th order definable times as well as clearing of fault conditions
(dq) Park model without considering the stator field
o Short-circuit observations for 3-, 2- and 1-phase
dynamics
busbar faults with or without earth connection
o Depending on the configuration, asynchronous
o 3-, 2- and 1-phase line interruptions also in
machines can be modeled with single and double
combination with different earth faults
squirrel cage, resistive or fed rotor windings. The
models are suitable for the analysis of transient and o Individual fault clearing based on defined
steady-state operating conditions specifications and designed protection concept
o The equipment models are parameterized with o Definable disconnection and reconnection of node
original data (impedances) or derived values for and branch elements (transformers, lines, loads etc.)
various operating ranges (subtransient, transient,
o Start-up and switch-off processes of machines
synchronous) for the dq system
o Modeling of user-defined load shedding
o ExpMode: Individual wiring and control of the rotor
windings of asynchronous machines o Fault clearing by modeled protection devices
o ExpMode: Reference of the rotor angle to terminal Calculation
voltage, center of inertia (COI) or to the rotor angle of
The extended topology modeling, the robust simulation method
certain machines
and the DLL interfaces enable a wide range of applications in the
· Simulation of multi-phase or single-phase network topology field of dynamic simulation.
with complex impedances
· Precise and fast initialization of the dynamic models
o Basic frequency model with dynamic phasors of all contained in the network model, so that the simulation can
network variables (voltages and currents) start in the steady-state condition
o Symmetrical and asymmetrical network models · Robust and high-performance simulation engine based on a
predictor-corrector method
o ExpMode: Use of the symmetrical components for
asymmetrical calculations as well as simple o Stable short-term and long-term simulation, so that
influencing in the negative and positive phase different time horizons and phenomena can be
sequence by generators and loads observed
· Consideration of user-defined models for network elements o ExpMode: Simplified parameter variation calculation
as well as for control and communication devices for with nested structure and control options
different types of generating and transmission systems
o ExpMode: optional dynamic adaption of simulation
o Model library with machine control devices according time step during time domain simulation
to standards (IEEE, IEC (CIM CGMES), etc.) and generic
o ExpMode: Transition between EMT (EMT module) and
models of type 2 generation (DML module)
RMS simulation methods and switching of model
o Simple connection and parameterization of models orders
directly in the database or with automation
o Use of the native ASCII character-based format of the
PSS®NETOMAC dynamic engine for extended
topological definition of individual node and branch
elements
o Intuitive creation and analysis of user-defined models
in the graphical model builder (GMB module) and easy
connection to the node and branch elements in the
network model
o Implementation of dynamic link library (DLL) within
user-defined models through the standardized
interface according to IEC61400-27-1 and the external
DLL interface (DLL module)
· Extended evaluation options of the dynamic simulation

o Automated determination of the critical fault clearing
time (CFCT)
o Evaluation of variations in generation and loads in the
time domain
o Individual evaluation options in element controllers
with the possibility of exporting information (csv, txt
etc.) as well as the output of warnings and fault
messages during the simulation runtime
o ExpMode: Identification of system information from
the time domain signals using FFT, Prony or Matrix
Pencil methods
o ExpMode: Possibility of displaying characteristics in x-
The program provides the following options for evaluating the y diagrams
results.
· Diagrams for the evaluation of the time domain simulation
· All signals of the simulation can be made available as
o Intuitive and easy to use diagrams with basic
results:
evaluation and display options
o Voltage RMS values, angles and frequencies of all
o Comparison of results from variant and scenario
nodes contained in the network model
calculations
o Current RMS values and angles through all branches
o ExpMode: Simple creation of individual and collected
included in the network model
variant diagrams and variable annotations
o Active and reactive power of all node and branch
· Export the results to frequently used formats
elements
o Export of any displayed signals via copy & paste
o Impedance or admittance at the branch elements
o Export as COMTRADE or PLT files
o Machine model internal variables for the rotor
windings in the d and q axis o Any signal can be written out from user-defined
o Mechanical variables of the machines such as speed,
a defined structure
rotor angle and slip
o ExpMode: Signal export as MATLAB (level 4) and CSV
o All internal signals of dynamic models
Electromagnetic Transients
(EMT)
The dimensioning of equipment in electrical power systems The PSS®SINCAL Platform with its PSS®NETOMAC transient
requires the determination of their electrical and mechanical engine offers the user in this module (EMT) the possibility to use
stresses that can occur during operation of these systems as a it for most basic applications directly in the PSS®SINCAL GUI, as
result of switching operations and faults. Depending on the well as in expert mode (ExpMode) to use the native user
components, the potential physical phenomena, occurring in interface of the engine for advanced calculations.
different frequency ranges, have to be analyzed and appropriate
The transient engine offers a very high degree of freedom for
countermeasures taken in the sizing and protection concepts if
modeling and simulation control in addition to the precise and
limits are violated.
reliable internal dynamic models of equipment.
· Analysis of insulation coordination regarding temporary
· Time domain simulation based on instantaneous values for
overvoltages (TOV) or those caused by switching operations
symmetrical and asymmetrical networks with symmetrical
(SOV) or lightning strikes (LOV)
and asymmetrical fault conditions, loads and generation
· Evaluation of very fast transient overvoltages (VFTO)
· Use of proven and successfully validated dynamic models
· Analysis of the effects of switching on and switching off of and simulation methods of the PSS®NETOMAC transient
lines, transformers, electrical machines and inductive loads engine
· Determination of the stresses on circuit breakers during · User-friendly and simple control of the calculation and
switching operations evaluation of results
· Analysis of voltage recovery (TRV)
· Studies on the connection of converter-based electrical
generation and transmission systems such as HVDC, FACTS,
wind and photovoltaic systems
· Analysis of subsynchronous resonances (SSR) and
interactions (SSTI) with machine drive trains
Modeling o Voltage and current sources for pulse excitation

In the analysis of electromagnetic transients, the greatest o Surge arresters and spark gaps
modeling depth for network elements is used throughout the
o Individual components of power electronics such as
program in order to adequately represent the transients from a
diodes, thyristors, GTOs etc.
few Hz to the range of several MHz. In addition to the extended
models of machines and their control devices, network element o PWM ignition pulse generation for thyristor-based
models based on differential equations are also used, which can converter models
be extended if necessary, by non-linear characteristics or their
o Resonances with drive trains of machines (TOR
approximated frequency behavior. User-defined models of other
module)
equipment can be implemented at different depths of detail.
o Extended models for current and voltage transformers
· Modeling of the dynamic behavior of machines
(synchronous and asynchronous machines) by means of o ExpMode: Use of hysteresis curves
differential equations
o ExpMode: Combined RMS/EMT hybrid simulation to
o Synchronous machines are modeled with the 7th order simulate DC link circuits and to co-simulate
(dq) Park model while taking the stator field dynamics subnetworks (ST module)
into account
· User-defined models for control and communication
o Depending on the configuration, asynchronous equipment for various types of generation and transmission
machines can be modeled with single and double systems
squirrel cage, short-circuited, resistive or fed rotor
o Intuitive creation and analysis of user-defined models
windings
in the graphical model builder (GMB module) and easy
o The equipment models are parameterized with connection to the node and branch elements in the
original data (impedances) or derived values for network model
various operating ranges (subtransient, transient,
· Any definable events and their sequences in the time
synchronous) for the dq system
domain on busbars, node and branch elements as well as
o ExpMode: Individual wiring and control of the rotor clearing of fault conditions
windings of asynchronous machines
o Definition of conditions regarding time and voltage
o ExpMode: Reference of the rotor angle to terminal query when a fault occurs as well as time and break-
voltage, center of inertia (COI) or to the rotor angle of off current when the fault is cleared
certain machines
o Short-circuit observations for 3-, 2- and 1-phase
· Multi-phase or single-phase and modular network topology busbar faults with or without earth connection
modeling
o 3-, 2- and 1-phase line interruptions also in
o Symmetrical and asymmetrical network models combination with different earth faults
o Single or 3-phase input of the network model o Individual fault clearing based on defined
specifications
o Input of resistive, capacitive and inductive coupling
data for nodes and branch elements o Definable disconnection and reconnection of node
and branch elements (transformers, lines, loads etc.)
o Modularly expandable models in order to consider
EMT-specific features o Start-up and switch off processes of machines
· Consideration of different EMT-specific models for o ExpMode: Consideration of arc reverse voltages
components
o ExpMode: Consideration of simple or individual
o Implementation of non-linear characteristics (e.g. recovery strength during the switching operation
saturation) for otherwise linearly treated network
o ExpMode: Determination of synchronous machine
elements
synchronization conditions regarding voltage, phase
o Frequency-dependent modeling of lines and cables position and frequency
with concentrated or distributed (based on the wave
equation) parameters
o For concentrated parameters there is the possibility of
modular model chains of Pi and T elements
o For distributed parameters, simple and Marti model
or the Universal Line Model (ULM) can be used
o Use of the native ASCII character-based format of the
PSS®NETOMAC transient engine for extended
topological definition of individual node and branch
elements
o User-defined modeling of network elements to
simulate any kind of equipment behavior
o Instantaneous values as well as their magnitudes and

angles of all branch currents contained in the network
model
o Calculated active and reactive power of all node and
branch elements
o Impedance or admittance at the branch elements
o Voltage, energy, flow and current values in non-linear
network elements
o Machine model internal electrical values for the rotor
and stator windings in the d and q axis
o Mechanical variables of the machines such as speed,
rotor angle and slip
Calculation
o All internal signals of user-defined models
The modularly expandable topology modeling as well as the high
performance and robust simulation method enables efficient · Advanced evaluation options of the transient simulation
and in-depth analysis of electromagnetic phenomena in the
o Individual evaluation options of all signals of the
instantaneous values domain. The transient engine allows even
simulation in global models with the possibility of
the simulation of large network models.
exporting information (*.csv, *.txt etc.) as well as the
· Precise and fast initialization of the network model, so that output of warnings and fault messages during the
the simulation can start in the steady-state condition simulation runtime
· Robust and high-performance simulation engine based on o ExpMode: Identification of system information from
the difference admittance method the time domain signals using FFT, Prony or Matrix
Pencil methods
o ExpMode: Possibility of switching the simulation time
step during the simulation o ExpMode: Possibility of displaying characteristics in x-
y diagrams
o ExpMode: Intuitive parameter variation calculation
with nested structure and control options · Diagrams for the evaluation of the time domain simulation
o ExpMode: Transition between EMT and RMS o Intuitive and easy to use diagrams with basic
simulation methods and switching of model orders evaluation and display options
· Simulation of the influence between AC and DC systems in o Comparison of results from variant and scenario
the event of a fault calculations
Results and evaluation options o ExpMode: Simple creation of individual and collected
variant diagrams and variable annotations
results. · Export the results to frequently used formats
· All signals of the simulation can be made available as o Export of any displayed signals via copy & paste
results:
o Export as COMTRADE and PLT files
o Instantaneous values, as well as their calculated
o Any signal can be written out from user-defined
magnitudes, angles and frequencies of all node
voltages and voltage differences contained in the
a defined structure
network model
o ExpMode: Signal export as MATLAB (level 4) and CSV
Electrical Networks – Extended Modules

Operating Point/Time Series Calculation

(LP)
The quasi-dynamic observation over short and medium-term The module for time series and operating point calculation (LP)
time periods (from several hours, days to several years) is in PSS®SINCAL enables the simulation of a network in user-
relevant in addition to the observation of the steady-state defined time periods and resolutions as well as the calculation of
behavior of the network at individually selected points in time operating points based on the extensive methods for modeling
(operating points). The behavior of the network must be and calculating a load flow.
analyzed according to time series in order to not only observe
· Operating point calculation for symmetrical and
individual predefined operating conditions, but also the behavior
asymmetrical networks
of the system over the observed period.
· Time series calculation for symmetrical and asymmetrical
· Load flow calculations considering historical measurement
networks
data, forecast data, profiles for generation and consumption
(standard load profiles), switching states and the actuating · Full integration of the controlled elements simulated for the
values and effects of various regulating devices load flow and user-defined models in the quasi-dynamic
calculation
· Quasi-dynamic calculation based on individual load flow
calculations · Total or user-specified range of results for each network
element at each point in time
· Analysis of the simultaneity of supply and consumption
· Visualization of the equipment utilizations over the entire
· Maximum value determination over the entire time period
period
· Use of calculation values (in kWh) from customer and
calculation data
· Loss analysis over period
· Parameterization and optimization of controllable network
elements (e.g. capacitors, reactors, transformers,
converters)
· Validated network model based on measurement results
· Determination of generation and consumption costs based
on cost profiles
Modeling · Time step for calculations can be selected freely (minutes to

days)
For this purpose, the modeling of the network is enhanced by
the following options based on the load flow model: · Calculation of the entire simulation period or all operating
points
· Operating points for network elements and operating series
based on the operating points o Cyclic handling of profiles that are not defined for the
entire simulation period
· Profiles with variable time step (e.g. 15min) for network
elements that model supply or consumption o Storage of the results for each point in time
/operating point
o Operating points and series
o Extreme or maximum value determination based on
o Daily, weekly and annual series
minimum or maximum node voltage or the VPI
o Input format of the profiles as common or separate (violation performance index) of a node and storage
factors or absolute values for active and reactive of this determined point in time
power
· Calculation of the cumulative losses and of the duration of
o Input format of the operating points and profiles as consumption and generation
factor or absolute values for active power and node
· Options for the usage of the load flow results from the
voltage
previous time step as iteration start (initialization) for the
o Determination of instantaneous power values based subsequent steps of the time series calculation
on the entered energy consumption (e.g. meter
· Complete integration of the load determination (LA
reading or billing value in kWh) as average value or
module) in the time series calculation to perform scaling or
with parameterizable exponential function
trimming at each point in time
o Ambient temperature profiles for network areas
· Profiles for controllable elements such as capacitors,
reactors, transformers, converters and groups of these
results.
elements
· Complete results of each individual load flow calculation
· Profiles for the time dependent (dynamic) line/transformer
(for each point in time) for evaluation in graphics, tables
rating to model the temperature dependent change of the
and databases (see also LF module) as well as in reports
rating over time
o Optional storage of the time series calculation results
· Modeling of measured values with profiles for current,
in an external database to reduce the memory
active or reactive power
requirement of the network database
· Overlay of profiles to combine short-, medium- and long-
· Function for determining maximum, minimum and average
term profiles
values of the entire calculated period or individual time
o Multiplicative combination of the profiles periods in the tabular view
o Modelling of medium or long-term effects such as · Diagrams for user-defined presentation of input data and
seasons, forecasted increase or decrease with long- results over user-defined time periods
term profiles
o Supply or consumption profiles of the elements
· Integration of user-defined models and controllers (*.xmac) (determined from the input data)
with a time behavior relevant for time series calculation
o Voltage and power values of the nodes
(e.g. battery charge management)
o Utilization of the branches and power flowing over
· Simulation with meter data and measured values from
them (lines, transformers, etc.)
operation or forecast data from databases via an interface
(SLF module) without additional transfer of input data o Power loss and lost energy, costs and duration profile
over the period observed for the entire network, the
Calculation
individual network levels and network areas
The calculation for all operating points or time points in the
· Diagrams to show the input data for simultaneity factors
observation period requires only a single triggering of the
used as a function of the consumers and the consumer
calculation.
power
Network Development
(LD)
In addition to the observation the network with the loads and The module (LD) in PSS®SINCAL, based on the extensive methods
generating plants at the actual point in time, it is necessary to for modeling and calculating load flow, allows the calculation of
observe further points in time in medium and long-term periods a network at selected times in the medium- or long-term period
(years). For this purpose, the necessary measures for the which is considered for the target network planning.
expansion, restructuring or deconstruction of the network,
· Extensive options for modeling increase, consumption and
which result from changes in loads, commissioning and
increments of load power as well as the times for
decommissioning or exchange of equipment are to be derived.
commissioning and decommissioning of network elements
· Target network planning for medium to long term periods
· Calculation of the load flow at all (automatically
· Network calculations considering the predicted growth or determined) times in the calculation period at which
decrease rates of loads depending on the network area as increase, decrease, commissioning and decommissioning
well as already known data for the commissioning and occurs in one single calculation run
decommissioning of equipment
· Results at the individual points in time and over the entire
· Power consumption and operating points of power plants or time period of the evaluation
renewable generating plants that change over time (e.g.
repowering)
· Evaluation of the guaranteed power capacity for network
areas for different scenarios of load increase in the supply
areas
· Identification of weak points in the network and
prioritization of network expansion and restructuring
measures as well as determination of economic savings
potential
Modeling o Additional calculation at any time (automatically

determined) of the modeled characteristic curves for
The modeling of the network is enhanced by the following
load increase or increase powers
options based on the load flow model:
o Additional calculation at any time of commissioning
· Allocation of increase/consumption rates to loads
and shutdown of network elements
individually or in groups
· Loss calculation at any calculated point in time
o Continuous consumption or increase rates as a profile
with relative factor, relative or absolute power values · Optional: Integration of the economic efficiency calculation
for loads (CC module) into the calculation for the selected period.
o Increase profiles for the simulation of discrete Results and evaluation options
decrease or increase at individual loads or at network
element groups with several loads
results.
o Increase profiles for the simulation of discrete
· Complete results of each individual load flow calculation
reductions or increases at network feeders and
(for each point in time) for evaluation in graphics, tables
generators
and databases (see also LF module) as well as in reports
· Assignment of increase or decrease over user-defined
· Evaluation of the number of violated limit values for voltage
supply areas (polygon areas) in the user interface as
at nodes and utilization of network elements
graphical element groups
· Visualization of the load density of the supply areas
· Issuing of time stamps (date) for the commissioning and
(polygons) in the network graphic at the individual
shutdown of network elements
calculation time points
· Specification of firm power for the supply of load elements
· Diagrams to show the power values, losses, profiles and
in supply areas for later evaluation
limit value violations at the individual times during the
· Integration of user-defined controllers or models (GMB entire calculation period
module) with a time behavior (e.g. battery capacity
o Individually configurable diagrams of the voltage,
degradation) within a network development calculation
power and utilization values at the individual
Calculation elements
The calculation is performed after the start for the entire period o Display of the modeled increase or consumption
in one calculation run. profiles in diagrams
· Load flow calculation of the network model at all relevant o Display of the number of violations of the user-
times in one calculation run defined limit values for node voltages and utilization
of lines or transformers
o Standard time step (one year) for the calculations
between the start and end date of the observation o Display of the guaranteed power capacity and the
period consumed power in the polygons for the evaluation of
the supply security
o Power losses at any time and cumulative energy losses
Load Assignment/Transformer Tap Detection

