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K. BADARI NARAYANA
To cite this article: K. BADARI NARAYANA (1998) View Factors for Parallel Rectangular Plates,
Heat Transfer Engineering, 19:1, 59-63, DOI: 10.1080/01457639808939915
K. HADAR! NARAYANA
Thermal Systems Group, ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore, India
This article provides closed-form equations for computing view factors for parallel rectangular plates.
View factor algebra is used in the derivation of these equations. Results of nine cases of parallel
rectangular plates are given. Some results presented are taken from the literature and reproduced here
for the sake of completeness. The equations given are easy to use for computation.
The major problem in evaluating the radiative Gross et al. [6] have provided a closed-form solu-
heat transfer between surfaces is accounting for tion for the view factor for rectangle to rectangle
the geometric relations involved in how the sur- in parallel planes. Their method requires 16 eval-
faces view each other. The idea of the view factor uations of an integration function. The integral
is used in such cases. appearing in the expression for the view factor has
Mathematical evaluation of the view factor re- to be evaluated numerically. However, Gross
sults in integration of radiative interchange over et al.'s [6] solution is comparatively simpler than
the areas involved. The determination of the nu- that given by Chekhovskii et al. [7], who used
meric value of the view factor in a given situation configuration factor algebra and integration of
may be quite difficult and time consuming if the analytical expressions for the problem mentioned.
integration must actually be carried out. Any of Byrd [8] presented view factor algebra for two
the following methods are used for view factor arbitrarily sized, nonopposing parallel rectangular
evaluation: integration (analytical or numerical), a surfaces. He indicated that a term (K(~) in Eq.
graphical integration, cross-string method, con- (10) of this article) is inadvertently omitted in the
tour integration, synthesis of new factors from original expression by Hamilton and Morgan [1] in
existing ones, and photographic method. A compi- the derivation of the view factor between two
lation of view factor values/equations is given by rectangles of arbitrary size in parallel planes with
Hamilton and Morgan [1], Kreith [2], Howell [3], one edge of a rectangle parallel to one edge of the
Siegel and Howell [4], and European Space Agency other. Byrd recommends the use of Hsu's equa-
(ESA) [5]. tion [9] instead of graphical results, as the view
The case of radiation heat transfer between factor value is sensitive to values that are used for
parallel opposed rectangles of arbitrary size is of each term of the expression derived by him.
interest to thermal engineers. Many combinations Hsu [9] gives an analytical expression for shape
are encountered in practice. However, formulae factor between rectangles in parallel planes. How-
and or graphs for evaluating view factors in all ever, his equation appears quite formidable and
such cases are not available in the literature. lengthy. Ehlert and Smith [10] found simplified
alternate expressions compared to the Gross et al.
Received 18 November 1996; accepted 18 February 1997. method [6]. Their equation differs from the ex-
Address correspondence to K. Badari Narayana, Thermal Systems
Group, ISRO Satellite Centre, Vimanapura post, Bangalore, 560 017, pression reported by Gross et al. [6], and the
India. possibility of the natural log expression becoming
CASE 7
CASE 1
CASE 2
CASE 8
CASE 3
CASE 4
CASE 5
CASE 6
Case 4
where A is the area and F is the view factor
between identical, parallel, directly opposed rect- (4)
angles (see Figure 1). For example, consider Eq.
(4) of the present article: Case 5
(5)
- X tan - I X - Y tan - 1 y) (1) Hottel and Coefficient of the first term should be 2
Sarofim [19] Square root of the natural log term is
needed
REFERENCES
(7)
[1] Hamilton, D. c., and Morgan, J. R., Radiant Inter-
Case 7 n, 12] change Configuration Factors, NACA Rep!. TN 2836,
1952. '
A,Ft _ 3, = HK(~234) - K(~2) - K(~4) - K(~3) - K(~4) [2] Kreith, F., Radiation Heat Transfer for Spacecraft and
Solar Power Design, International Textbook, Scranton,
PA,1962.
+ K(~) + K(~) + K(~) + K(~») (8) [3] Howell, J. R., A Catalog of Radiation Configuration Fac-
tors, p. 96, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982.
