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Heat Transfer Engineering

ISSN: 0145-7632 (Print) 1521-0537 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uhte20

View Factors for Parallel Rectangular Plates

K. BADARI NARAYANA

To cite this article: K. BADARI NARAYANA (1998) View Factors for Parallel Rectangular Plates,
Heat Transfer Engineering, 19:1, 59-63, DOI: 10.1080/01457639808939915

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/01457639808939915

Published online: 27 Apr 2007.

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View Factors for Parallel
Rectangular Plates

K. HADAR! NARAYANA
Thermal Systems Group, ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore, India

This article provides closed-form equations for computing view factors for parallel rectangular plates.
View factor algebra is used in the derivation of these equations. Results of nine cases of parallel
rectangular plates are given. Some results presented are taken from the literature and reproduced here
for the sake of completeness. The equations given are easy to use for computation.

The major problem in evaluating the radiative Gross et al. [6] have provided a closed-form solu-
heat transfer between surfaces is accounting for tion for the view factor for rectangle to rectangle
the geometric relations involved in how the sur- in parallel planes. Their method requires 16 eval-
faces view each other. The idea of the view factor uations of an integration function. The integral
is used in such cases. appearing in the expression for the view factor has
Mathematical evaluation of the view factor re- to be evaluated numerically. However, Gross
sults in integration of radiative interchange over et al.'s [6] solution is comparatively simpler than
the areas involved. The determination of the nu- that given by Chekhovskii et al. [7], who used
meric value of the view factor in a given situation configuration factor algebra and integration of
may be quite difficult and time consuming if the analytical expressions for the problem mentioned.
integration must actually be carried out. Any of Byrd [8] presented view factor algebra for two
the following methods are used for view factor arbitrarily sized, nonopposing parallel rectangular
evaluation: integration (analytical or numerical), a surfaces. He indicated that a term (K(~) in Eq.
graphical integration, cross-string method, con- (10) of this article) is inadvertently omitted in the
tour integration, synthesis of new factors from original expression by Hamilton and Morgan [1] in
existing ones, and photographic method. A compi- the derivation of the view factor between two
lation of view factor values/equations is given by rectangles of arbitrary size in parallel planes with
Hamilton and Morgan [1], Kreith [2], Howell [3], one edge of a rectangle parallel to one edge of the
Siegel and Howell [4], and European Space Agency other. Byrd recommends the use of Hsu's equa-
(ESA) [5]. tion [9] instead of graphical results, as the view
The case of radiation heat transfer between factor value is sensitive to values that are used for
parallel opposed rectangles of arbitrary size is of each term of the expression derived by him.
interest to thermal engineers. Many combinations Hsu [9] gives an analytical expression for shape
are encountered in practice. However, formulae factor between rectangles in parallel planes. How-
and or graphs for evaluating view factors in all ever, his equation appears quite formidable and
such cases are not available in the literature. lengthy. Ehlert and Smith [10] found simplified
alternate expressions compared to the Gross et al.
Received 18 November 1996; accepted 18 February 1997. method [6]. Their equation differs from the ex-
Address correspondence to K. Badari Narayana, Thermal Systems
Group, ISRO Satellite Centre, Vimanapura post, Bangalore, 560 017, pression reported by Gross et al. [6], and the
India. possibility of the natural log expression becoming

heat transfer engineering vol. 19 no. 1 1998 59


unidentified is eliminated, unlike that for the lat- differing sizes, is solved by Crawford [11], who
ter's expressions. gives an analytical expression in closed form.
A special case is the evaluation of the view In the present article, view factor equations for
factor between two unequal, parallel rectangles parallel plates for nine cases (Figure 1) are given.
with the projection of the smaller plate falling The equations are evaluated from the existing
completely within the larger plate. No expressions ones based on view factor algebra. Though the
are available to evaluate this case. A particular derivations from such shortcut methods are te-
case of this, namely, coaxial parallel squares of dious, they often yield useful results, and the

CASE 7
CASE 1

CASE 2

CASE 8

CASE 3

CASE 4

CASE 5

CASE 6

Figure 1 Ten cases of parallel rectangular plates.