(LA)
Requirements Modeling
To increase the accuracy of the modeling of loads in the network The network model for the load flow and time series calculations
model, measured values at individual points in time or time serves as a basis and includes the modeling of measuring devices
periods can be used. By adjusting the modeled values for loads and measured values.
and decentralized power generation systems (DER) in relation to
The following modeling options are available for scaling and
the measured values, statements about (subordinate) network
trimming of loads and decentralized power generation systems:
areas for which no measured values are available should also be
made. · Modeling of (individual) measuring devices for the
integration of measured values or measured value time
· Determination of input data for loads as well as load flow
series (as measured value profiles) on lines or at node
calculations considering measured data or forecast data to
elements
refine the modeling of loads and decentralized power
generation systems (DER) o Input of minimum and maximum values for current
and power factor, active and reactive power or
· Use of maximum or minimum measured values (e.g. from
apparent power and power factor
maximum slave pointer value) or time series measurements
(e.g. feeder measurement with 15 min resolution) o Assignment of measurement time series as daily,
weekly and annual profiles or operating points with
· Optimal utilization of the network capacity based on the
current, active and reactive power or apparent power
measured time series and profiles instead of design for
(LP module)
individual operating points
o Overlay of profiles to combine short, medium- and
· Validation of load modeling and network model based on
long-term profiles (LP module)
measurements
· Measured value input directly at load elements (without
The optimized setting of the position of the regulators of
modeling an additional measuring device)
transformers of medium and low voltage substations must be
based on measured or calculated values for nodes. o Input of minimum and maximum values for current,
active power and power factor
· Determination of optimal tap positions of the transformers
to maintain the permissible voltage band in the subordinate o Simulation of the relationship of the individual loads
network to each other using the input data
Solution · Modeling of bidirectional power flow by power
consumption as loads and supply from decentralized power
The module for load trimming and determination of optimum
generation systems (DER)
transformer tap positions (LA) in PSS®SINCAL makes it possible
to scale and trim load input data. Trimming can also be used to · Simulation with meter data and measured values from
determine an optimized transformer tap position based on the operation or forecast data from databases via one interface
minimum and maximum voltage values. (SLF module) without additional transfer of input data
· Adaptation of the input data (or factors) of the load Further input data is available for the function for determining
elements by scaling or by trimming during the load flow the optimum tap positions of the transformer taps.
calculation until the minimum or maximum measured
· Input of individual limit values for the voltage deviation at
values are reached
the loads
· Determination of occurred or predicted load or supply
· Specification of profiles for controlled elements
states of the network based on measured values
(transformers)
· Consideration of loads and decentralized power generation
Calculation
systems (DER) in the trimming
Various functions (scaling, trimming or determining the position
· Full integration of the functions for calling the scaling or
of the regulators) are available for the calculation.
trimming in the time series calculation (LP module)
· 'Scale' function for the distribution of the measured values
· Determination of the position of the regulators of
to the individual loads by linear scaling of the input data of
transformers to comply with the specified minimum and
the loads
maximum voltage limit value as well as visualization of the
positions in the network graphic o Scaling of the loads without consideration of the
expected losses
o Load flow calculation with scaling results
· 'Trim' function for the distribution of the measured values
to the individual loads by calculating the load flow taking
the losses into account
o Iterative scaling of the load data until they match the · Results of the load assignment in graphic, table and
result of the load flow calculation database
o Consideration of the losses in the load flow · Transfer of the results as input values (or factors for the
calculation input values) for the loads and decentralized power
generation systems (DER)
o Consideration of loads and supply from decentralized
power generation systems (DER) · Result browser with the start and result values for the
elements included in the trimming and the option to take
· Support of the functions for radial as well as meshed
over the data as input data (or factors)
networks
The results of the tap position determination are shown
· Integration of the functions for integrated calling in the time
particularly in the network graphic with color-coded
series calculation (LP module)
visualization.
o Scaling or trimming for each calculation point in time
· Visualization of the determined positions of the regulators
o Stored results for each calculation point in time in the network graphic with highlighting
· Function for determining the position of the regulators of · Visualization of the voltage curves along the feeders and
transformers to maintain the specified minimum and the voltage limits in diagrams
maximum voltage limits
The following possibilities for the result evaluation of the scaling
and trimming are provided.
Economic Efficiency Calculation

(CC)
Requirements o Operating costs: Annual maintenance and
servicing costs, annual operating costs
Measures based on technical studies and calculations for the
expansion, restructuring or deconstruction of the network o Individual life cycle of the network elements
should also be evaluated from an economic point of view. This
· Parameters for the annual interest rate and inflation
observation is carried out in medium and long-term periods
(years) within the planning horizon. · Factors for modeling the technically unavailable energy
· Calculation and comparison of the expenditure and costs of · Economic efficiency calculations (without loss observation)
planned variants for the expansion and restructuring of the already possible without a complete and electrically correct
network network model
· Assessment of capital expenditures and operating Calculation
expenditures (CAPEX and OPEX)
The calculation is performed after the start for the entire period
· Calculation and assessment of the economic efficiency of a in one calculation run.
planned measure using the capital value method (also
· Calculation of a user-defined analysis period of several
called NPV net present value method calculation)
years between observation date and planning horizon
· Support for investment decisions and the determination of
· Net present value method for determining costs in annual
a suitable time (delay or bringing forward of measures)
intervals
Solution
o Summation method with cost calculation without
The module (CC) in PSS®SINCAL enables an economic efficiency discounting at the time of observation
assessment of technical measures and variants for a selected
o Capital value method/net present value method with
development period of the network and supports the operator
cost calculation including the discounting of all costs
in the preparation and selection of measures under economic
at the time of observation
aspects.
· Calculation of capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operating
· Additional modeling dimension for one-off expenses for
expenditures (OPEX)
establishment and shutdown and the operating costs of
network elements · Optional: Integration in load development (module LD) for
more detailed calculation of losses and cost profiles for
· Calculation of investment expenditure and costs using the
generation and consumption in annual intervals
net present value method (with or without discounting) for
each year of the period observed and for the whole period Results and evaluation options
· Optional integration of the economic calculation with loss The program provides the following options for evaluating the
and generation or consumption costs resulting from load results.
flow calculations
· Complete results for each year within the observation
Modeling period in graphics, table and database as well as in reports
The modeling of the network is enhanced by the module with an o annual operating costs
(optionally entirely separate) model for the representation of
o Year-specific present value, discounted net present
costs of the network elements.
value and residual value
· Use of the substation and route model
· Results for the individual network elements, the entire
· Use of the times of commissioning and shutdown of network, the individual network areas, substations, bays
network elements and routes
· Modeling of one-off expenses and operating costs for · Totals for the entire observation period for costs and
network elements and their life cycle present value from the results of the individual years for the
evaluation of economic efficiency
o One-off expenses: Establishment costs, shutdown
costs
Network Stress Test

(NST)
The integration of the charge infrastructure for electromobility The module for performing a network stress test (NST) in
or decentralized power generation systems (DER) leads impacts PSS®SINCAL allows you to analyze the effects of increasing
mainly the distribution networks. integration of loads and decentralized power generation systems
(DER) in the supply area.
Since these loads or feed-ins vary both in terms of location and
time, the planning cannot work with predefined locations and · Analysis of the absorption capacity of supply areas for load
times for the expansion of the charging infrastructure (and elements/decentralized power generation in a probabilistic
comparable elements to be modeled, such as heat pumps) or bottom-up approach by random distribution of the
decentralized power generation systems (DER). A stochastic elements
approach is required for a random distribution of the planned
· Classification of possible connection points and the
consumers or power generation systems in the supply area and
loads/DC infeeders to be connected by means of types
the subsequent calculation and network analysis.
· Calculation of a user-defined number of loops and thus a
· Checking of the utilization (loading) of equipment due to
random configuration in each loop
the additional charging infrastructure/decentralized power
generation systems (DER) · Variation (increase) in network penetration over the
analyzed period
· Checking of the permissible deviations of the network
voltage due to the additional charging infrastructure/ · Interactive evaluation and documentation of critical
decentralized power generation systems (DER) configurations in relation to limit values for voltage and
utilization (loading)
· Provision or inclusion of the required power by the local
substation
· Determination of the critical penetration of the supply area
in a medium to long-term planning period
· Identification of weak points in the network for planning
the network expansion or reinforcement
Modeling o Random distribution of the consumers at the

predefined possible connection points at the
The modeling is based on a network model for steady-state load
beginning of each cycle for stochastic distribution of
flow calculations.
the loads as a simulation of the charging
· User-defined selection of the network area to be analyzed infrastructure
· Specification of the number of mobile consumers (loads) to o Random distribution of the decentralized power
be placed and their charging capacities generation systems (DER) at the predefined possible
connection points at the beginning of each loop for
o Additions at user-defined points in time to define the
stochastic distribution of the supply
increase in mobile consumers over years
o Load flow calculation for generated load situation
o Types of consumers
· Analysis of the results regarding limit violations in the
o Number of consumers
analyzed network area
o Specification of charging options (connection to
o Logging of thermal overloads and voltage range
various charging infrastructures) or producers
violations
o Connection type (3- or 1-phase)
· Definition of possible connection points as candidates for
the connection of charging infrastructure
results.
o User-defined types through network element groups
· Result view with the tabular representation of the results
with network nodes to be observed
for each analyzed point in time and the respective
o Specification of the maximum connected load for the maximum values for utilization (loading) and voltage
nodes of a type deviation
o Specification of the maximum permissible number of o Display of the elements with limit violations for the
charging infrastructure to be connected (e.g. calculated points in time
maximum 2 for all nodes of the type "single-family
o Detailed view of the distribution variants (specific
house")
positioning of the loads/DC infeeders) for the
· Optional: Integration of future network changes (modeling) determined limit value violations as well as the
for calculations with the LD module, e.g. for the calculated values
development of load values and the establishment and
o User-defined filter options to reduce the amount of
decommissioning or shutdown of elements
listed results (all, only limit violations, only worst case)
Calculation
· Interactive evaluation from the results view in the network
All individual runs at all selected time points are calculated in graphic
one calculation run.
o Graphical identification of elements with at least one
· Calculation at all selected points in time or at the current violation (only the selected element, "all", by date)
network status
o ISO areas (heat maps) for each time
· Calculation of all loops with a relevant generated random
· The results of the extensive calculations are stored in an
combination of connected loads/decentralized power
external SQLite database
generation systems
Energy Storage Placement and Sizing

(ES)
Requirements · Selection of strategy between the optimal local placement
of a given storage capacity or the determination of the
The increasing number of decentralized power generation
optimal storage capacity
systems (DER) may require an expansion or reinforcement of the
network. Critical voltages or utilizations only arise at individual o Strategy 1: Determination of the required charge or
times or periods of the short and medium term since the supply discharge power for a user defined given power range
of these systems may vary considerably over time. An alternative (Min, Max) for the possible connection nodes without
to expanding the network can therefore be the use of energy consideration of a model of the storage behavior
storage facilities (e.g. batteries, pumped storage power plants)
o Strategy 2: Determination of an optimal connection
to balance load and generation peaks.
node for a storage system with already specified
· Prevention or flexible postponement of expansion measures storage capacity taking into consideration a model of
in the network through the targeted local use of (mobile) the storage behavior and determination of the storage
storage systems capacity
· Design of the rated power and the capacity of a storage · Selection of a user-defined model for the storage system
system and selection of a suitable connection point (required for strategy 2) with the time response and
(installation location) in the network in the network functional modeling of the operation strategy of the storage
planning process system
· Analysis of different control strategies and types of charge o Modeling of the state of charge (SOC) over time and
and discharge management of a storage system regarding the charging or discharging strategy
voltage quality and equipment utilization
o Modeling of the operation strategy of the plant
· Increase of the capacity for feed-in or load in a network control or higher-level operational control (e.g.
area by using storage systems control of a specific node voltage or the utilization of
equipment)
· Calculation and design based on historical or predicted time
series of load and generation systems · Observation of the current network state, defined operating
points, time series and (critical) operating points
Solution
automatically selected from time series
The module for the energy storage placement (ES) in PSS®SINCAL
o Analysis based on the current network state
enables the design and placement of storage systems in the
network with a two-stage interactive concept. o Analysis of the modeled operating points and thus of
different network states
· Analysis of the placement of a storage element at selected
nodes that represent possible connection points o Analysis over a time period for which profiles (e.g.
historical or predicted measurement data) are given
· Two-stage process for determining an optimum connection
point for storage systems, considering voltage and o Analysis for automatically selected operating points
utilization criteria. Based on this, a calculation of the from the specified time series for which maximum or
required memory states and capacity for (user-defined) minimum values are expected
storage models o Optional automatic generation of variants for the
· Integration of the individual work steps in an efficient, analyzed, automatically determined operating points
structured workflow with its own setting screen form · Specification of network criteria as limit values for voltages
without additional modeling effort in the network model at nodes and utilization of equipment
Modeling o Minimum and maximum voltage at the node in the
The modeling is based on a network model for steady-state load network area
flow calculations in which violations of voltage or utilization o Maximal voltage drop at the node in the network area
criteria occur in one of the operating states to be analyzed.
o Maximum thermal utilization of equipment in the
· User-defined selection of the nodes of the network areas, network area
levels and groups to be analyzed
o Allow reverse feed via transformers to other voltage
o Selection of nodes according to already defined levels
network areas, levels and groups or individual analysis
of single nodes o Deactivation of the control of other elements in the
network area
o Exclusion of nodes and elements from the analysis
Calculation
o Formation of clusters according to criteria of voltage
deviation or distance of neighbor nodes The calculation is performed considering the selected methods
and limit values and is started in a separate dialog box. The
procedure is designed in two steps. First the optimal placement
is determined based on the power. The dimensioning of the Results and evaluation options
capacity is based on this in a second step.
· Step 1: Determination of an optimal connection node in the results.
analyzed network area considering the selected criteria for
· Tabular result overview for each analyzed connection node
voltage and utilization by means of variation of the power
in the analyzed network area with the connected load/feed-
of the storage system
in, the evaluation and the limit values
o Iterative placement of a temporary storage element at
o Connection load and power factor for the node
all nodes in the network area selected for analysis
o Evaluation of the connection nodes (weighting)
o Evaluation of the connection at a node based on the
VPI (violation performance index) or the maximum o Values of the voltage and utilization criteria (of all
power nodes and elements in the network area)
o Variation of the charging or discharging capacity until o Reverse feed power via the network transformer(s)
no selected limiting criterion is violated
o Charge or level of the storage system (from step 2 of
o Logging of limit values and limiting elements the calculation)
o Optimized distribution of the calculation to different o Status
calculation cores for parallel processing of the
o Export of the results as *.csv file
calculation
· Tabular detail display for each analyzed connection node
o Formation of clusters by the user-defined grouping of
based on the result view
geographically close nodes (distance in meters or
kilometers) to increase the calculation speed · Interactive evaluation functions from the results view in the
network graphic
· Step 2: Calculation of the required capacity for the user-
defined model of an energy storage system based on the o Interactive link to the elements in the network graphic
power determined in step 1
o Graphical marking of the analyzed connection nodes
o Determination of the necessary filling levels as well as with graphical gradation of the evaluation
the maximum required storage capacity of all selected
o Graphical marking of the elements or nodes where
storage systems (simultaneous) in the analyzed
the criteria are violated
network area
· The extensive results of the calculations are stored in an
o Consideration of all selected points in time and the
external SQLite database
resulting charge or level of the storage system during
the analysis period
· Calculation for all selected operating points or points in
time
· Optional generation of the proposed storage element in the
network model after the calculation
Maximum Hosting Capacity

(ICA)
In order to analyze the integration of decentralized power The module for determining the maximum hosting capacity (ICA)
generation systems (e.g. photovoltaic, wind power plant, in PSS®SINCAL automatically determines the largest power value
combined heat and power plant), as well as different load types of a decentralized power generation systems (DER) or load that
(e.g. charging infrastructure for electromobility, heat pumps, can be connected to any node of a network area to be analyzed
Power2Heat, Power2Gas) into distribution networks, an without violating technical limitations. The user is guided step by
approach is required to determine the absorption capacity of the step through the setting and execution of the calculation.
respective current network state. The analysis should not only
· Determine the maximum connectable power at the nodes
include the load flow, but also short circuit and protection
for which the user-defined criteria are met
analyses. Based on these analyses, it is possible for the network
operator to proactively control the integration of loads and · Integration of the individual work steps in an efficient,
generation systems by regularly publishing the results. specified workflow with a separate screen form without
additional modeling effort in the network model
· Quantitative analysis of selected network areas regarding
their maximum capacity of additional connected active · Automatic, combined calculation of a large number of load
power of decentralized power generation systems (DER) or flow and short circuit calculations as well as protection
loads simulations in the analysis sequence
· Fast and automated procedure that can be used for re-
analysis after any change in network state or topology
· Determination of the hosting capacity based on individual
operating points or on historical or forecast time series
(profiles) up to several years
· Prevention or postponement of network expansion and
reinforcement measures through optimal use of existing
capacity
Modeling calculation the loads or feed elements are then temporarily

added to the network model. Thus, the network model is
The necessary steps before the calculation is performed do not
unchanged after the calculation.
require the user to adapt the network model for the large
number of calculations but can be done directly in the screen · Automatic execution of all necessary individual calculations
form. at the selected nodes
· User-defined selection of the nodes of the network areas, o Optimized distribution of the calculation to different
levels and groups to be analyzed cores for parallel processing of the calculation
o Selection of nodes according to already defined o Formation of clusters by the user-defined grouping of
network areas, levels and groups or individual analysis geographically close nodes (distance in meters or
of single nodes kilometers) to increase the calculation performance
o Exclusion of nodes and elements from the analysis · Determination of the maximum possible terminal power at
each of the selected nodes at all selected working or
o Formation of clusters according to criteria of voltage
observation times
deviation or distance of neighbor nodes
o Calculation based on the current state of the network
· User-defined definition of the observation period for the
analysis o Calculation based on all defined operating points of
the network
· Definition of the element to be connected as DC infeeder
for the simulation of generating plants with converter o Calculation based on all points in time resulting from
the modelled time series (load and supply profiles)
o Terminal power as active power between a minimum
and maximum value with constant power factor o Calculation based on automatically generated
operating points through an internal analysis of the
o Simulation of the converter's short-circuit current with
time series before the calculation
factor and angle
· Storage of critical values (worst case) for evaluation to
o Simulation of the permissible operating range of the
reduce the volume of the result data
respective system in its user-defined voltage band
· Storage of the network elements that limit the connection
· Definition of the element to be connected as a load to
power at the node and the criterion (violation of the
simulate loads or converters take power from the network
specified value range)
o Terminal power as active power between a minimum
and maximum value with constant power factor
The following options for evaluating the results are provided.
· Simultaneous or separate connection of elements to the
selected nodes · Display of the results as a user-definable, overlaid contour
diagram in the network graphic for quick visual assessment
· User-defined value ranges as criteria for load flow
of the hosting capacity by means of the contour color
calculation for voltage and thermal load, which must not be
violated by connecting the element to the node, as well as · Display of the results for the maximum connectable power
options for handling transformers at the nodes as an interactive table in the result view
o Voltage band violation o (Consolidated) documentation of the calculation
results
o Voltage deviations (voltage drop)
o Evaluation for each node at which the calculation was
o Thermal utilization (loading) of lines and transformers
performed in a separate table row
in the load flow
o Result for the maximum connectable power at each
o Allow return feeding via transformers and active
node
controllers (tap position)
o Display of all criteria, the limiting criterion (with link
· User-defined maximum values as criteria for short-circuit
to the element(s) where the limit is reached), the time
currents that must not be violated by the additional
stamp and a status
contribution of the new the element
o Export of the results as *.csv file
· Options for checking the range of the protection zones and
the overload tripping · Storage of the results in an open result database for further
analysis
Calculation
The calculation is performed considering the selected methods
and limits and is started in a separate dialog box. During the
Grid Code Compliance Renewables