Case 8 [4] Siegel, R., and Howell, J. R., Thennal Radiation Heat
Transfer, 3d ed., p. 1030, Hemisphere, Washington, D.C.,
At Ft_ 4, = HK(~23456) - K(~256) - K(~345) - K(~23) 1992.
[5] European Space Agency, Spacecraft Thermal Control
- K(~S6) + K(~2) + K(~3) + K(~s) + K(~5) Design Data, vol. I, ESA (TST.02), issue 1, ETSI Aero-
nautics, Universidad Politechnica de Madrid, 1979.
[6] Gross, V., Spindler, K., and Hahne, E., Shape Factor
(9) Equations for Radiation Heat Transfer Between Plane
Rectangular Boundaries, Leu. Heat Mass Transfer, vol.
Case 9 [1, 2, 5, 8, 16, 20] 8, pp. 219-227, 1981.
[7] Chekhovskii, I. R., Sirotkin, V. V., Chu-Dun-Chu, Yu.
At F I _ 9, = HK(~234S6789) - K(~234S6) - K(~25678) V., and Chebanov, V. A., Determination of Radiative
View Factors for Rectangles of Different Sizes, High
Temp., vol. 17, pp. 97-100, 1979.
- K(~34589) - K(~S6789) + K(~ 256) + K(~345) [8] Byrd, L. W., View Factor Algebra for Two Arbitrary
Sized Nonopposing Parallel Rectangles, ASME J. Heat
+ K(~S89) + K(~678) + K(~58) + K(~56) Transfer, vol. 115, pp. 517-518, 1993.
[9] Hsu, C. J., Shape Factor Equations for Radiant Heat
-K(~5) - K(~4) - K(~6) - K(~8) + K(~») (10) Transfer Between Two Arbitrary Sizes of Rectangular
Planes, Can. J. Chern. Eng., vol. 45, pp. 58-60, 1967.
Error in the expression for the view factor for case [10] Ehlert, J. R., and Smith, T. F., View Factors for Perpen-
dicular and Parallel Rectangular Plates, J. Thennophys.
9 is seen in some references as follows: the term Heat Transfer, vol. 7, pp. 173-174, 1993.
K(~) should be added in Hamilton and Morgan [1], [11] Crawford, M., Configuration Factor Between Two Un-
Kreith [2], and Chapman [16], and the fifth term is equal, Parallel, Coaxial Squares, ASME Paper 72-WA/
K(~2S6)' not K(~356) in Holman [20]. HT-16, 1972.
[12] Sparrow, E. M., and Cess, R. D., Radiation Heat Trans-
fer, rev. ed., pp. 132, 300, Brooks/Cole, CA, 1970.
Case 10 [13] Eckert, E. R. G., and Drake, R. M., Jr., Analysis of Heat
and Mass Transfer, p. 622, McGraw-Hill, New York,
A SFS - 1' 2'3' 4' 5'6' 7'8'9' = HK(~2S6) + K(~34S) + K(~S89) 1972.
[14] Becker, M., Heat Transfer: A Modem Approach, p. 267,
+ K(~678) - K(L) - K(~6) Plenum, New York, 1986.
[15] Parker, J. D., Boggs, J. H., and Blick, E. F., Introduction
- K(~3) - K(~4) - K(~9) to Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer, p. 497, Addison-
Wesley, Reading, MA, 1969.
[16] Chapman, A. J., Heat Transfer, 4th ed., pp. 593, 599,
- K(~7) - K(~8) - K(~9) Macmillan, New York, 1984.
[17] Levenspiel, 0., Engineering Flow and Heat Exchange, p.
+ K(~) + K(~) + K(~) + K(~») (11) 183, Plenum, New York, 1984.
[18] Edwards, D. K., Denny, V. E., and Mills, A. F., Transfer
Processes, p. 160, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New
York, 1973. .
CONCLUDING REMARKS
[19] Hottel, H. c., and Sarofim, A. F., Radiative Transfer, pp.
50,61, McGraw-Hili, New York, 1967.
View factor equations for nine cases of parallel [20] Holman, J.. P., Heat Transfer, 7th ed., p. 407, McGraw-
rectangular plates are given. The equations are Hill, New York, 1992.