60 heat transfer engineering vol. 19 no. 1 1998
lengthy mathematical derivations finally reduce to where X = ajh and Y = bjh (see Figure 1):
elegant form. Some of the results given here are
taken from the literature and are reproduced for
the sake of completeness and to give a single
source. View factors for the cases given can be
lim F 1 _ Z =
X-->oo
/1 + y\
1
Y
easily evaluated using the well-known solution for
1
identical, parallel, directly opposed rectangles lim F 1 - = /1 + \
Z
(case 1 in Figure 1). The view factors of this type Y-->oo X X
are widely available. Thus any of the nine cases
can be readily determined by summing the known lim F1 - Z = 1
X-+oo,Y--+oo
values of the view factors appearing on the right-
hand side of Eqs. (2)-(11). The equations given Errors in the view factor expression for identical,
are easy to use for computer evaluation. The parallel, directly opposed rectangles are seen in
other advantage of the expressions given here is many references and are outlined in Table 1.
that, only a limited number of terms need to be
calculated, depending on the case. Case 2 [1, 8, 18]

VIEW FACTOR EQUATIONS (2)

The following notation as given by Kreith [2], Case 3 [2, 5, 19]


Chapman [16], and Holman [20] is used in Eqs.
(2)-(11):

Case 4
where A is the area and F is the view factor
between identical, parallel, directly opposed rect- (4)
angles (see Figure 1). For example, consider Eq.
(4) of the present article: Case 5

(5)

Case 1 Table 1 Errors in the view factor expression


Case 1 [1-5, 12, 21-23] corresponds to identi-
cal, parallel, directly opposed rectangles for which Reference Correction
analytical expressions and a table for view factors Eckert and Sign for the fifth term should be positive
are available. The expression for the view factor is Drake [13] Coefficient for the fifth term is 1, not 1/2
given in Eq. (1): Inverse of the natural log term is
needed
Square root of the natural log term is
(1 + XZ)(l + yZ) required
1 +X Z
+ yZ Becker [14] Coefficient of the last term is 1, not 1/2
Square root of the natural log term needed
Parker et al. [15] Sign of the fourth term should be negative
x
+XVI + yZ tan- 1 r====.;=- Chapman [16] Coefficient of the first term should be 2,
VI + yZ not 1
Square root of the natural log term is
Y needed
+YVI +X tan-I
Z
VI +X z Levenspiel [17] Coefficient of the first term should be 2
Square root of the natural log term is
needed

- X tan - I X - Y tan - 1 y) (1) Hottel and Coefficient of the first term should be 2
Sarofim [19] Square root of the natural log term is
needed

heat transfer engineering vol. 19 no. 1 1998 61


Case 6 derived on the basis of view factor algebra. Use of
these equations is easy compared to other meth-
(6) ods.