(EEG)
Requirements o Observation of the network level (low or medium
voltage)
The integration of decentralized power generation systems (e.g.
photovoltaic systems, wind turbines, combined heat and power o User-definable adjustment of the power factor to
plants) into distribution networks is particularly occurring on simulate the system control in the minimum load
medium and low voltage network levels. In the planning phase, situation
many countries require that the connection conditions of these
· Calculation and evaluation methods according to NER
systems must be verified during the design phase based on
(Australia) based on IED 61000-3-6/-7
procedures and criteria defined in national standards and
guidelines. The large number of (often parallel) requests to a o Observation of the network level (high, medium or
network operator requires their careful but rapid processing and low voltage)
documentation.
o User-definable power factor to determine the voltage
· Implementation of a standardized procedure for checking change
specified limit values for the deviations of voltage, short-
· Calculation and evaluation methods according to IEEE 1547-
circuit behavior and the emission of harmonic voltages
2018 (USA)
(connection assessment)
o User-definable adjustment of the factor for the loads
· Automatic processing of the assessment in order to process
to simulate the minimum load situation
a large number of requests in a short time
o Observation of the PCC, POC or a user-defined node
· Documentation and securing of the results of the
as RPA
connection check for technical and legal discussions
· User-definable adjustment of limit values for permissible
Solution
voltage deviations, element utilization, flicker and harmonic
The verifying of the connection conditions as a module (EEG) in currents
PSS®SINCAL offers a separate screen form for the individual
· Input of a characteristic curve for the behavior of a voltage-
steps of a connection check by the network operator. The user is
dependent reactive power control
guided step-by-step through the data input of the generation
system, the selection of the process and the respective limit Calculation
values as well as the execution of the calculation and evaluation
The calculation to verify the connection conditions is performed
of the results.
directly at the element to be connected. The network model is
· Integration of the individual work steps in an efficient, unchanged after the calculation and the changes in the network
specified workflow with its own screen form without model required during the calculation (e.g. separation from
additional modeling effort in the network model other plants for individual calculation steps) are documented for
the user.
· Summary of the calculations required for the check (load
flow, short circuit and optional harmonics) · Calculation of all individual calculation steps (load flow,
short circuit, harmonics) of the selected calculation and
· Default values according to the limit values of the standards
evaluation method in one calculation run
and guidelines as well as option for adjustment of the
values by the user · Automatic activation and deactivation of elements (e.g.
already existing generation systems) as well as their
· Automatic evaluation of the calculation results against the
regulating devices (e.g. tap setting of the transformers)
limit values and documentation
temporarily in the individual steps of the calculation
Modeling without lasting change of the network model
The necessary steps before the calculation is performed do not · Integrated evaluation of the calculation results for the
require the user to adapt the network model for a single network or the individual network elements compared to
calculation but can be done directly in the screen form. the specified limit values or reference values
· Use of detailed technical parameters of the generation o Slow and fast voltage change (voltage drop)
system to be connected
o Checking the entered values for harmonic currents
o Nominal values for power and power factor of the
· Integrated evaluation of the utilization of line elements and
plant
transformers compared to the user-defined limit value
o Properties of the converter for correct handling of
o Observation of the thermally permissible utilization in
harmonic currents for systems with multiple inverters
the load flow
· Consideration of generation systems with their own
o Observation of the minimum short-circuit power
transformers as well as systems composed of several
network elements o Observation of the maximum short-circuit currents
generated by the new element
· Calculation and evaluation methods according to VDE-AR-N
4105 and 4110 (Germany)
Results and evaluation options o Interactive link to the observed elements in the area
of observation as well as the activated and
deactivated elements in individual calculation steps
results.
o Maximum values of the calculation results used for
· Presentation of the results in the result view with a
the evaluation against the limit values and link to the
summary of the calculations carried out and detailed results
network element where the value occurred
of the individual criteria checked
· Export the results to a (user-definable) report in Microsoft
o Status of the analysis criteria (OK, not passed, not
Word for documentation and further processing
performed)
Contingency Analysis and Resupply

(CA)
The aim of the contingency analysis is to evaluate the load flow The contingency analysis and resupply (CA) module in
in the event of malfunction of equipment and network feeders. PSS®SINCAL automatically simulate the malfunction of
The contingency analysis provides the network operator with equipment in the network and evaluates the network status
information about the operational safety and reliability of the during these malfunctions.
network. The aim is not only to evaluate the malfunction itself,
· Automatic generation of malfunctions of lines,
but also to analyze possible strategies for the resupply of all
transformers, generating plants, network nodes and user-
consumers. The network operator needs information regarding:
defined malfunction groups according to user specifications
· Supply interruptions and ways of removing them rapidly for the n-1 case
· Detection of impermissible network conditions (voltage · Automatic generation of malfunctions depending on
deviations, overloads) in the event of equipment predefined utilization limits of equipment and based on
malfunction probabilistic parameters
· Checking the n-1 or n-1-1 (n-2) criterion in the network · Simulation of the n-1-1 (n-2) case or of caused malfunctions
due to the changed utilization of equipment in the n-1 case
· Checking the network during planned maintenance
work/shutdown of individual or several devices · Comprehensive and interactive visualization of
malfunctioned and non-supplied network elements, limit
· Checking of predefined malfunction scenarios with remedial
violations and maximum loading
measures
· Display of all calculated malfunctions in the result browser
· Evaluation of the priority of network development
for analysis, recalculation and filtering of malfunctions
measures regarding the (n-1) security and the resupply
possibilities of the network Remedial measures can also be analyzed in the contingency
analysis if required. If network elements have malfunctions, an
attempt is made to resupply all supplied consumers (loads,
asynchronous machines, etc.) in a valid operating state.
· Automated resupply through switching measures, load
shedding and load reduction
· Support of topological and feeder-based resupply strategies
with user-defined settings
· User-defined remedial measures as scenarios, by which for
example complete RAS (Remedial Action Schemas) can be
simulated
Modeling When resupply is used, an attempt is made to restore the

network to a valid operating state by switching operations, load
The following options are added to the modeling of the network
reduction and load shedding.
for the contingency analysis based on the load flow model:
· Support of topological and feeder-based resupply strategies
· Activation and parameterization of the contingency analysis
for individual network areas · Variable adaption of the resupply strategies through user-
defined rules/settings
· Definition of user-defined malfunctions using special
network element groups (function group and malfunction · Calculation of remedial measures based on scenario s
group), e.g. the common malfunction of several network
elements or the malfunction of complete substations can be
simulated The results of the contingency analysis are shown in the result
browser, in the network graphic and in the tabular view.
· Simulation of complex malfunctions including resupplies
through “malfunction scenarios” Result browser
A resupply can be activated and parameterized in the settings · Tabular display of all results relevant to the malfunction
dialog of the contingency analysis. (limit violations, utilizations, maximum values, violation
performance indices (VPIs), unsupplied consumers, etc.) in
· Definition of remedial measures using scenarios, allowing
the interactive result browser
any type of network change to be modeled
· Display of the results in a clear tree structure where they
Calculation
can be filtered and sorted
The contingency analysis consists of a series of load flow
· Creation and calculation of selected cases directly from the
calculations. In each individual load flow calculation, one or
result browser
more elements – due to the malfunction – are not considered.
Network graphic
· Common or individual simulation of the malfunction of
individual network elements, malfunction groups and · Display of the malfunction in the network graphic which is
overloaded elements selected in the result browser
· Automatic generation of malfunctions according to user · Color highlighting of the elements with violated limit values,
specifications for n-1 and n-1-1 (n-2) using a control mask the unsupplied elements and the elements with maximum
result value (utilization) for this malfunction
· Malfunction generation based on probabilistic parameters,
such as unavailability · Display of the results of a malfunction with resupply in the
network graphic by selecting a malfunction in the result
· Fast screening of malfunctions (pre-analysis) to create a
browser
ranking and a controlled calculation of the most important
malfunctions · Highlighting of malfunctioned and switched on elements in
the network graphic when using a scenario
· Simulation of consequential faults due to utilization
conditions · A special evaluation shows the most critical network
element (e. g. highest loading) for each network element
· Determination of the most critical malfunctions for each
malfunction
network element
Tabular view
· Optional reduction of evaluation/logging to essential
parameters to reduce evaluation times in large networks The results of the malfunction simulation and the resupply are
shown in the tabular view
Probabilistic Reliability Analysis

(ZU)
The aim of the probabilistic reliability analysis is to draw Probabilistic reliability calculations require system modeling with
conclusions about the future occurrence of supply interruptions the following aspects:
based on failures observed in network operation in the past. For
Topological and electrical network model
this purpose, the indices of supply reliability of the entire
network under observation or of individual customers are The basis for the calculations is a network model for load flow
calculated from the operating behavior of the components and and short circuit calculations. Other modeling steps are also
their interaction in the network based on failure models. carried out:
· Determination of the supply reliability considering the · Time curve of the consumer loads to be supplied (annual
statistical relevance of equipment failures in contrast to the load duration curves)
classical application of the deterministic (n-1) criterion
· Basic modeling of the protection concept (type, direction of
· Quantitative comparison of system or network concepts action and installation location of the protection device) to
that do not differ according to the (n-1) criterion define the tripping areas
· Determination of reliability indices for load nodes, network Probabilistic fault models for components
areas or the entire network as well as contributions from
Different fault models from failure statistics and their
equipment
overlapping can be considered:
· Analysis and derivation of measures to increase the
· Stochastically independent single failure of an electrical
reliability of supply
equipment (short/long)
Solution
· Common mode failure (one event leads to simultaneous
The probabilistic reliability analysis (ZU) in PSS®SINCAL is a failure of several components)
significant extension of the contingency analysis and resupply
· Multiple ground fault with multiple failure (network with
(CA) module and enables the calculation of reliability indicators
isolated neutral or ground fault compensation)
based on the topological and electrical network model,
probabilistic failure models and operating behavior of · Failure during deterministic disconnection of components
components as well as restoration of supply measures in case of (short/long, e.g. maintenance)
supply interruptions
· Spontaneous unnecessary protection operation
· Detailed and quantitative description of supply reliability in
· Unnecessary protection operation (consequential fault)
the observed network area
· Protection device malfunction (consequential fault)
· Identification of the contributions of individual components
to the reliability level and analysis of weak points in the · Circuit breaker malfunction (consequential fault)
network
Models for the remedial measures
· Calculation of reliability indices per network node to which
In probabilistic reliability calculations, the following are some of
load elements are connected ("consumer indices"), as well
the remedial measures modelled:
as reliability indices for the entire network ("network
indices") such as the interruption frequency, average · Isolation of the fault-affected component/equipment
interruption duration and the product of both indices,
· Any reclosing of non-fault affected equipment in a tripping
unavailability of supply per network customer and year
area
· Busbar transfer in stations with multiple busbar
· Switching on of elements that are switched off during
normal operation
The operating behavior of the components is described via so-
called reliability data:
· Failure rate H
· Down time T
· Conditional probabilities p (in case of subsequent failures)
These can be taken from individual failure statistics or from
technical literature. The module (ZU) provides reliability data
from various sources in PSS®SINCAL, which can be imported into
the respective network model and assigned to the components if
required:
· FNN failure and availability statistics
· IEEE 493 (Gold Book) observation period. This so-called prognosis uncertainty is a
characteristic property of systems that are affected by very rare
· CIGRE working group publications
events, such as failures in electrical networks, and is not a
Calculation and results consequence of approximations or errors in the calculation or in
the input data.
The calculations are performed according to the homogeneous
Markov method. This method models the failure of the network Evaluation options
components, analyses the influence of these failures on the
The following evaluation options are available after the
supply situation of the customers and simulates the resupply
calculation.
process in case of supply interruptions.
· Logged sequence of reliability calculation and evaluation
The following so-called reliability indices can be calculated:
o Storage in *.log files
· Frequency of supply interruptions Fi (1/a)
o Analysis of the effects of switching measures for
· Average duration of supply interruptions Ti (h)
resupply in detail for each individual failure state
· Probability of supply interruptions/unavailability Qi (min/a)
· Display of the indices at the respective load nodes in the
· (Cumulated) interrupted power Pi (MVA/a) network graphic, in result screen forms and in the tabular
view
· (Cumulated) energy not supplied Ei (MVAh/a)
· Display of reliability results for individual network areas and
· Interruption costs Ci (EUR/a).
for the entire network in result screen forms and in the
· Momentary average interruption frequency index MAIFI tabular view
(1/a)
· Evaluation of the contributions of the individual equipment
· System average interruption frequency index SAIFI/Average to the reliability indices of the individual consumers and the
system interruption frequency index ASIFI (1/a) entire network
· System average interruption duration index SAIDI/Average · Color display of consumer indices and the component
system interruption duration index ASIDI (min/a) contributions to these indices using the ISO area (heat map)
function in the network graphic for evaluation
· Customer average interruption duration index CAIDI (h)
It should be noted that the calculated reliability indices
represent expected values, so that deviations between
calculation results and actual reliability behavior can occur in the
Transfer Capacity
(TC)
The calculation of the transfer capacity (TC) in PSS®SINCAL Outages in the transfer areas can optionally be considered.
consists of a series of load-flow calculations. In each individual
load-flow calculation the active power of the incoming supplies
varies in order to ensure a transfer between two network areas.
The results include all relevant data (TTC, NTC, TRM etc.) for the
transfer.
The following illustration shows the most important ENTSO-E
parameters for the different phases.
The system takes into consideration already predefined transfers
between areas and also determines if an additional capacity can
be transferred.
Optimal Network Structures

(ON)
The purpose of this optimization in the module Optimal Network
Structures (ON) in PSS®SINCAL is the determination of the best
possible structure for medium-voltage networks. The
optimization is based on a station-and-route model defining
possible connections between infeed and loads. The
conventional operating forms of loops and feeders serve as the
basis for structure optimization.
The optimization of Greenfield developments or existing
networks can be carried out. The optimization has the objective
to minimize losses while complying with technical limits (max.
feeder load, max. voltage drop, etc.). The costs of transforming
the network into the proposed structure are determined.
· Three optimization methods
o Rotating radial feeder
o Best savings
o Best neighbor
· The first static optimization loop determines the target
network solution.
· In a second loop, the dynamic optimization calculates the
optimal network development sequence for the
transformation from the initial into the target network at
minimum cost.
Load balancing
(LB)
The module Load Balancing (LB) in PSS®SINCAL can be used in The result of the optimization is the system configuration that
unbalanced networks to optimize the connection of single- and results in the lowest system unbalance factor of all analyzed
two-phase connected loads with the objective to achieve a combinations.
balanced system loading. Complete feeders can be re-linked as a
The result dialog lists the existing and newly proposed phase
whole.
connections for loads where changes in phase connection would
Load balancing is a combinatorial problem which is solved by achieve a more balanced load flow in the network. The result
using a genetic optimization algorithm that varies the can be reviewed in the result dialog window where changes of
combinations of the connected phases of single phase (L1-G, L2- the connected phases can be applied to the network for selected
G, L3-G) and two-phase (L1-L2, L2-L3, L3-L1) connected loads. loads.
Optimal Branching
(OT)
In meshed networks, the module optimal branching (OT) in This method is well suited for the identification of the optimal
PSS®SINCAL can be used for calculating the positions of the open points separating network areas supplied by different
optimal tie open points and for applying them to the network transformers.
configuration at the press of a button.
· Determination of the radial network structure with lowest
It enables the network to be split into a radial network structure losses
with minimum system losses. For this method, the load-flow
· Applicable among different network levels
calculation is used to determine the point of minimum voltage.
Then the circuit is opened at the side of the loop with the · Defining network areas where no open point changes
minimum current. This is continued until the selected network should be proposed
area is unmeshed. Topological changes are taken into account at
· Automatic application of open point (switch position)
each new calculation step.
changes into the network model
· Color-coding of open points, feeders and supply areas in the
network graphi
Compensation Optimization
(CO)
The optimized utilization of reactive power compensation has a the transformers is compensated. The reactive power
positive effect on network operation. Typical advantages are: requirement can be inductive or capacitive. The calculation of
the reactive power requirement is carried out for selected
· Reduction in transported apparent power and loading of
voltage levels. In the graphical network diagram, shunt reactor
network components
or capacitor symbols are depicted at the lower voltage side
· Reduction in system losses terminals of transformers for network areas where reactive
power is needed to achieve a specified power factor. PSS®SINCAL
· Improved voltage profile and mitigation of voltage limit
can also propose standard ratings based on types specified in the
violations
equipment data base.
· Postponement of otherwise required network
All relevant load flow results (such as the required reactive
reinforcements
power, reduction in losses, etc.) can be displayed.
· Reduction of costs of reactive power consumption
Automatic capacitor placement
The module compensation optimization (CO) in PSS®SINCAL
This optimization method has the objective to reduce network
offers methods for the optimized usage and placement of
losses by placing capacitors in the network. PSS®SINCAL can
reactive power compensation equipment.
identify optimum locations for capacitor installation offsetting
Reactive power optimization the costs for capacitors and expected savings from reduced
losses. Based on costs and savings the return on investment is
A series of load-flow calculations for the entire network
calculated.
determines the required reactive power. In each individual load-
flow calculation, a fraction of the reactive power requirement at
Volt/Var Optimization
(VVO)
With the module Volt/Var Optimization (VVO)of PSS®SINCAL the factor decreases with the number of inductive consumers (the
voltage and the power factor can be controlled in radial cable capacities reduce this effect slightly).
medium- and low-voltage feeders, which can be symmetrical or
The aim of Volt/Var optimization is to determine at which point
unsymmetrical, with the result that all consumer nodes are
of the feeder capacitors should be installed and how the
located in the defined voltage range and that the transferred
transformer must be set at the beginning of the feeder. The
reactive power is as low as possible.
number and the size of these capacitors are automatically
The optimization of the voltage is required to ensure acceptable determined by the software. This will ensure that the consumer
network operation on the basis of the prescribed limits for all nodes of the feeder are within the permissible range under high
consumers at the feeder. load and under low load.
The optimization of the power factor reduces the transfer of
reactive power (and hence the losses) at the feeder. The power
Load flow optimization

(OL)
PSS®SINCAL Load Flow Optimization (OL) is a module for Two different algorithms are offered to solve the problem:
evaluating and enhancing network structures and loads. It is
· Indirect gradient method
used for network operating maintenance and in network
planning. The method alters network variables within a defined o Optimization with an indirect gradient method with an
control range to minimize active power losses. This lets the user external penalty function
evaluate the networks and work out network variations to
o Determination of a set of permissible solutions and
ensure cost-effective network planning.
then selection of the optimum
The module determines network conditions with the fewest
o Problem classification after network model creation as
possible transmission losses and the smallest number of violated
problem to minimize a specific non-linear function
technical limits. This reduces the voltage variance at the network
(objective function or cost function)
nodes.
o Recovery of predefined technical limits for network
The system variables in this case are generator voltages,
elements as non-linear secondary conditions either as
generator reactive powers and the transformation ratios of the
an equation or an inequation
transformers. Observed limits are the loading of plant and
equipment, the voltage range and the P/Q diagram allowed for · Generic method
the generators.
o Based on the „Ant“-Algorithm as kind of swarm
intelligence with meta-heuristic optimization
o Accuracy control by defining the number/level of
generations
o Result independent from the starting condition
Network Planning Tools (Electrical Networks)
Overview Feeder determination

The network planning tools of PSS®SINCAL provide extended For the analysis of the structure of an electrical network by
functions for electrical networks to optimally support various automatically determining the feeders as supply areas outgoing
planning and evaluation tasks. from the substations.
· Modeling tools for fast and systematic manual modeling in · Feeder determination based on structure descriptions using
the network graphic the marking of nodes or based on the substation model
· Feeder determination, evaluation and documentation for o Simple feeder determination of nodes marked as
the supply areas of the substations depending on the primary substations
switching state of the network
o Advanced determination of feeders with substations
· Line and route calculations to determine short or optimized and main busbars
routes in the network and with respect to new or adapted
· Display of the determined feeders in the network browser
routes
and the network graphic
· Functions for determining the line or route data (e.g.
o List of all feeders and their names in the network
charging current, impedance) of the selected network
browser
elements
o Optional storage of the feeders in the database
· Function to determine the cumulated power and load
density (e.g. MW/km2) based on polygons in geographically o User-defined colored display and highlighting of the
oriented network models feeders in the network graphic
Modeling tools in the network graphic · Synchronization with the current switching state of the
network model
· Functions for automatic disconnection or coupling of
busbars · Feeder documentation via export to Excel for the
documentation of planning data
· Function for automatic creation of feeders of busbars for
substation modeling (node breaker model) o Feeder overview with topological information,
including the minimum and maximum values of line
· Functions for automatic disconnection or merging of lines
cross sections, utilization (based on results of the load
· Segmenting of lines flow calculation), node voltages along the feeder
· Complete tracing and evaluation based on network area, o Overview of lines, transformers and switches in the
levels and structures (e.g. search feeding element) feeder with topological information and including line
types, line lengths, full-load power
· Global switching between modeling of load elements as
simplified loads or as loads with several customer loads and o Overview of the feeders that can be connected to the
their billing values respective feeder by switching operations
o Overview of the unsupplied elements in the network Determination of line and route data
Equipment sizing This function enables the data of selected routes (consisting of
many lines) to be evaluated.
The equipment sizing function is available to assist in the
selection of suitable lines or a suitable transformer type. · Determination of the length, charging power and charging
current
· Line sizing based on (user-definable) standard types,
considering technical specifications (e.g. voltage drop, · Determination of the positive and zero-system data of
thermal limit current and short-circuit current) reactance, impedance and capacitance
o User-defined limit values for voltage and current Determination of power and polygon data
values
This function enables the power data of selected node elements
o Optional consideration of entered installation costs to be evaluated.
o Prioritized result list of the selected standard types for · Determination of the summated power values of the
selecting and creation of the selected line type in the generation elements and loads connected to the selected
network model nodes
· Transformer sizing based on (user-definable) standard · Determination of the number of loads, nodes and lines in
types, considering maximum power and short-circuit the area of graphically created polygons in geographical
current network graphics as well as calculation of the polygon area
and resulting load density
o User-defined limit values for the maximum and
minimum short-circuit current Determination of the compensation impedance
o Optional consideration of entered costs for the This function enables the impedances between a node and a
installation two-winding transformer to be determined automatically.
o Prioritized result list of the selected standard types for Determination of earth fault compensation data
selecting and creation of the selected transformer in
the network model This function enables to determine the earth fault compensation
data based on a single-line to earth-fault short circuit calculation
Line and route calculation in networks with isolated neutral or earth fault compensation.
The values of the determined compensation impedance can be
The following two functions are provided for calculating the
directly copied to a transformer neutral to reduce the single line
shortest routes in the network or routes optimized according to
to earth current nearly to zero. The reactance (correspond to
different parameters.
earth fault compensation coil) and the negative resistance
· Simple line calculation to determine the shortest route (correspond to residual ohmic current compensation) connected
between connected start and end nodes to the neutral in parallel.
· Extended route calculation for determining a route, Evaluation functions
considering parameters such as installation costs (per
Other functions are provided for the evaluation in addition to
length), maximum distances, route types based on a
the possibilities for graphical evaluation of the input data and
geographical route model
results of the network model in the network graphic.
Multiple Faults
(MF)
Requirements o Optional simulation of the return conductor or earth
connection for the different types of faults and
The individual placement of faults is required for simultaneous
assignment of additional data for arc and earth fault
fault observations at several points in the network (e.g. to
impedance
analyze the voltage rise in the event of two separate
simultaneous line-to-earth short circuits) as well as faults or o 3-, 2- and 1-phase interruption of the conductors
interruptions along lines. before fault observation can be modeled for the L1,
L2, L3, N conductors involved
· Calculation of faults and line interruptions occurring
simultaneously or in short succession at several locations · Combination of any number of defined fault observations
into fault events
· Placement of fault observations at nodes or at different
positions (fault locations) along a line
· Individual simulation of occurring faults (e.g. two separate
simultaneous line-to-earth short circuits as well as 3- and 1-
phase auto-reclosure)
· Repeated calculation of identical fault configurations
· Using the results as a basis for setting protection
Solution
The multiple fault calculation (MF) module in PSS®SINCAL allows
you to combine individually defined fault observations into
multiple faults, calculate them simultaneously and observe their
Calculation
effects.
All defined fault events in a network are calculated in one
· Any user-definable fault locations on busbars and lines for
calculation run and the results of the fault events are made
short circuit with or without line-to-earth connection and
available.
line interruptions
· Calculation based on all methods available for short circuit
· Any combination of the individual fault observations (and
calculation (see SC module)
fault types) as fault packages and simultaneous calculation
of the occurring fault events o Determination of the initial load considering the
current operating state (load flow solution) of the
· Switch between the results of the calculation of different
network
fault combinations (fault events)
o Simulation of the network elements in symmetrical
Modeling
components
Individual user-defined fault observations at different locations
· Automated calculation of all modeled faults in the fault
in the network can be combined as fault events.
events
· Modeling of faults on busbars as fault observations
· Automatic calculation of all fault events in one calculation
o 3-, 2- and 1-phase short circuit run
o Support of all possible combinations of the Results and evaluation options
conductors involved in a fault
o Optional simulation of the return conductor or earth results.
connection for the different types of faults and
· Detailed numerical calculation results and graphical
assignment of additional data for arc and earth fault
representation in vector diagrams (L1, L2, L3 conductors as
impedance
well as symmetrical components)
· Modeling of faults on lines and line interruptions as fault
· Switch in the user interface between the results of the
observations at any position along the line
calculation of multiple fault events
o 3-, 2- and 1-phase short circuit of all possible
combinations of the L1, L2, L3 conductors involved
Motor Start-Up
(MA)
Requirements · Consideration of devices for the soft start (soft starter) of

asynchronous machines
The operation of asynchronous machines in industrial, power
plant or distribution networks requires their design for parallel · Display of results for voltages and currents as well as the
and sequential starting. The sizing must be carried out with determined characteristic curves for each calculated point
regard to the network load, the motors themselves and the in time in diagrams and network graphic
protection behavior. Among other things, the following must be
Modeling
analyzed:
The calculation of the motor start-up for the model is based on
· Assessment of the ability of one or more motors to start up
the topological definition of the electrical network (PF module)
against given load torque characteristics and determination
and on the entered or provided characteristic curves for 3-phase
of start-up times
asynchronous machines.
· Calculation of the voltage drop and the network load for
· Possibility to enter basic data according to manufacturer's
single and parallel motor start-ups
specifications (nameplate) or according to NEMA
· Determination of sequential start-up times of several
o Number of pole pairs, efficiency, starting current ratio,
asynchronous machines
rated power, rated current, rated voltage, rated speed
· Determination of the steady-state operating points and other characteristic values
Solution o Provision of the 5 standardized types (A to E)
according to NEMA, which are characterized by a
Based on the quasi-dynamic load flow calculation, PSS®SINCAL
minimum amount of basic data
offers with the motor start-up module (MA) an effective tool for
the evaluation of simultaneous or any sequential motor start-ups o Ability to enter equivalent circuit diagram sizes for use
and the associated network loads. The motor characteristics are as a NEMA type
basically compared with the load characteristics, considering the
· Definition of motor characteristics for consideration in the
electrical properties.
calculation
· Simultaneous or successive sequences of start-ups of any
o Definition of load torque characteristics based on the
number of asynchronous machines
given or freely chosen ratings
· Use of customizable characteristic curves for torque and
o Definition of motor torque characteristics based on
start-up current
the given or freely chosen ratings
· Use of standard characteristics according to NEMA
o Definition of start-up characteristics for star or delta
· Constant and switchable star/delta connection of the stator circuit based on the specified or freely chosen ratings
windings for motor start-up
o Consideration of pre-defined characteristic curves · Effective calculation of each individual point in time based
(torque/speed characteristics) when using the NEMA on the steady-state load flow calculation
standard types
· Calculation of the effect of a motor start-up on the network
o Provision of standard characteristic curves in the and the feedback to the motor
absence of individual characteristics
o Voltage drops, increased current and power
· Modeling of the soft starters and the winding circuit to consumption
represent the limiting elements of the motor start-up
o Mutual influence of several motor start-ups
o Simplified current limitation by specifying maximum
o Start-up times depending on network behavior
values
· Calculation of the effect of devices for the soft start (soft
o Use of an autotransformer/starting transformer with
starter)
several switching steps and freely definable short-
circuit voltages in the steps Results and evaluation options
o Switchable capacitor unit with direct input of The program provides the following options for evaluating the
reconnect time and compensation power results.
o Combinations of the switchable options with the · All variables determined in the load flow calculation, such
simplified current limitation as voltages, currents and power, can be displayed directly in
the network graphic for each point in time
o Constant and switchable star/delta connection of the
stator windings taking into consideration a current · User-defined result diagrams of motors and network
switch value elements (e.g. voltages, currents, start-up current, slip etc.)
· Integrated tool for deriving park equivalent circuit diagram · Diagrams of the input data for start-up current over speed
data from NEMA input data for time domain simulation (ST, as well as for the motor and load torque characteristics
EMT modules)
· Determination and display of actual motor characteristics
Calculation depending on the network behavior and the behavior of the
equipment for the start-up:
The quasi-dynamic calculation of the motor start-up is based on
a sequential load flow calculation (PF module), in which o Load and motor torque
individual steady-state calculations are carried out at a definable
o Display of the complex start-up current in the Heyland
uniform distance. Based on the modeling principle described
circle
above, the state variables of the motors to be started are
calculated quasi-dynamically from the characteristic curves at
the defined starting time, so that in addition to the influence on
the network, the processes in the motors can also be evaluated.
Electrical Networks – Protection Modules

Overcurrent Time Protection Simulation

(ÜZ)
Requirements
The task of network protection is to clear faults occurring in the
network quickly, reliably and selectively, in order to protect plant
and personnel and to ensure the continued operation of
undisturbed network areas. A simulative validation of the setting
values is necessary in order to verify these requirements. The
following questions must be clarified here:
· Are faults being cleared selectively?
· How long does the network protection need to clear faults?
· Have the protection device parameters been set correctly
regarding any load and short circuit currents?
The following is also required: · Reports with protection device setting values
· Analysis of the fault clearing process Modeling
· Analysis of the influence of decentralized generation on Manufacturer-specific protection devices can be selected for
network protection modeling from the protection device library supplied. It is also
possible to create user-defined protection devices.
· Creation of grading diagrams based on the setting values
· Protection device library with several thousand protection
· Documentation of the protection setting values devices, which contains the protection device types
· Analysis of faults that have occurred overcurrent time protection, fuses, low voltage circuit
breakers, reclosers, bimetals and miniature circuit breakers
· Reliable detection of earth faults in compensated and
isolated networks · Earth fault detection for compensated and isolated
networks based on the wattmetric method
Solution
The overcurrent time protection simulation (ÜZ) module in
PSS®SINCAL enables to simulate the behavior of protection
during fault events in the network. Based on the results, the
protection behavior can be analyzed and the protection setting
values can be checked. Overcurrent time protection devices,
fuses, low-voltage circuit breakers, reclosers, bimetals and
miniature circuit breakers as well as devices for the earth fault
detection are supported.
· Stepwise event-oriented fault simulation including the
calculation of fault clearing times
· Interactive analysis of the fault clearing process in the
network graphic with relevant information on current, time
and color coding of the protection devices · Ability to create user-defined protection devices based on
predefined device models, using predefined IEC and ANSI
characteristics or custom tripping characteristics (via data
points or formulas)
· Teleprotection between protection devices for the
simulation of signal comparison, transfer trip or interlock
· Specification and consideration of arc and ground
impedances
· Global or individual local setting of circuit breaker opening
time and release time of the protection systems
· Checking the setting values and checking for selective fault · Common or individual tripping time behavior of steps
clearing
· Documentation of protection paths in the network graphic
and the associated tripping characteristics in the grading
diagram
Calculation · Checking the time selectivity in the network graphic by

coloring or forced tripping if a specified selectivity distance
The protection simulation is carried out in steps. One step is
is not adhered
generated for each protection trip. Steps are calculated until the
fault is cleared or no further protection device can pick up. · Checking the pickup reliability regarding the minimum
Results are provided for each calculation step. The simulation short-circuit current
can be based both on the short circuit calculation as well as on
· Detailed results in each protection device (short-circuit
the dynamic calculation (RMS).
current, fault distance, status ...) for analysis of the
· 3-, 2- and 1-phase faults with and without earth connection protection behavior in the network graphic and quick
can be calculated comparison with the set values
· Simulation in radial networks and meshed networks
· Protection simulation across different voltage levels
· Fault simulation at nodes and branch elements
· Simulation of primary and backup protection
· Specification and consideration of a factor for checking
pickup reliability
· Simulation of simultaneous occurring faults (e.g. double
earth-faults) Diagram view
· Check for overload tripping · Documentation of protection paths in the network graphic
including the display of the protection device characteristics
in a grading diagram
Results and evaluation options · Automatically generated I/t-diagrams based on the setting
values for overcurrent protection devices
The results of the overcurrent time protection simulation are
provided in the network graphic, the diagram view and in the · Creation of user-defined grading diagrams
tabular view. The protection device settings can also be exported
· Protection device settings can be changed directly in the
as a report.
diagram view, the diagrams can be updated automatically
Network graphic
· The displayed damage characteristic curves for lines,
· Interactive stepwise analysis of the fault clearing process in generators, motors (stators and rotors) and transformers
the network graphic, including the graphical display of can be used to check whether destruction of equipment
picked-up and tripped protection devices in the network occurs in relation to the switch-off times of the network
graphic protection
· Tables with picked-up and tripped protection devices for the · Check of the selectivity in the diagram by displaying the
evaluation in large networks, the protection devices can be time difference between curves
marked in the network graphic
Tabular view
· The protection device setting values and the simulation
results are available in tabular view and can be evaluated
directly here
Report
· The protection device setting values can be exported as a
predefined or user-defined report for further use (e.g. for
protection device parameterization)
Extended Protection Simulation