REFERENCES
(7)
[1] Hamilton, D. c., and Morgan, J. R., Radiant Inter-
Case 7 n, 12] change Configuration Factors, NACA Rep!. TN 2836,
1952. '
A,Ft _ 3, = HK(~234) - K(~2) - K(~4) - K(~3) - K(~4) [2] Kreith, F., Radiation Heat Transfer for Spacecraft and
Solar Power Design, International Textbook, Scranton,
PA,1962.
+ K(~) + K(~) + K(~) + K(~») (8) [3] Howell, J. R., A Catalog of Radiation Configuration Fac-
tors, p. 96, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982.
Case 8 [4] Siegel, R., and Howell, J. R., Thennal Radiation Heat
Transfer, 3d ed., p. 1030, Hemisphere, Washington, D.C.,
At Ft_ 4, = HK(~23456) - K(~256) - K(~345) - K(~23) 1992.
[5] European Space Agency, Spacecraft Thermal Control
- K(~S6) + K(~2) + K(~3) + K(~s) + K(~5) Design Data, vol. I, ESA (TST.02), issue 1, ETSI Aero-
nautics, Universidad Politechnica de Madrid, 1979.
[6] Gross, V., Spindler, K., and Hahne, E., Shape Factor
(9) Equations for Radiation Heat Transfer Between Plane
Rectangular Boundaries, Leu. Heat Mass Transfer, vol.
Case 9 [1, 2, 5, 8, 16, 20] 8, pp. 219-227, 1981.
[7] Chekhovskii, I. R., Sirotkin, V. V., Chu-Dun-Chu, Yu.
At F I _ 9, = HK(~234S6789) - K(~234S6) - K(~25678) V., and Chebanov, V. A., Determination of Radiative
View Factors for Rectangles of Different Sizes, High
Temp., vol. 17, pp. 97-100, 1979.
- K(~34589) - K(~S6789) + K(~ 256) + K(~345) [8] Byrd, L. W., View Factor Algebra for Two Arbitrary
Sized Nonopposing Parallel Rectangles, ASME J. Heat
+ K(~S89) + K(~678) + K(~58) + K(~56) Transfer, vol. 115, pp. 517-518, 1993.
[9] Hsu, C. J., Shape Factor Equations for Radiant Heat
-K(~5) - K(~4) - K(~6) - K(~8) + K(~») (10) Transfer Between Two Arbitrary Sizes of Rectangular
Planes, Can. J. Chern. Eng., vol. 45, pp. 58-60, 1967.
Error in the expression for the view factor for case [10] Ehlert, J. R., and Smith, T. F., View Factors for Perpen-
dicular and Parallel Rectangular Plates, J. Thennophys.
9 is seen in some references as follows: the term Heat Transfer, vol. 7, pp. 173-174, 1993.
K(~) should be added in Hamilton and Morgan [1], [11] Crawford, M., Configuration Factor Between Two Un-
Kreith [2], and Chapman [16], and the fifth term is equal, Parallel, Coaxial Squares, ASME Paper 72-WA/
K(~2S6)' not K(~356) in Holman [20]. HT-16, 1972.
[12] Sparrow, E. M., and Cess, R. D., Radiation Heat Trans-
fer, rev. ed., pp. 132, 300, Brooks/Cole, CA, 1970.
Case 10 [13] Eckert, E. R. G., and Drake, R. M., Jr., Analysis of Heat
and Mass Transfer, p. 622, McGraw-Hill, New York,
A SFS - 1' 2'3' 4' 5'6' 7'8'9' = HK(~2S6) + K(~34S) + K(~S89) 1972.
[14] Becker, M., Heat Transfer: A Modem Approach, p. 267,
+ K(~678) - K(L) - K(~6) Plenum, New York, 1986.
[15] Parker, J. D., Boggs, J. H., and Blick, E. F., Introduction
- K(~3) - K(~4) - K(~9) to Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer, p. 497, Addison-
Wesley, Reading, MA, 1969.
[16] Chapman, A. J., Heat Transfer, 4th ed., pp. 593, 599,
- K(~7) - K(~8) - K(~9) Macmillan, New York, 1984.
[17] Levenspiel, 0., Engineering Flow and Heat Exchange, p.
+ K(~) + K(~) + K(~) + K(~») (11) 183, Plenum, New York, 1984.
[18] Edwards, D. K., Denny, V. E., and Mills, A. F., Transfer
Processes, p. 160, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New
York, 1973. .
CONCLUDING REMARKS
[19] Hottel, H. c., and Sarofim, A. F., Radiative Transfer, pp.
50,61, McGraw-Hili, New York, 1967.
View factor equations for nine cases of parallel [20] Holman, J.. P., Heat Transfer, 7th ed., p. 407, McGraw-
rectangular plates are given. The equations are Hill, New York, 1992.

62 heat transfer engineering vol. 19 no. 1 1998


K. Dadari Narayana is currently head of the
Thermal Design Section, Thermal Systems
Group at ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore.
His research interests include thermal design
and analysis of spacecraft, cooling of elec-
tronic equipment, and heat pipe applica-
tions. He has authored or coauthored a
number of articles in national and interna-
tional journals as well as technical confer-
ence proceedings and congresses. Dr. Badari Narayana holds a
bachelor of engineering degree in mechanical engineering from
Mysore University and received his M.Tech. and Ph.D., both in
mechanical engineering, from the Indian Instirute of Technology,
Madras.

heat transfer engineering vol. 19 no. 1 1998 63

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