(SZ)
Requirements
Distance protection and differential protection devices are
primarily used in meshed distribution networks and in
transmission networks. Especially in meshed networks and
networks with decentralized generation, effects occur, which
change the reach of the protection devices. A simulative
validation of the setting values is necessary in order to verify the
setting of these protection devices. Primarily the following
questions must be clarified here:
· Are faults being cleared selectively?
· How long does the network protection need to clear faults? · Diagrams showing the actual zone reaches of the protection
devices for evaluating the tripping behavior (based on fault
· Have the protection device parameters been set correctly simulations)
regarding any load and short circuit currents?
· Post-mortem analysis, fault locater to analyze/locate faults
The following is also required: that have occurred in the network
· Analysis of the changed reach of protection devices due to · Reports with protection device setting values
effects such as intermediate infeed or parallel follow-up
lines (underreach/overreach) Modeling
· Post-mortem analysis of faults occurred in the network Manufacturer-specific distance protection devices can be
selected for modeling from the supplied protection device
· Analysis of the fault clearing process library. A generic model is available for differential protection,
· Creation of grading diagrams based on the setting values voltage protection and frequency protection.
· Documentation of the protection setting values · Extension of the protection simulation function to include
distance and differential protection devices, voltage and
· Simulation of voltage and frequency protection, e.g. of frequency protection
decentralized power generation systems (DER)
· Teleprotection between protection devices for the
Solution simulation of signal comparison, transfer trip or interlocking
The extended protection simulation (SZ) module in PSS®SINCAL
extends the functionality of the overcurrent time protection
simulation (ÜZ) module. Here distance protection, differential
protection, voltage protection and frequency protection device
types are additionally supported. Beside the simulation of the
behavior of the protection devices and the check of the
protection setting values, additional analysis options are
available, such as the calculation and display of the actual reach
of protection devices.
· Extension of the protection simulation with distance and
differential protection devices, voltage and frequency
protection
· Stepwise event-oriented fault simulation including the
calculation of fault clearing times
· Interactive analysis of the fault clearing process in the
network graphic
· Specification and consideration of arc and ground
· Verification of the setting values and checking for selective impedances
fault clearing
· Global or individual local setting of circuit breaker opening
· Calculation and display of the reach of protection devices in time and release time of the protection systems
the protection route calculation. Cascaded fault clearings,
· Creation of measuring points with measured values, which
parallel line effects and intermediate infeeds (e.g. by
for example were recorded during fault events in the
decentralized power generation systems) are considered
network, for post-mortem analysis
· Direction determination based on different methods and on
the basis of short circuit or pre-fault voltage
· Earth fault detection with U, I, I or U, I and U
· Optional limitation of the area to be checked of the · Detailed results in each protection device (short-circuit
protection route calculation by a defined network area or current, fault distance, status ...) for analysis of the
existing protection areas limited by protection devices protection behavior in the network graphic and quick
comparison with the set values
Calculation
· The reach of protection devices can be displayed in color in
The protection simulation is carried out in steps. One step is
the network graphic for each zone/step. Further, results for
generated for each protection trip. Steps are calculated until the
the reaches in % are provided
fault is cleared. Results are provided for each calculation step.
The simulation can be based both on the short circuit calculation · Visualization of possible fault locations in the network
as well as on the dynamic calculation (RMS). graphic and result table with determined fault location
(post-mortem analysis)
· 3-, 2- and 1-phase faults with and without earth connection
can be calculated Diagram view
· Specification and consideration of arc flash and ground · Automatically generated R-X diagrams based on the setting
impedances values for distance protection devices
· Simulation in radial networks and meshed networks · R-X diagrams including the display of the calculated fault
impedance can be generated manually
· Protection simulation across different voltage levels
· Fault simulation at nodes and branch elements
· Simulation of primary and backup protection
· Specification and consideration of a factor for checking
pickup reliability
· Check for overload tripping
The protection route calculation is based on an automated fault
simulation along protection areas as well as on the evaluation of
the tripping zones/steps in the device.
· Calculation of the actual reach of protection devices using
automated fault simulation along protected areas
· User-defined specification of the accuracy of the calculation
· Result diagrams of the protection route calculation in R-X,
With the function fault locater, the system calculates back to the
X-t, Z-t, Zmeasured-Zpath and Xmeasured-Xpath, which
fault location based on specified measured values.
show the actual reach of the protection devices considering
· Calculation of all possible fault locations in meshed intermediate infeed and parallel follow-up lines
networks, which allows the determination of the actual
fault location if several measuring points are specified
(post-mortem analysis)
The results of the extended protection simulation are provided
in the network graphic, the diagram view and in the tabular
view. Furthermore, the protection device settings can be
exported as a report. The results of the protection route
calculation are shown in the network graphic and in the diagram
view. The results of the fault locater are provided in the network
graphic.
Network graphic
· Interactive stepwise analysis of the fault clearing process in
the network graphic, including the graphical display of
picked-up and tripped protection devices in the network
graphic
· Tables with picked-up and tripped protection devices for
evaluation in large networks, the protection devices can be
marked in the network graphic
· Checking the time selectivity in the network graphic by
coloring or forced tripping if a specified selectivity distance
is not adhered
· Checking the pickup reliability regarding the minimum
short-circuit current
· Creation of user-defined grading diagrams

· Protection device settings can be changed directly in the
diagram view, the diagrams can be updated automatically
Tabular view
· The protection device setting values and the simulation
results are available in the tabular view and can be
evaluated directly here
Report
· The protection device setting values can be exported as a
predefined or user-defined report for further use (e.g. for
protection device parameterization)
Distance Protection Setting Calculation

(DI)
Requirements impedance connected (based on the line impedances, all
switches connected) and medium voltage networks (based
Selectivity in distance protection is achieved by a combination of
on the fault loops)
time and distance graduation. The distance graduation primarily
requires the calculation of the zone settings in X and R. Hereby, · Automatic calculation of the zone settings of the distance
uncertainties (e.g. due to deviating line data) have to be protection for up to 6 zones plus automatic reclosing and
considered when selecting the graduation factor. Additionally, in signal comparison
meshed networks effects occur that change the reach of the
· Calculation of the primary or secondary setting values
protection devices, this is particularly relevant for backup
protection. · Automatic determination and use of the shortest follow-up
line
· Automatic calculation of protection setting parameters for
distance protection devices · No limitation in relation to the network size
· Automatic parameterization/setting of protection devices Results and evaluation options
Solution The results of the distance protection setting calculation are
shown in the network graphic, the result view and the diagram
The distance protection setting calculation (DI) module in
view. Furthermore, the calculated protection device settings can
PSS®SINCAL enables automated calculation of zone settings for
be exported as a report. Applied calculated setting values are
distance protection devices. Depending on the selected setting
also available in the tabular view.
strategy, intermediate infeed and parallel follow-up lines, that
change the reach of the protection devices, are considered. Network graphic
· Automatic calculation of distance protection device specific · The calculated setting values are displayed in the protection
zone settings device in addition to the existing setting values
Result view
· Listing of all protection devices with status (calculated,
manual, none)
· Transfer of the calculated setting values as new actual
values for selected protection devices
Diagram view
· Automatically generated grading diagrams in X/t and Z/t for
the calculated setting values
· Support of different setting strategies (DISTAL, line

impedance, line impedance connected, medium voltage
networks)
· Generation of graduation plans based on the calculated
setting values of the distance protection devices
Tabular view
Modeling
· The protection device settings values are provided in the
The basis for the calculation of the setting values are the
tabular view
distance protection devices present in the network and the
network topology. The calculation in radial and meshed Report
networks is supported.
· The calculated setting values can be exported for further
Calculation use as a predefined or user-defined report
The calculation of the setting values depends on the selected
setting strategy and the specified grading factors.
· Support of the setting strategies DISTAL (always selective),
line impedance (based on the line impedances), line
Protection Security Assessment

(PSA)
The protection security assessment (PSA) module has two functions: Protection analysis and Overcurrent time protection check.
Protection analysis
Requirements
In meshed networks and in networks with a high penetration of
distributed generation, the check of orderly function (selectivity,
speed, reliability, sensitivity) of the network protection solely
based on input data/grading diagrams is often insufficient. In
addition to observing specific fault events in the protection
simulation, it is therefore necessary to check the protection
settings of the entire network protection for all possible fault
locations. While this must be done in a time-efficient manner, it
is also necessary to identify weak points in the network
protection reliable.
· Protection setting check with very little time effort due to
The growing number of decentralized power generation systems automated fault simulation in the entire network
(DER) with fluctuating power flow increases the number of
switching operations in the network. From the point of view of · Quality assurance through the improvement/extension of
network operation, this requires a quick check of the entire the process for protection coordination (protection
network protection (e.g. before each switching operation). concept/setting value calculation/protection
analysis/documentation)
A further requirement is to provide and document proof of the
maximum permissible switch off times of the network protection · Fast calculation algorithms allow the entire network
regarding the thermal destruction of lines. If necessary, protection to be checked before each switching operation
protection settings must be adjusted to prevent the thermal
· Automatic check for thermal destruction of lines and
destruction of lines.
transformers depending on the switch off time of the
Solution network protection
The protection analysis (PSA) in PSS®SINCAL performs an

automated check of the setting values of all protection systems
present in the network by calculating fault events in the entire
network. As a result, weak points in the network protection are
visualized, allowing incorrect settings and faulty protection
concepts to be detected.
· Automated check and documentation of the selectivity,
speed, reliability and sensitivity of the network protection
for fault events in the entire network
· Weak points in network protection are reliably detected
and highlighted in a results matrix
· Start of the protection simulation from the results matrix to

recalculate short circuits at specific fault locations and
analyze the protection behavior in detail
Modeling · Interactive results matrix, containing all calculation results

and highlighting critical states (not cleared, underfunction,
For the protection analysis the protection devices modeled in
the network are used. All protection device types available in overfunction, thermal destruction) in color
PSS®SINCAL are supported. For differential protection and
frequency protection, you can set whether they should be · Calculation results such as the fault clearing time or the
considered in the protection analysis. number of protection devices that have not kept to a
specified grading distance can be displayed in the result
· Manual allocation of backup protection devices for the cells
consideration of specific backup protection concepts
· Display of the results of one fault type or display of the
· Optional limitation of the area to be checked by a defined worst-case result from all calculated fault types (3-, 2-, 1-
network area or existing protection areas limited by phase faults)
protection devices
· Matrix for the display of the thermal destruction of lines
Calculation and transformers
The protection analysis is based on the protection simulation. Network graphic
This involves automated protection simulations throughout the
entire network. · Highlighting of protection areas in the network graphic by
selecting a protection area in the results matrix. Results
· The number of fault simulations/the step size along from the results matrix can thus be quickly assigned to the
protection areas can be set flexibly corresponding protection area in the network graphic
· Protection analysis for one fault type or for several fault · Start the protection simulation from the results matrix for
types in parallel (3-, 2-, 1-phase faults) individual fault locations. Detailed calculation results are
· Checking of primary protection and backup protection then available in the network graphic, which allows a step-
(protection device and circuit breaker failure) by-step analysis of the behavior of the network protection
for this fault location
· Determination of backup protection by three possible
modes: Default (based on a network trace), extended Report
(based on topology), manual allocation of backup · The results matrix of the protection analysis can be saved in
protection devices (highest priority) PSS®SINCAL and exported as a report in .pdf format
· Specification of fault impedances (arc and ground Result database
impedances)
· Storage of the results in an open result database for further
· Checking of the selectivity between protection devices with analysis
specified selectivity distances
· Checking of defined maximum fault clearing times
· Checking of pickup reliability by setting pickup reliability
factors (for main and for backup protection)
· Checking the sensitivity by considering fault impedances
and covering the worst-case fault locations by performing
the protection analysis in the whole network
· Calculation of fault events on lines and busbars
· Calculation of pickup and tripping sequences
· Trip and fault clearing times
· Specification of faulty conductors in asymmetrical networks
· Dynamic protection analysis (RMS)
· User-defined recalculation of individual faults (as protection
simulation) from the results of the protection analysis
· Checking for thermal destruction of lines and transformers
based on the switch-off times of the protection devices,
cascaded switch-offs are also considered
The results of the protection analysis are shown in the result
view and in the network graphic. It is also possible to export the
results as a report.
Result view
Overcurrent time protection check · Support of symmetrical and asymmetrical networks
Requirements · Optional limitation of the area to be checked to a network

area or to specific feeders
The selectivity check and the check for reliable pickup (pickup
reliability) are two essential checks when observing protection Calculation
devices with current-dependent tripping characteristics. The checking of current and time selectivity is based on the
Solution settings set in the protection devices.
The overcurrent time protection check (PSA) function in To check pickup reliability, protection simulations are
PSS®SINCAL performs an automated check of the time and automatically performed in the network to determine the
current selectivity as well as the pickup reliability (k factor). minimum short-circuit current occurring in the network. The
k factor (Ikmin/Ipickup) is calculated and checked based on the
· Checking the current and time selectivity of overcurrent minimum short circuit current (Ikmin) and the pickup current set
time protection devices and fuses in radial networks in the device.
· Check of the current and time selectivity
· Fault type related (3-, 2-, 1-phase) check of the k factor
· Check of the k factor for primary and backup protection
· Calculation of the maximum permissible setting value for
the pickup current dependent on the specified k factor
· Advanced checking of the correct setting of protection
devices regarding conductor cross-section, thermal load,
thermal destruction and maximum switch off time
· Checking the pickup reliability (k factor) for primary and
backup protection as well as output of a setting value The results of the overcurrent time protection check are shown
recommendation in the result view and in the network graphic. It is also possible
to export the results as a report.
Result view
· Output of the results of the selectivity check in a separate
results table, non-selectivities are also shown here
· Output of the results of the k factor check in a separate
results table, showing whether the specified k factor was
adhered, and which maximum pickup current is permissible
to be set
· Output of the results of the advanced check (conductor
cross-section, thermal load, thermal destruction, maximum
· Advanced check of protection devices for the criteria for switch-off time) in the results table of the k factor check
conductor cross-section, thermal load, thermal destruction
Network graphic
and maximum switch off time
· Highlighting of protection areas in the network graphic by
Modeling
selecting a protected area in the result view. Results from
The protection devices modeled in the network are used for the the results table can thus be quickly assigned to the
overcurrent time protection check analysis. corresponding protected area in the network graphic
Overcurrent time protection devices, fuses, low-voltage circuit Report
breakers, reclosers, bimetals and miniature circuit breakers are
· The result tables of the OC check can be exported as a
supported. The selectivity check is restricted to radial networks.
report in *.pdf format
The pickup reliability (k factor) check supports overcurrent time
protection devices, fuses, low-voltage circuit breakers, reclosers,
bimetals, miniature circuit breakers and distance protection
devices with current pickup. The pickup reliability check is also
available in meshed networks.
Arc Flash Calculation

(AFH)
Requirements · Specific parameters for analysis according to IEEE 1584 and
NFPA 70E
Employers are obliged by health and safety laws and electric
o Electrode distance and arrangement
codes to assess working conditions and take appropriate
measures to ensure safe working conditions. When working on o Enclosure dimensions
or in the vicinity of live system parts, service personnel are
o Working distance
exposed to the risk of arc flashes. According to accident
statistics, arcing faults and their consequences are major causes o Selection of the method for determining the arcing
of injuries in the electrical industry. The following measures help energy
to reduce risks to persons:
Calculation and analysis
· Risk assessment regarding arc flash events
In both procedures, the system parameters are assigned to the
· Definition of safety distances observed network nodes (work locations) and the arcing energy
occurring is determined from the 3-phase short-circuit current,
· Improvements to the network and protection
switch-off time(s) and the system parameters. However, the
· Provision of suitable personal protective equipment calculation methods differ fundamentally. The subsequent
selection of personal protective equipment against the thermal
· Affixing of warnings to systems
effects of an arc flash (PPE) is also based on different test
Solution methods.
The module for arc flash analysis (AFH) in PSS®SINCAL enables · Analysis according to DGUV Information 203-077
the calculation of arc flash energy and other parameters and
o Comparison of the calculated arc flash energy with the
supports the user in optimizing existing equipment. The typical
equivalent arcing energy (protection level of the arc
steps of an arc flash analysis are:
flash PPE)
· Calculation based on a network model for 3-phase short-
o Selection of the appropriate protection class or other
circuit current calculations with detailed simulation of the
measures if the calculated arcing energy exceeds
protection devices and system configurations
protection class 2 of the arc flash PPE
· Arc flash calculation and analysis based on current national
· Analysis according to IEEE 1584 and NFPA 70E
and international regulations (DGUV Information 203-077
or IEEE 1584 and NFPA 70E) o Determination of the arc flash boundary
· Display of results in network plans, reports and user- o Selection of suitable protective equipment based on
definable warning signs the specifications of the current NFPA 70E standard
· Development of measures for risk minimization based on o Creation of warning labels with specific information
the calculation results for the on-site identification of installations regarding
arc flashes and electric shock
Modeling
A network model for three-phase short circuit current
calculations (SC module) provides the basis for the arc flash The calculation results depend on the selected analysis method:
analysis. Various standards can be considered for the calculation,
· Results for analysis according to DGUV Information 203-077
such as IEC 60909/VDE 0102 or IEEE C37, in each case with or
without initial load. The model is extended by fuses, protection o Short circuit power and R/X ratio
devices and their overcurrent protection setting values, which
o Prospective fault current and minimum fault current
disconnect arc flashes occurring in the systems under
consideration according to the concept. Alternatively, a fault- o Current limiting factor and referenced arcing power
clearing time can also be specified.
o Equivalent arc flash energy (class 1 and class 2)
Depending on the analysis method selected (DGUV Information
o Arcing current
203-077 or IEEE 1584 and NFPA 70E), further information on the
working environment is possible: o Arcing time/switch-off time
· Specific parameters for analysis according to DGUV o Arcing power and arcing energy
Information 203-077 o Required measure (arc flash PPE protection class or
o Electrode distance other measure)
o Transmission factor · Results of the analysis according to IEEE 1584 and NFPA 70E
o Working distance o Bolted fault current
o If necessary, individual determination of current o Arcing current

limiting factor and referenced arcing power o Arcing time/switch-off time
o Arcing energy
o Arcing boundary
o Limited approach and restricted approach
The results can be displayed in the following ways:
· Calculation results at the observed network nodes in the
network graphic including color highlighting
· Displaying of results in result screen forms
· Display of results in tabular view
· Creation of user-defined warning labels with analysis
according to IEEE 1584 and NFPA 70E
Fuse Dimensioning
(DN)
Requirements Calculation
When dimensioning fuses in low-voltage networks, the load Various calculations are required to check the criteria.
current, short-circuit current, conductor cross-section, thermal
· Comparison of the calculated load current with the rated
destruction etc. criteria must be checked. Some of these criteria
fuse current
can be tested without simulation, while others, such as the k-
factor test, require extensive simulation. The goal is the · The minimum short-circuit current occurring in the network
automated simulative verification of all these criteria, which is required for the calculation of the k-factor, fault
leads to a considerable reduction of the workload. simulations are automatically carried out for the
determination of the minimum current
Solution
· Comparison of the occurring switch off time of the fuse
The Fuse Dimensioning module (DN) in PSS®SINCAL checks the
from the simulation with the maximum permissible switch
dimensioning of fuses in meshed and radial low-voltage
off time
networks.
· The maximum permissible rated current is determined via
Checking the correct dimensioning of fuses regarding:
the conductor cross-section from a table according to the
· Load current standard, then the maximum permissible rated current is
compared with the rated fuse current
· Safety factor (k factor)
· Comparison of the thermal strength of the line based on
· Maximum switch off time (VDE 0100-410)
the permissible 1s short-circuit current with the calculated
· Conductor cross section (VDE 0636) Joule integral (thermal effect on the line at the maximum
short-circuit current occurring in the protection area)
· Thermal destruction
· Checking the thermal load based on the thermal limit
· Thermal load (VDE 0636)
current of the line and the rated fuse current
The results of the Fuse Dimensioning are provided in the
network graphic.
Network graphic
· Fuses for which a criterion is not met are colored differently
in the network graphic, depending on the criteria that are
violated
· Violated criteria are displayed next to the fuses in the
network graphic, further results such as the fault current or
the k-factor can also be displayed next to the fuses
Modeling · If a criterion is violated, a suitable fuse is proposed with
Manufacturer-specific fuses can be selected for modeling from which the criterion can be met
the supplied protection device library. It is also possible to create
user-defined fuses. The calculation in radial and meshed
networks is supported.
· Protection device library with manufacturer-specific fuses
· Possibility to create user-defined fuses by specifying
tripping characteristics (via data points or formulas)
Electrical Networks – PSS®NETOMAC

Eigenvalue/Modal Analysis
(EVA)
Requirements · Support of the user in the search for effective
countermeasures for dominant modes
In power systems, the interaction of all components from
generation, transmission and conversion systems is complex, not
only in case of fault events. Generators, control devices, HVDCs,
FACTS, distributed energy resources and loads interact with each
other even in a quasi-steady state, which manifests itself, for
example, in the high-energy dominant electromechanical modes
and jeopardizes system stability, e.g. through disconnections.
The complexity of the systems is constantly increasing due to
digitalization and structural and market-related developments.
This situation requires innovative methods that can
systematically assess the stability of such systems and support
the derivation of effective countermeasures.
If the dynamics of the network are shifted to the network levels
subordinate to the transmission network, the complexity of the
requirements to the operators of such systems increases. Modeling
· Systematic analysis of the small-signal stability of electrical Basically, the EVA module uses the same modeling basis as the
energy systems with a focus on electromechanical modes stability module (ST) due to the strong focus on
and interactions with control devices of equipment electromechanical modes. This includes an efficient model
handling as in stability calculations as well as the same
· Fast identification of local (local), regional (intra-area) and simplifications in dynamic models of machines. Predefined
global (inter-area) electromechanical modes and controller linearization rules are also used to efficiently transform the
interactions network model into the state space and determine the
· Support in the identification of suitable and efficient eigenvalues of the model and their eigenvectors based on this
countermeasures for weakly damped, low-frequency definition.
oscillations · Models of the machines are considered as state equations.
Solution Their state variables are thus included as real state variables
in the system matrix
The PSS®SINCAL Platform, with its dynamics engine
PSS®NETOMAC, offers the user in this module (EVA) the · Models of control devices for machines, for network
innovative modal analysis that meets the above-mentioned elements and for other systems are considered at building
technical requirements and enables the evaluation of the the state space model, linearized according to their function
interaction of all components with the focus on · Consideration of converter-based systems like photovoltaic
electromechanical modes and controller interactions. In addition systems, wind turbines, batteries and other storage
to the dynamic models of stability calculation, the engine uses systems, HVDC, FACTS by generic elements (power,
efficient methods for the complete description of the inherent admittance, voltage and current)
oscillation behavior of an electrical power system.
· Fundamental frequency model of the network with dynamic
· Quick and easy identification of weakly damped, dominant phasors of all variables (voltages and currents) and constant
modes in the electrical power system and their influencing impedances
variables that can jeopardize the stability of the system
regarding voltages and synchronism · Loads are treated as constant impedances if they do not get
assigned a dynamic model
· Determination of the eigenvalue solution of an entire
dynamic network model with machines, controllers,
transmission systems as well as loads and thus the inherent
electromechanical and controller-induced oscillation
capability of a system for a given steady-state case
· Option for simplified eigenvalue screening based on signal
excitation and evaluation in the time domain for very large
network models
Eigenvalue calculation Modal analysis

The high-performance dynamics engine in the PSS®SINCAL The modal analysis for a network model that follows the
Platform can process even large network models with several eigenvalue calculation is divided into basic and advanced
thousand state variables and tens of thousands of nodes in functions.
eigenvalue calculation. Various methods are used in addition to
· The basic analysis includes, in addition to the functions for
efficient initialization and linearization.
selecting relevant modes, the determination of all
· Precise and effective initialization of the dynamic models eigenvectors of this selection in relation to the selected
contained in the network model, so that the linearization state variables. This enables the identification of dominant
can be applied to steady-state condition modes and their main observation and control variables
· Predefined, efficient linearization rules for dynamic models o Interactive scaling in the mode overview to filter the
and their blocks eigenvalues considered in the basic analysis
· Linearization of black box models by model identification by o Advanced filter functionality based on damping,
excitation signals frequency and relative damping ratio
· Eigenvalue calculation can optionally be started at a later o Normalization of the eigenvectors to the largest value
point of simulation time of the stability calculation to or with respect to each participation vector
consider the start-up processes of systems (e.g. HVDCs)
o Calculation of the left and right eigenvectors by
· Various powerful solution algorithms (QR, SI, DP) for inverse iteration as well as the participation factors for
calculating the eigenvalues of the linearized state space certain or all state and auxiliary variables
model of the network
o Display of the eigenvectors in tabular or vector chart
o Complete solution through eigenvalue calculation view
according to the QR method
· The advanced analysis offers the user the possibility to
o Efficient methods for a partial solution according to evaluate countermeasures for dominant modes and to find
the subspace iteration (SI) and dominant pole (DP) an optimal strategy
methods
o Determination of the eigenvalue-specific residues for
· Use of eigenvalue calculation in the optimization of control an excitation function in node, branch, machine or
devices for the sizing of damping measures (OPT module) controller variables and the response in all state and
auxiliary variables
· A simplified method of eigenvalue screening based on
signal excitation and evaluation in the time domain can be Results and evaluation options
used optionally
o Individually characterizable, sequential signal results.
excitation in all machine models of the network model
· Useful filter functions in tables for eigenvalues, eigenvectors
(e.g. in torques, slip, excitation voltage etc.)
and residues
o Evaluation of the respective system responses by the
· Grouping of results according to modes, state variables and
Matrix-Pencil method with the result of dominant
other variables
modes and their residues
· Advanced evaluation options in global evaluation models
o Estimation of the relevant modal range for the
(GMB module) with structured output to files
network model for the application of solution
algorithms for partial solutions in the state space
model (SI, DP)
Identification and Optimization

(OPT)
Requirements
The analysis of electrical networks requires not only the
development of models but also their parameterization. In the
complex data collection phase, the user sometimes has access to
the information provided by the system manufacturers
(nameplate and data sheets). Furthermore, measured values are
provided or determined by local measurements, from which the
parameters for different types of models must be derived.
· Determination of the equivalent circuit diagram sizes of
asynchronous and synchronous machines
· Identification of equipment model parameters based on
measured values
· Determination of dynamic equivalent networks Identification and optimization
· Reduction of the models of dynamic loads To determine the parameters based on the user specifications,
various numerical methods are used, for which the convergence
· Determination of set values of controller parameters in behavior can be adapted to the individual task. The identification
open and closed control loops or optimization includes the triggering of the relevant calculation
When dimensioning components and control devices, their procedures as selected by the user and the results are compared
rating and parameterization should also be optimized regarding to the specifications by measured values or by functions.
specified objectives. This requires efficient algorithms for the · Consideration of reference results in the identification
formulation of optimization targets, secondary conditions and during time domain simulation (ST, EMT modules) and
the variables to be changed. frequency response calculation (FRD module)
· Optimization of any parameter of the network model or o Provided torque-speed characteristic and basic data of
control devices regarding a target function asynchronous machines
· Definition of secondary conditions, which are considered in o Reference time curves of signals
the optimization besides the target function
o Reference frequency response of signals
· Consideration of the optimization functions in different
calculations of the time and frequency domain o Consideration of weighting functions to prioritize
specific ranges of measured values over others
Solution
· Consideration of a target function and secondary conditions
The optimization algorithms (OPT) of the PSS®NETOMAC in the optimization during load flow calculation (PF
dynamics engine are used within the native user interface module), time domain simulation (ST, EMT modules),
(ExpMode) both to identify parameters from measured values frequency response calculation (FRD module) and
and to determine optimal settings and dimensioning values in eigenvalue analysis (EVA module)
various calculation types based on target functions.
o Definition of a main target function for which the
· Identification of the equivalent circuit diagram values of result value is minimized. The function can have a
asynchronous machines from basic data and provided linear or non-linear behavior depending on the task
torque-speed characteristics as well as the output of the
machine definition o Definition of any number of secondary conditions,
which must be fulfilled in the optimization task
· Parameterization of network models and their dynamic
equipment as well as control devices from measured values o Consideration of any signals of a calculation by input
in the time and frequency domain modules in the models of the optimization
· Optimization of parameters of network elements, dynamic · Free definition of parameters to be identified for use in
equipment and models with regard to a target function and network elements, dynamic equipment or other models,
secondary conditions in the calculations load flow (PF considering initial values and value ranges
module), stability (ST module), electromagnetic transients · Numerical algorithms for handling the identification or
(EMT module), active and passive frequency response (FRD optimization task with parameterizable convergence
module) and in the eigenvalue calculation EVA module) behavior
o Quasi Newton method with gradients
o Modified Powell algorithm
o Least squares method
o Adjustable accuracies for the target function as well as Results and output options
the convergence thresholds for parameters and
changing the target function
results and the output.
o Specification of the number of iterations, after which
· The result of the identification or optimization outputs the
the identification task is aborted
numerical identifiers of the algorithm together with the
· Combinatorial use of the numerical algorithms by deviation of the target variables
sequential use of results and starting values for the
· The results of the identification can then be used as input
iterations
definition in the network model data
· Following an identification or optimization in the time and
frequency domain, the user can perform calculations
directly with the identified or optimized parameters
· Both the results of the individual iteration steps of a single
method and the intermediate results of the combined
method application can be evaluated
· For the identification of the equivalent circuit diagram
values of asynchronous machines, the characteristic curves
from optimized parameters are compared with the
characteristic curves determined with the initial parameters
(or the previously used ones if the methods are used in
combination)
Frequency Domain and Resonances

(FRD)
Requirements Modeling and calculation
When dimensioning equipment in electrical power systems, it is The frequency domain (FRD) module uses the modeling basis of
necessary to efficiently determine potential resonance points of the ST, EMT and TOR modules to simulate the network, the
the network as well as of the active network elements over a machines and the drive shafts of the machine sets. This
broadly defined frequency range. This makes it possible to modeling basis is enhanced by linearization rules for model
prevent possible damage caused by resonances in network blocks.
operation through passive and active countermeasures.
· Definable frequency range for excitation in passive and
· Analysis of the frequency response of passive network active frequency response
elements to determine electrically induced resonance
o Definition of the variable step width by start value,
points
minimum and maximum difference value and rate of
· Support in the sizing of filters based on the results of the change
frequency response determination
o Start and end value of the frequency range in Hz
· Consideration of dynamic equipment such as machines,
· Passive frequency response for passive network elements
their drive trains, their control devices and controllable
network elements in the frequency response o Consideration of all passive elements of the network
model
· Consideration of the operating point in the linearized
response of the frequency response of a nonlinear system o Additional consideration of user-defined models for
network elements in the passive network model (GMB
Solution
module)
In addition to the harmonics (OB) module, the expert mode
o Automatic conversion of dynamic machine data into
(ExpMode) of the PSS®NETOMAC transient engine allows the
suitable passive network elements
passive (ST, EMT modules) and active (EMT module) system
behavior in the frequency domain to be analyzed by this module o 3-, 2- or 1-phase excitation of the passive network
(FRD). It supports the user in the detection of potential model by a current source at defined nodes
resonance points and in the development of appropriate
· Active frequency response for network models with
countermeasures in dimensioning and parameterization.
machines, definition of drive shafts and regulating devices
· Quick and easy identification of resonance areas of the
o Consideration of the entire transient network model
network
including extended network element models, machine
· Use of proven and successfully validated models and data, torsion data (TOR module) and regulating
simulation methods of the PSS®NETOMAC transient engine, devices as well as their linearization
taking the torsion data (TOR module) and used models into
o Excitation of the active network model in any model
account
(e.g. excitation system model)
· Application of efficient linearization rules for model blocks
to determine the frequency response
· Consideration of models for network elements in the
passive frequency response
· Support in the sizing of filters to suppress or shift resonance
ranges

results:
· Evaluation of the frequency response of defined electrical
quantities in the passive frequency response
· Evaluation of the frequency response of defined electrical
quantities in the active frequency response
· Any signal can be written out from user-defined models in
ASCII character-based formats according to a user-defined
structure
Torsional Analysis
(TOR)
Requirements
The use of series compensation in order to increase transmission
capacity and to stabilize grid operation can lead to the
phenomenon of subsynchronous resonances (SSR) with drive
shafts of conventional generating plants and thus can lead to
damage of shafts and protection tripping. Converter-based
technologies can also lead to subsynchronous interactions (SSTI)
with the drive shafts. These dangers must be assessed already in
the planning phase of such systems, but also when the
resonances are detected during operation, and necessary
countermeasures must be taken in order to avoid damages and
fatigue.
· Assessment of the inherent tendency of drive shafts with
several turbine stages, machines and excitation systems to Modeling
oscillate, which can be excited by series compensation and The torsional analysis module uses the modeling basis of the
converter-based technologies (HVDC, FACTS etc.) EMT module for the simulation of the network. It adds the
· Evaluation of the mechanical stresses on drive shafts in mechanical system of drive shafts with the different turbine
power plants in case of faults stages (high, medium and low pressure), the machine rotors and
the rotating excitation systems to this consideration. The
· Assessment of life expectation of drive shafts under regular connection to models containing the thermodynamic simulation
stress due to torsional oscillations of the generating plant can consider the drive torque
· Analysis of the electromagnetic compensation processes distribution and behavior in relation to each mass. The module
associated with the resonances occurring and their effects also offers a high degree of modeling freedom on the machine
side to represent the real system behavior
Solution
· Native simulation of the transient behavior of machines
Based on the transient engine PSS®NETOMAC, the expert mode (synchronous and asynchronous machines) as well as the
in this module (TOR) allows the extension of the models of the multi-phase network topology by means of differential
machines by the definition of the drive shaft in order to consider equations based on principles of the EMT module
the influence of turbine stages and excitation system in the
mechanical part of a power plant. On the one hand, this · Representation of turbine stages, machine rotors and
supports the user in the assessment of mechanical stresses on rotating excitation systems by cylindrical masses on drive
the drive shafts when subsynchronous resonances (SSR) and trains which are coupled together by spring constants
interactions (SSTI) occur and in the development of appropriate o Individual distribution of a constant or controlled
countermeasures when dimensioning and commissioning a drive torque to the turbine stages by factors or a
plant. On the other hand, it enables the user to evaluate the connection to a model which contains and simulates
electromagnetic effects of the compensation processes. the individual drive torques of the turbine stages
· Use of proven and successfully validated models and o Distribution of the air gap torque to several generator
simulation methods of the PSS®NETOMAC transient engine masses by factors or weighted according to the
· Support of detailed mass definitions for realistic moments of inertia
representation of turbine stages o Definition of the park transformation angle for a given
· Various possibilities for modeling the drive shaft by mass or by a weighted angle, based on the moments
distributing masses, torques and the Park transformation of inertia of the generator masses
angle · Consideration of the real damping in the simulation in
· Possibility to use torsional data in the active frequency modal form from measured values
response (FRD module) o Direct input of the modal damping for the respective
torsional modes
o Input of the logarithmic decrement determined for
the respective modes, which is converted into modal
damping
· Support of the input of a large number of masses and thus
an exact simulation of moment of inertia distributions (e.g.
consideration of conical shapes)

In addition to the results and evaluation possibilities of the EMT
module, the torsion analysis offers the output of the essential
values for the evaluation of torsional torques and for the
characterization of shafts
· Output of all mechanical variables from the torsion
calculation as well as all network variables
o Instantaneous values as well as their determined
magnitudes, angles and frequencies as well as the
quantities derived from the EMT calculation
o Output of torsional and drive torques, angles, angular
velocities and accelerations of the defined masses on
Calculation the drive train
The torsional analysis module basically uses the high- o Output of modal torsional signals
performance and robust simulation method of the EMT module
with the extension of the models described above. It thus o Output of the determined modal coupling matrix,
transformation matrix, spring constants, damping
enables the connection between electromagnetic and
factors and eigenfrequencies
mechanical transients on shafts
· Precise and fast initialization of the torsion model, so that · Analysis in intuitive diagrams, export options and the
the simulation can start in the steady-state condition possibilities of user-defined evaluations in models as well as
without initial transients in the EMT module
· Calculation of active frequency response due to · Fourier analysis of the simulation results
instantaneous excitation on the shaft and the effects of the
excitation on machine and network variables (FRD module)
Pipe Network – Calculation Modules

The calculation modules for pipe networks offer engineers in operational measures to reduce losses and utilization of the
planning and operational planning of district heating networks, media-specific storage possibilities of pipe networks
district cooling networks, gas networks as well as water supply
· Calculation of coupled networks for comprehensive system
networks a solution for steady-state hydraulic network
analysis between electrical and heat networks or gas
calculation as well as operating point and time series
networks
calculations and contingency analysis.
· Use of a diameter planning and analysis tool in the company
Requirements
with the same user interface and architecture
· Planning of district heating networks or district cooling
Solution
networks in the supply area of energy supply companies,
quarters and campus facilities, industrial plants or in the The PSS®SINCAL Platform offers calculation modules for heating
vicinity of conveyor systems and support in operational networks, cooling networks, calculation modules for gas
planning networks and calculation modules for water supply networks
across any number of pressure levels in radial and meshed
· Planning of district and supply networks for gas, in the
networks.
supply area of energy supply companies, quarters and
campus facilities, industrial plants or in the vicinity of · Steady-state hydraulic calculation, operating and (quasi-
conveyor systems and support in operational planning dynamic) time series calculation as well as contingency
analysis for supply and return pipes of heating and cooling
· Planning of water supply networks in residential water
networks
engineering for extensive transport networks or in the
connection area of supply companies and support in the · Steady-state hydraulic calculation, operating and (quasi-
operational planning, planning and analysis of the fire water dynamic) time series calculation and contingency analysis
supply for gas networks
· Calibration and validation of the digital network model with · Steady-state hydraulic calculation, operating and (quasi-
measurement data from the operation dynamic) time series calculation and contingency analysis as
well as fire water observations and calculation of the filling
· Increasing the supply security and reliability of the
and emptying of water tanks and reservoirs
networks
· Support in operational planning by analysis of operating
point and time series observations, derivation of
Gas (Steady-State)
(GS)
Steady-state network calculation for observing the operating The module for the steady-state calculation for gas networks
states of a network is required in the target network planning, (GS) in the PSS®SINCAL Platform is the basic module and enables
the planning of new network areas or network optimizations and the modeling of a gas pipe network, the steady-state calculation
reinforcements of existing gas district and large area supply and the appropriate options for evaluating the results.
networks.
· Comprehensive modeling of branch and node elements as
· Documentation of the network topology, the network well as characteristic curves for the behavior
elements and network coupling points in graphical and
· Calculation of the steady-state pressure, volume and flow
schematic view
distribution in any meshed networks
· Assessment of the steady-state pressure and volume
· Consumer modeling depending on the ambient
distribution as well as the flow velocity in any meshed
temperature
networks with different pressure levels
· Automatic redistribution of supply depending on the
· Determination of network content, the usage of the
selected limit values of the generators and calculation of
networks buffer capabilities and its losses
the supply shares from different sources at network nodes
· Assessment of the consumption behavior in relation to as well as the flow time
pressure, temperature and simultaneity
· Hydraulic head diagrams for user-defined routes
· Assessment of the mixing ratio and the flow times when considering the geodetic height
supplied from different sources
· Assessment of the transport capacities
· Assessment of connection requests at network coupling
points
Modeling o Modeling of reduced consumption by consumers with

a pressure difference below the limit to simulate
In order to model a gas network, many predefined elements are
undersupply
provided to simulate a network of nodes and node and branch
elements. o Modeling of the temperature-dependent consumption
with temperature consumption characteristic
· Consideration of the geodetic height (elevation above sea
(ambient temperature of the network level)
level) of the nodes
o Manipulation factors for modelling simultaneity
· Flow or pressure feed as supplying network element
· Simulation of leakage points in the network as leakage rate
o Flow supply for constant, pressure-independent
of the pipes or leakage element at nodes
supply quantity under consideration of limit values in
quantity-controlled networks · Specification of the gas properties by common parameters
(e.g. specific density, viscosity, energy content, Sutherland
o Pressure supply to compensate the sum of all
constant, adiabatic exponent)
delivered quantities with constant overpressure
(balance nodes) in pressure-controlled networks Calculation
· Modelling of pipes with static parameters and time- The calculation iteratively determines the steady-state operating
dependent change of diameter and roughness state of the network.
o Consideration of internal roughness, length and · Calculation of the steady-state pressure, volume and flow
diameter manipulation factors, zeta value and leakage distribution in any meshed networks with different pressure
rate levels
o Annual change of the roughness and reduction of the o Hardy-Cross procedure and Kirchhoff's 2nd law
diameter can be modelled
o Lambda calculation with formula according to
o Creation and use of pipes from user-defined type Nikuradse, Prantl-Colebrook or Unger and Prantl-
databases Colebrook
· Sliding valve for bidirectional flow limitation or non-return o Convergence debug interface for the detailed analysis
valve for unidirectional flow limitation of convergence problems
· Pressure controller with setpoint input for modelling o Common and combined calculation of any definable
pressure control systems (compressor stations) pressure levels (high, medium and low pressure)
o Setpoint setting as a fixed value or with a o Load flows in the pipes
characteristic curve dependent on the flow rate
· Calculation of the relative and absolute pressure
o Control of the increase or reduction of pressure at any considering the geodetic height (elevation above sea level)
defined network node of the nodes and the entire network
o Specification of the response pressures of the · Redistribution of the supply quantity between different
pressure monitors and pressure limiters sources within their specified limits
· Branch element (connecting of two nodes) with constant · Determination of the steady-state mixing ratio and the flow
pressure drop times at each node
o Drop in pressure between two nodes o Network tracing at a node to determine the
percentage shares of the supply quantity from the
o Independent of flow and pressure at the inlet node
different supplies
· Branch element (connecting of two nodes) with constant
o Respective flow time (end time) of the fluid between
flow rate
the individual supplies and the selected node
o Constant flow rate between two nodes
· Use of user-defined manipulation factors for the elements
o Independent of flow and pressure at the inlet node infeeder, consumer and constant pressure change
· Compressor for pressure increase · Calculation with meter data and measured values from
o Pressure increase between two nodes
(SLF module) without additional transfer of input data
o Control of the pressure increase at any definable
· Checking the operating points and limits of pumps, sliding
network node
valves and network groups
· Simulation of a gas container as pressure buffer
· Steady-state calculation for the targeted analysis of
o Filling volume change by flow into or out of the buffer malfunctions of individual elements
according to a user-defined pressure buffer
characteristic
· Modeling of different consumer types
results.
o Modeling of the consumption from the supply pipes
· Provision of the results for the elements in graphics, table
as volume or energy quantity
and database as well as other result views and reports
· Provision of results for network levels, network areas and o Determination of the supplied gas quantities from the
the entire network different feeders to the selected node
o Pipe length, gas volume and pipe volume of the entire o Determination of the flow time from the individual
network, network levels and network areas feeders up to the selected node
o Total of all consumption and supplies in the entire · Display of hydraulic head diagrams along any route in the
network as well as balances of the individual network network
levels and areas
o Freely definable routes for the determination of
o Total of all outputs of leakages hydraulic head diagrams and automatic generation of
the corresponding diagram
o Minimum pressure in the network, maximum flow
rate o Display of relative or absolute pressure and pressure
height
o Transferred volume between the defined network
areas o Display of the values over the distance of the selected
nodes
· Network tracing at nodes to determine the supply shares
from different sources and their flow time up to the node
Gas Operating/Time Series

(GL)
Requirements · Calculation with meter data and measured values

determined during operation
Many individual steady-state calculations are required to analyze
the effects of changes in operating state in relation to Modeling and calculation
temperatures, consumption patterns and valve states of the gas
Advanced modeling options and parameters are available for
network over a historical or predicted time period.
extending a network model with time series or operating points
A validation of a planning model with measured values is for calculation.
required but also the determination of energy and volume
· Calculation of operating points to represent stationary
quantities over short, medium or long-term periods.
operating states of the network
· Analysis of the daily and seasonal dependent pressure
o Definition of any number of steady-state operating
conditions in the network based on historical operation
points with multiplication factors for the rated
with measured data from time series measurements
values/states of the elements to represent typical
· Refinement and validation of the network model operating states of the network
(calibration)
o Modelling of global or regional simultaneity
· Analysis of increase and reduction rates of supply or
o Individual assignment of the operating points to the
consumption in medium and long-term forecast periods
respective elements or global assignment for the
· Analysis of the change of the internal pipe roughness and individual network levels
reduction of the diameter
o Calculation of all operating points with steady-state
· Determination of average and extreme values calculation for each individual operating point as an
operating series
· Determination of transported quantities over a selected
period · Time series calculation based on steady-state calculations to
simulate operating states in time periods of minutes, hours
Solution
up to several days or years
Based on a network model for steady-state calculations,
o Individual definition or import of factor profiles with
PSS®SINCAL enables quasi-dynamic time series calculations (GL)
user-defined time step
over a time period or at specific operating points.
o Use of standard load profiles as consumer profiles
· Calculation of user-defined operating points and operating
states o Cyclical handling of profiles
· Time series calculation based on steady-state calculations o Individual assignment of the time series/profiles to
with user-defined time step the respective elements or global assignment for the
individual network levels
· Calculation based on user-defined increase rates
o Time step for the duration of the individual stationary interface (SLF module) without additional transfer of input
condition can be set data
o Steady-state calculation at all points in time within the Results and evaluation options
simulation period
· Calculation based on user-defined increase rates to simulate results.
operating states for the long-term (several years) periods
· Provision of the results for the elements for each time step
o Definition of any number of increase profiles with in graphics, table and database as well as other result views
multiplication factors for the rated values/states of and reports
the elements for modelling changes in generation and
· Automatically calculated average, maximum and minimum
consumption over the long term
values
o Individual assignment of the increase rates to the
· Display of the results in user-defined diagrams over the
calculation period
· Generation of diagrams of the operating behavior (flow-
o Calculation of the selected time points at which
pressure) of the defined operating groups
changes result from the defined increase or
consumption
· Calculation with meter data and measured values from
operation or forecast data from databases via the one
Gas Contingency Analysis

(GCA)
Requirements Calculation
In order to increase the reliability of the gas supply and The malfunction calculation generates all possible malfunction
transport as well as operational safety, it is useful to analyze the scenarios and those that are user-defined and calculates each
effects of malfunctions, contingencies and planned maintenance one in a stationary condition. The network model is only
measures at individual elements or of entire element groups. changed during the individual calculation iterations and is
· Assessment of the flow conditions in case of malfunction
(or maintenance) of individual network elements and · Automatic generation of all combinatorically possible
generators or element groups as well as the caused malfunction combinations
malfunction of further elements due to the contingency
o Malfunction of the individual elements
· Consideration of all possible malfunction combinations or
o Malfunction of all elements, excluding the pipes or
specific analysis of the malfunction of elements groups
elements where limit violations occur
· Analysis of the operational safety and analysis of weak
o Consideration of function and malfunction groups
points in the network as well as the derivation of
countermeasures to increase the security of supply and · Automatic steady-state calculation of all individual
reliability combinations after analysis start with only a temporary
change of the network model
Solution
o Unconditional combinatorial or user-defined
The structured combinatorial generation and calculation of all
generated malfunctions as the initial state for the
configurations is possible with the module for contingency
calculation
analysis (GCA) and is based on the high-performance calculation
of individual stationary conditions. o Conditional further malfunctions (caused
malfunctions) of elements when a user-defined flow
· Automatic generation of all possible malfunction
rate is exceeded during the calculation
combinations in the network and consideration of user-
defined groups Results and evaluation options
· Steady-state calculation for each combination, considering The program provides the following options for evaluating the
the elements that failed unconditionally as well as results.
conditional malfunctions (caused malfunctions) that occur
· Display of malfunction combinations in the result browser
during the calculation according to defined conditions
for contingency analysis
o Detailed information about the failure in tree
structure
o Elements at which limit values are violated,
unsupplied elements, connected and disconnected
elements as well as elements at which the maximum
values of the results are obtained
o Localization, marking and editing in the network
graphic
· Display of the results by color coding
· Results in tabular view in the results view with direct link to
Modeling the graphical view, filter functions as well as options for
The user has the possibility to define function and malfunction generating reports and exporting the results
groups in order to consider typical malfunctions, where several
elements in a network fail or are switched off at the same time.
· User-defined malfunction groups for elements that are
considered together
· User-defined function groups that are only in operation
together
· Setting of the malfunctions individually for the network
areas
Water (Steady-State)
(WS)
Requirements modeling of a network, the steady-state hydraulic calculation

and the appropriate options for evaluating the results.
In order to ensure a high level of supply security, an
interconnected system is aimed at the technical planning of the · Comprehensive modeling of branch and node elements as
water supply (distribution and storage) in residential water well as characteristic curves for their behavior
engineering for new network areas and in the reinforcement or
· Calculation of the steady-state pressure distribution and the
dismantling of existing networks as well as in target network
flow as well as water losses in any meshed networks across
planning.
different pressure zones
The coverage of future requirements through the reinforcement,
· Consumer modeling depending on the ambient
dismantling or optimization of existing networks requires
temperature
powerful and flexible network modeling and calculation in order
to observe the current operating states of the network and those · Calculation of the available fire water (hydrants) at the
designed in scenarios. network nodes
· Planning and routing of district and transport pipelines and · Hydraulic head diagrams for user-defined routes
district water distribution networks (branched, meshed or considering the geodetic height (elevation about sea level)
ring networks)
Modeling
· Pump sizing and pipe dimensioning
In order to model a water supply network, many predefined
· Calculation of the supply pressure (minimum overpressure elements are provided to simulate a network of nodes and
at the customer load) at all connection points connections as well as elements that are inserted at the nodes.
· Consideration of long-term roughness changes and · Consideration of the geodetic height (elevation above sea
diameter reductions level) of the nodes
· Expansion or reinforcement in case of increased demand as · Modeling of supply into the network as water storage or
well as optimization in case of oversized pipe networks pump
· Determination of the water age at the consumption nodes o Water tanks (water reservoir) with constant pressure
to compensate the supply from pumps and the
· Provision of the fire water demand at defined points in the
consumption by consumers
network and creation of fire water plans
o Reciprocating pump with constant output flow from a
· Documentation of the network topology in graphical and
water reservoir or parent network, assumed to be
schematic view
unlimited
Solution
o Centrifugal pump with output flow in relation to the
The steady-state calculation for water networks (WS) in the user-defined pump characteristics from a water
PSS®SINCAL Platform is the basic module and enables the reservoir or parent network, assumed to be unlimited
o Any combined supply from the various elements o Leakage rate of the pipes
· Modeling of the pipes with user-defined diameters o Leakage element at nodes with constant output
o Consideration of internal roughness, length and o Hydrant element as combined element with pipe
diameter manipulation factors, zeta value and leakage parameters, internal pressure head and parameters
rate for fire water quantity, pressure and time at the hose
connection
o Annual change of the roughness and reduction of the
diameter can be modeled · Specification of the water via the specific density and
viscosity as an ideal, incompressible fluid in completely
o Creation and use of pipes from user-defined type
filled pipes
databases
Calculation
· Sliding valve for limiting bidirectional flow limitation or non-
return valve for unidirectional flow limitation The calculation iteratively determines the steady-state operating
state of the network.
o Sliding valve with valve position, opening degree and
diameter · Calculation of the steady-state pressure, volume and flow
distribution in any meshed networks with different pressure
o Non-return valve for preventing bidirectional flow in a
levels/zones
pipe
o Hardy-Cross procedure and Kirchhoff's 2nd law
· Pressure controller with setpoint input for increasing or
reducing the pressure between two nodes o Convergence debug interface for the detailed analysis
of convergence problems
o Setpoint setting as a fixed value or with a
characteristic curve dependent on the flow rate to o Common and combined calculation of any definable
simulate a constant head and pressure pressure levels/zones
o Control of the increase or reduction of pressure at any · Calculation of the relative and absolute pressure
defined network node considering the geodetic height (elevation above sea level)
of the nodes and the entire network
o Specification of the response pressures of the
pressure monitors and pressure limiters · Redistribution of the supply quantity between different
sources within their specified limits
· Branch element (connecting of two nodes) with constant
pressure drop · Determination of the steady-state mixing ratio and the flow
times at each node
o Drop in pressure between two nodes
o Network tracing at a node to determine the
percentage shares of the supply quantity from the
· Branch element (connecting of two nodes) with constant different supplies
flow
o Respective flow time (end time) of the fluid between
o Constant flow rate between two nodes the individual supplies and the selected node
o Independent of flow and pressure at the inlet node · Use of user-defined manipulation factors for the elements
infeeder, consumer and constant pressure drop
· Pumps to increase pressure between inlet and outlet nodes
o Centrifugal pump for output flow according to the
pump characteristic curve
o Reciprocating pump for constant output flow
· Pressure buffer as water reservoir with overflow valves and network groups
o Filling volume change by flow into or out of the buffer · Steady-state calculation for the targeted analysis of
according to a user-defined pressure buffer malfunctions of individual elements
characteristic
· Fire water calculation at network nodes with hydrants
o Removal (overflow) when a limit value is violated in
o Calculation of individual hydrants or all hydrants in the
order not to exceed this maximum pressure value
network simultaneously
· Modeling of consumer or extraction points
o Calculation of the fire water quantity for a given fire
o Constant consumption water pressure of the hydrant
o Modeling of reduced consumption by consumers in o Calculation of the pressure at all network nodes and
case of an undercut of the minimum pressure fire water pressure for a given amount of fire water
difference to simulate undersupply
o Modeling of the temperature-dependent consumption
results.
o Manipulation factors to model simultaneity
· Provision of the results for the elements in graphics, table
· Modelling of hydrants and leaks in the network and database as well as other result views and reports
· Provision of results for network levels, network areas and · Network tracing at nodes
the entire network
o Determination of the delivered quantities from the
o Pipe length, pipe volume of the entire network, different supplies to the selected node
network levels and network areas
o Determination of the flow time from the individual
o Total of all consumptions and supplies in the entire supplies up to the selected node
network, as well as balances of the individual network
· Display hydraulic head diagrams along any route in the
levels and areas
network
o Total of all losses and leakages
o Minimum pressure in the network, maximum flow hydraulic head diagrams, automatic generation of the
velocity corresponding diagram
o Transferred volume between the defined network o Display of relative or absolute pressure and height
areas
o Display of the values over the distance of the selected
· Provision of results of the fire water calculation in the nodes
graphic for the creation of fire water plans
Water Operating/Time Series

(WL)
Requirements o Calculation of all operating points with steady-
state calculation for each individual operating
point as an operating series
the effects of changes in operating state in relation to
consumption patterns and valve states of the water network · Time series calculation based on steady-state calculations to
over a historical or forecast period. simulate operating states in time periods of minutes, hours
A validation of a planning model with measured values is also
required but also the determination of flow rates, as well as o Individual definition or import of factor profiles
losses over short, medium or long-term periods (e.g. daily with user-defined time step
pattern).
o Cyclical handling of profiles
· Analysis of different defined operating states in only one
o Individual assignment of the time series/profiles
calculation
to the respective elements or global assignment
· Analysis of the daily and seasonal dependent pressure for the individual network levels
distributions in the network
o Time step for the duration of the individual steady
· Refinement and validation of the network model states can be set
(calibration)
o Steady-state calculation at all points in time within
· Analysis of increase and reduction rates of supply or the simulation period
· Calculation based on user-defined increase rates to simulate
· Determination of average and extreme values operating states for the long-term (several years) periods
· Determination of transported quantities and losses over a o Definition of any number of increase profiles with
selected period multiplication factors for the rated values/states
of the elements to represent changes in
Solution
generation and consumption over the long term
PSS®SINCAL enables quasi-dynamic time series calculations (WL)
over a time period or at specific operating points.
· Calculation of user-defined operating points and operating o Calculation of the selected time points at which
states changes result from the defined increase or
· Time series calculation based on steady-state calculations consumption
with user-defined time step o Pipes with roughness changes and diameter
· Calculation based on user-defined increase rates reductions
· Calculation with meter data and measured values · Calculation with meter data and measured values from
determined during operation operation or forecast data from databases via the one
interface (SLF module) without additional transfer of input
· Results for average, maximum and minimum values data
Modeling and calculation Results and evaluation options
Advanced modeling options and parameters are available for The program provides the following options for evaluating the
extending a network model with time series or operating points results.
for calculation.
· Provision of the results for the elements for each point in
· Calculation of operating points to represent stationary time graphics, table and database as well as other result
operating states of the network views and reports
o Definition of any number of steady-state · Automatically calculated average, maximum and minimum
operating points with multiplication factors for the values
rated values/states of the elements to represent
typical operating states of the network · Display of the results in user-defined diagrams over the
calculation period
o Individual assignment of the operating points to
the respective elements or global assignment for
the individual network levels
Water Tanks
(WH)
Requirements o Reference height of the tank absolute (elevation

about sea level) or relative (node elevation)
In order to connect the locations where the water is extracted
and the water supply area, tanks (ground elevated tanks, water o Characteristic curve to model the filling level in
tower, reservoirs) are existing. This enables constant flow rates relation to the filling volume
for the pumps and constant pressure conditions in the network
o Optional limit values for maximum supply and outflow
as well as a temporal decoupling of the flow rate from the
consumption rate. · Individual time series and operating points for the water
tanks
· Rating and sizing and positioning of new tanks
Calculation
· Determination of the required filling level of existing tanks
depending on the state of the network and consumption Based on the time series calculation, the water tank is
patterns of the consumers considered as a storage system in the calculation.
· Validation of the tank sizing by simulation-based verification · Calculation of the filling level at each point in time of the
with consumption data time series calculation
Solution o Filling of the water tank via up to three independently
operating pumps (simulation of the supply)
Based on the time series calculation in PSS®SINCAL, it is possible
to calculate the filling levels of water tanks (WH) and the o Outflow from the water tank through the connected
extended display of the levels in the diagrams. pipe of the network
· Calculation of the water tank filling levels at each point in o Abort of the calculation when tank is completely
time of the simulation period emptied at the current point in time
· Graphical display of the filling level in diagrams Results and evaluation options
Modeling The program provides the following options for evaluating the
results.
Water tanks in the network model are modeled as storages with
supply and outflow. · Additional display option of the level and the outflow/filling
over the selected period in the diagram view
· Water tank with volume and level as geodetic height
Water Contingency Analysis

(WCA)
In order to increase the reliability of the water supply, it is useful The user has the possibility to define function and malfunction
to analyze the effects of pipe breaks, malfunctions, groups in order to consider typical malfunctions, where several
contingencies and planned maintenance measures at individual elements in a network fail or are switched off at the same time.
elements or of entire element groups.
· Assessment of the flow and pressure in case of malfunction considered together
(or maintenance) of individual network elements and
· User-defined function groups that are only in operation
generators as well as the caused malfunction of further
together
elements due to the fault
· Setting of the malfunctions individually for the network
areas
Calculation
· Analysis of the supply safety and analysis of weak points in
the network as well as the derivation of countermeasures to The malfunction calculation generates all possible malfunction
increase the security of supply and reliability scenarios and those that are user-defined and calculates each
one in a stationary condition. The network model is only
Solution
changed during the individual calculation iterations and is
The structured combinatorial generation and calculation of all unchanged after the calculation.
configurations is possible with the module for contingency
· Automatic generation of all combinatorically possible
analysis (WCA) and is based on the high-performance calculation
malfunction combinations
of individual stationary conditions.
· Automatic generation of all possible malfunction
combinations in the network and consideration of user- o Malfunction of all elements, excluding the pipes or
defined groups elements where limit violations occur
· Steady-state calculation for each combination, considering o Consideration of function and malfunction groups
the elements that failed unconditionally as well as
· Automatic steady-state calculation of all individual
combinations after analysis start
during the calculation according to defined conditions
o Unconditional combinatorial or user-defined
generated malfunctions as the initial state for the
calculation
o Conditional further malfunctions (caused
malfunctions) of elements when a user-defined flow
rate is exceeded during the calculation
results.
· Display of malfunction combinations in the result browser
structure
graphic
· Results in tabular view in the results view with direct link to
the graphical view, filter functions as well as options for
generating reports and exporting the results
Heating/Cooling (Steady-State)
(FS)
The planning of new or reinforcement of existing heating or The steady-state calculation for heating and cooling networks
cooling networks requires studies and calculations with hydraulic (FS) in the PSS®SINCAL Platform is the basic module and enables
and energetic considerations based on the connected consumers the modeling of a network, the steady-state hydraulic calculation
to be supplied and the supply facilities. and the appropriate options for evaluating the results.
Performant and flexible network modeling and calculation are · Comprehensive modeling of branch (pipes) and node
required in order to consider the operating states of the network elements with optional characteristics for their behavior
when planning the target network, the reinforcement or
· Separate or combined modeling of supply and return pipes
optimization of existing networks.
with user-defined diameters
· Documentation of the network topology in graphical and
· Calculation of the steady-state pressure, volume and
schematic view
temperature distribution and losses in radial or arbitrarily
· Hydraulic sizing of network and pumps, route planning and meshed networks
pipe dimensioning of supply and return pipes
· Consumer/consumption modeling depending on the
· Selection of suitable supply and return temperatures ambient temperature
· Estimation of the heat losses or heating of the cooling · Automatic redistribution of supply depending on the
medium selected limit values of the generators and calculation of
the supply shares from different sources at network nodes
· Estimation of the consumption behavior in relation to
as well as the flow time
pressure, temperature and simultaneity
· Hydraulic head diagrams for user-defined routes
· Assessment of exchange between different network areas
considering the geodetic height
· Assessment of connection or supply requests
Modeling o Control of the increase or reduction of pressure at any

definable network node
For the modelling of a heating or cooling network, many
predefined elements are provided to model a network of nodes o Specification of the response pressures of the
and connections as well as elements that are inserted at the pressure monitors and pressure limiters
nodes.
o Differential pressure control
· Consideration of the geodetic height (elevation above sea
· Connection element with constant pressure drop
level) of the nodes
o Drop in pressure between two nodes
· Modeling of supply systems as pressure, power or pump
supply o Independent of flow and pressure at the inlet node
o Pressure supply with constant supply pressure at the · Connection element with constant flow
supply point irrespective of the consumption volume
o Constant flow rate between two nodes
in the network
o Power supply with constant supply volume or output
irrespective of pressure with specified supply · Pumps to increase pressure between inlet and outlet nodes
temperature (supply) or temperature difference
o Centrifugal pump for output flow according to the
(supply-return)
pump characteristic curve
o Supply with pressure control with different pressure
o Reciprocating pump for constant output flow
control types for supply and return
· Temperature controller for supply or return pipe
o Pump supply as a centrifugal pump with characteristic
temperature
curve in supply or return pipe
o Removal from supply or return
o Supply from different sources with different supply
temperatures o Control of the supply or return temperature at any
definable network node
· Separate modeling of pipes as supply and return pipes with
user-defined diameters or combined · Simulation of a storage as a pressure buffer and overflow
o Separate or combined modeling of supply and return o Filling volume change by flow into or out of the buffer
pipes according to a user-defined pressure buffer
characteristic
o Modeling of several parallel pipes for supply and
return pipes or a bypass o Prevention of a limit value (maximum pressure value)
violation by removal (overflow)
o Consideration of internal roughness, length and
diameter manipulation factors, zeta value and leakage · Modeling of different consumer or consumption types
rate
o Constant consumption quantity according to the
o Calculation of losses based on temperature difference specification of a temperature difference or a return
and thermal conductivity of the insulation pipe temperature (with optional pressure-dependent
reduction)
o Creation and use of pipes from user-defined type
databases o Constant consumption (as power equivalent)
according to the specification of a temperature
· Heat exchanger for hydraulic decoupling or power exchange
difference or a return pipe temperature (with optional
o Hydraulic uncoupling of subnetworks by extraction pressure-dependent reduction)
from the primary network and supply with pressure
o Modeling of reduced consumption by consumers with
control in the secondary network, taking efficiency
a pressure difference below the limit to simulate
into account
undersupply
o Power supply or exchange for the coupling of network
o Modeling of the temperature-dependent consumption
areas or subnetworks that are not hydraulically
coupled
o Manipulation factors to model simultaneity
· Sliding valve for limiting bidirectional flow limitation or non-
return valve for unidirectional flow limitation
o Sliding valve with valve position, opening degree and
diameter
o Non-return valve for preventing bidirectional flow in a
pipe
· Pressure controller with setpoint input for increasing or
reducing the pressure between two nodes
o Setpoint setting as a fixed value or with a
characteristic curve dependent on the flow rate to
simulate a constant head and pressure
· Simulation of leaks in the network · Steady-state calculation for the targeted analysis of
malfunctions of individual elements
o Leakage rate of the pipes
o Leakage element at nodes
· Specification of the cooling/heating medium (fluid) via the
results.
specific heating capacity as an ideal, incompressible fluid in
completely filled pipes · Provision of the results for the elements in graphics, table
and database as well as other result views and reports
Calculation
· Provision of results for network levels, network areas and
The calculation iteratively determines the steady-state operating
the entire network
state of the network.
o Pipe length, pipe volume of the entire network,
· Calculation of the steady-state pressure, volume and
network levels and network areas
temperature distribution in any meshed networks with
different pressure levels o Total of all consumptions and supplies in the entire
network, as well as balances of the individual network
o Hardy-Cross procedure and Kirchhoff's 2nd law
levels and areas
o Common and combined calculation of any definable
o Total of all losses or excesses of leakages
pressure levels
o Minimum pressure in the network, maximum flow
o Convergence debug interface for the detailed analysis
velocity
of convergence problems
o Transferred volume between the defined network
· Calculation of the relative and absolute pressure
areas
considering the geodetic height (elevation above sea level)
of the nodes and the entire network · Network tracing at nodes
· Redistribution of the supply quantity between different o Determination of the delivered quantities from the
sources within their specified limits different supplies to the selected node
· Determination of the steady-state mixing ratio and the flow o Determination of the flow time from the individual
times at each node supplies up to the selected node
o Network tracing at a node to determine the · Display of hydraulic head diagrams along any route in the
percentage shares of the supply quantity from the network
different supplies
o Respective flow time (end time) of the fluid between hydraulic head diagrams, automatic generation of the
the individual supplies and the selected node corresponding diagram
· Use of user-defined manipulation factors for the elements o Display of relative or absolute flow pressure, steam
infeeder, consumer and constant pressure drop pressure, temperature and hydraulic head
· Calculation with meter data and measured values from o Display of the values over the distance of the selected
operation or forecast data from databases via an interface nodes
valves and network groups
Heating/Cooling Operating/Time Series

(FL)
Requirements · Calculation with meter data and measured values

determined during operation
the effects of changes in operating state in relation to Modeling and calculation
temperatures, consumption patterns and valve states of the
Advanced modeling options and parameters are available for
heating or cooling network over a historical or predicted period.
extending a network model with time series or operating points
A validation of a planning model with measured values is also for calculation.
required but also the determination of energy and volume
· Calculation of operating points to represent stationary
quantities, as well as losses over short, medium or long-term
periods.
o Definition of any number of steady-state operating
· Analysis of the daily and seasonal dependent pressure
points with multiplication factors for the rated
conditions in the network based on historical operation
values/states of the elements to represent typical
with measured data
· Refinement and validation of the network model
(calibration)
o Individual assignment of the operating points to the
· Analysis of increase and reduction rates of supply or
· Determination of average and extreme values
o Calculation of all operating points with steady-state
· Determination of transported quantities and losses over a calculation for each individual operating point as an
selected period operating series
Solution · Time series calculation based on steady-state calculations to
simulate operating states in time periods of minutes, hours
PSS®SINCAL enables quasi-dynamic time series calculations (FL)
over a time period or at specific operating points. o Individual definition or import of factor profiles with
user-defined time step
· Calculation of user-defined operating points and operating
states o Cyclical handling of profiles
· Time series calculation based on steady-state calculations o Individual assignment of the time series/profiles to
with user-defined time step the respective elements or global assignment for the
· Calculation based on user-defined increase rates
o Time step (interval between the individual stationary
points in time) can be set user defined
o Steady-state calculation at all points in time within the interface (SLF module) without additional transfer of input
simulation period data
· Calculation based on user-defined increase rates to simulate Results and evaluation options
operating states for the long-term (several years) periods
o Definition of any number of increase profiles with results.
multiplication factors for the rated values/states of
· Provision of the results for the elements for each calculated
the elements to model changes of generation and
point in time in graphics, table and database as well as
consumption over the long term
other result views and reports
· Automatically calculated average, maximum and minimum
values
· Display of the results in user-defined diagrams over the
o Calculation of the selected point in times at which
calculation period
changes result from the defined increase or
consumption
operation or forecast data from databases via the one
Heating/Cooling Contingency Analysis

(FCA)
Requirements · User-defined function groups that are only in operation
together
In order to increase the reliability of the heating or cooling
supply and the operational safety of the network, it is useful to · Setting of the malfunctions individually for the network
analyze the effects of malfunctions, contingencies and planned areas
maintenance measures at individual elements or of entire
Calculation
element groups.
The malfunction calculation generates all possible malfunction
· Assessment of the flow conditions in case of malfunction
scenarios and those that are user-defined and calculates each
(or maintenance) of individual network elements and
one in a stationary condition. The network model is only
generators as well as the caused malfunction of further
changed during the individual calculation iterations and is
elements due to the fault
· Automatic generation of all combinatorically possible
malfunction combinations
· Analysis of the operational safety and analysis of weak
points in the network as well as the derivation of
countermeasures to increase the security of supply and o Malfunction of all elements, excluding the pipes or
reliability elements where limit violations occur
· Determination of suitable network nodes for emergency o Consideration of function and malfunction groups
supplies
· Automatic steady-state calculation of all individual
Solution combinations after analysis start
The structured combinatorial generation and calculation of all o Unconditional combinatorial or user-defined
configurations is possible with the module for contingency generated malfunctions as the initial state for the
analysis (FCA) and is based on the high-performance calculation calculation
of individual stationary conditions.
o Conditional further malfunctions (caused
· Automatic generation of all possible malfunction malfunctions) of elements when a user-defined flow
combinations in the network and consideration of user- rate is exceeded during the calculation
defined groups
· Steady-state calculation for each combination, considering
the elements that failed unconditionally as well as
results.
during the calculation according to defined conditions · Display of malfunction combinations in the result browser
structure
graphic
Modeling · Results in tabular view in the results view with direct link to
the graphical view, filter functions as well as options for
The user has the possibility to define function and malfunction generating reports and exporting the results
groups in order to consider typical malfunctions, where several
elements in a network fail or are switched off at the same time.
considered together
Network Planning Tools (Pipe Networks)

Network Planning Tools
The network planning tools of PSS®SINCAL provide extended
functions for pipe networks to support various planning and
evaluation tasks in the network model.
· Modeling tools for fast and systematic manual modeling in
the network graphic
· Pipe route calculations to determine shortest or optimized
routes between nodes in the network
· Functions for determining the pipe or route data (e.g. pipe
volume) of the selected network elements
· Functions for automatic disconnection or merging of pipes
_________________
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All product designations may be trademarks or product names of Siemens AG or supplier

companies, the use of which by third parties for their own purposes may violate the rights of
the owners.
Published by
Siemens AG
Smart Infrastructure
Digital Grid
Humboldtstrasse 59
90459 Nuremberg
Germany
For the U.S. published by

Siemens Industry, Inc.
100 Technology Drive
Alpharetta, GA 30005
United States
For more information, please contact

sincal.energy@siemens.com
Article No. SIDG-T10045-00-7600 – pss-sincal
ECC Classification: AL=N, ECCN=EAR99
© Siemens 2020
Subject to changes and errors. The information given in this document only
contains general descriptions and/or performance features which may not
always specifically reflect those described, or which may undergo
modification in the course of further development of the products. The
requested performance features are binding only when they are expressly
agreed upon in the concluded contract.

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PSS®SINCAL 16.5 - Technical Brochure v1.

Network Planning Tools (Electrical Networks).................................................................................................................................. 69

Overview · Transmission and generation of energy in transport

Offers for interfaces and integration projects License types

Modules – Electricity Networks

Modules – Pipe Networks

PSS®SINCAL User Interface

Overview · Maintenance of the network model for different tasks in

PSS®NETOMAC User Interface

Overview The following modules of the PSS®SINCAL Platform are

Architecture and Programming Interfaces

Overview o Oracle 9i, Oracle 10g, Oracle 11g

Multi-User Master Database

Electrical Networks – Modelling

Network Model (electrical)

Line and Cable Parameters

Requirements · Overhead lines are calculated with any number of parallel

Graphical Model Builder

Functionality different phases or in symmetrical components,

o Automatic identification of the sequential processing

· Options for a user-defined and efficient layout of models

DLL Model Interfaces

Dynamic Model Library

Electrical Networks – Core Modules

Modeling o Interactive and step-by-step control of load flow

Modeling · GOST R 52735 (2007), 28249 (1993)

Harmonics / Harmonic Contingency

Modeling · Create analyses for frequency responses at nodes or

Requirements In addition to precise dynamic models, the dynamics engine

Modeling o ExpMode: Combined RMS/EMT hybrid simulation to

· Extended evaluation options of the dynamic simulation

Modeling o Voltage and current sources for pulse excitation

o Instantaneous values as well as their magnitudes and

Electrical Networks – Extended Modules

Operating Point/Time Series Calculation

Modeling · Time step for calculations can be selected freely (minutes to

Modeling o Additional calculation at any time (automatically

Load Assignment/Transformer Tap Detection

Economic Efficiency Calculation

Network Stress Test

Modeling o Random distribution of the consumers at the

Energy Storage Placement and Sizing

Maximum Hosting Capacity

Modeling calculation the loads or feed elements are then temporarily

Grid Code Compliance Renewables

Contingency Analysis and Resupply

Modeling When resupply is used, an attempt is made to restore the

Probabilistic Reliability Analysis

Optimal Network Structures

Load flow optimization

Network Planning Tools (Electrical Networks)

Overview Feeder determination

Requirements · Consideration of devices for the soft start (soft starter) of

Electrical Networks – Protection Modules

Overcurrent Time Protection Simulation

· Analysis of the fault clearing process Modeling

Calculation · Checking the time selectivity in the network graphic by

Extended Protection Simulation

· Creation of user-defined grading diagrams

Distance Protection Setting Calculation

· Support of different setting strategies (DISTAL, line

Protection Security Assessment

The protection analysis (PSA) in PSS®SINCAL performs an