Atoms combining

Compounds, mixtures, and chemical change

✓ Compound: Atoms of different elements, bonded together.
✓ Formula: Symbols of atoms that describe compound components.
✓ A mixture of iron powder and sulfur could be separated by dissolving the sulfur in
methylbenzene (a solvent), and filtering the iron off. But a compound of iron (II) sulfide
can’t be separated by normal separation methods because a chemical change took place.
✓ Signs of a chemical change (chemical reaction):
1) One or more new chemical substances are formed and usually look different from
the starting substances (main point).
2) Energy (Heat, light, …) is taken in or given out, during the reaction.
3) To reverse a reaction is usually difficult.
Why do atoms form bonds?
✓ Atoms bond with each other in order to have a stable arrangement of outer-shell electrons,
like the atoms of Group 0 (2He ends with 2eˉ or 10Ne, 18Ar, … end with 8eˉ) which are non
reactive elements.
✓ Ion: a charged particle because it has an unequal number of protons and electrons:
1) Positive ion: when an atom loses electron or more.
2) Positive ion: when an atom gains electron or more.

Ionic bond
✓ Ionic bond: Force of attraction between ions of opposite charge.
 Lattice: regular pattern of billions of opposite charged ions connected together.
 Giant: 3-D structure of a very large number of ions that forms ionic compound like NaCl.
 Ionic compound has no overall charge (NaCl, MgO, Na2O, MgCl2).

More about ions

✓ Hydrogen and the metals lose electrons and form positive ions with the same name.
✓ Non-metals form negative ions, with names ending in -ide.
✓ Elements in Groups IV and V do not usually form ions, because their atoms would have to
gain or lose several electrons, and that takes too much energy
 Write the names and formulae of ionic compounds like Lithium fluoride, Sodium sulfide.

1
Hazim Jaber 0799747775
✓ Transition elements:
1) Some form only one type of ion like Ag⁺, Zn2⁺.
2) Most can form more than one type of ion like Cu⁺, Cu2⁺, Fe2⁺, Fe3⁺.
 Compound ions: ions formed from a group of bonded atoms like ammonium (NH4⁺),
hydroxide (OHˉ), nitrate (NO3ˉ), sulfate (SO42ˉ), carbonate (CO32ˉ) and hydrogen carbonate
(HCO3ˉ) ....
Covalent bond
✓ Covalent bond: Force of attraction between two non-metallic atoms when their shells
overlap and share electrons and both nuclei attract the shared electrons.
✓ Molecule: group of atoms held together by covalent bonds like sulfur S8, phosphorus P4.
✓ Diatomic molecules: molecules containing two atoms like iodine I2, oxygen O2, nitrogen N2.
✓ Types of covalent bond:
1) Single bond: between two atoms sharing one eˉ each like Cl2.
2) Double bond: between two atoms sharing two eˉ each like O2.
3) Triple bond: between two atoms sharing three eˉ each like N2.
Covalent compounds
✓ Covalent compound: covalent molecule with different elements like HCl, H2O, CH4, NH3.
✓ Methane CH4 has a tetrahedral shape with a 109.5° angel between bonds because the four
pairs of electrons around carbon repel each other, and move as far apart as possible.

✓ Water H2O has a bent shape with a 104.5° bonds angel because the two non-bonding pairs
of eˉ repel more strongly than the bonding pairs. So, they push bonds closer together.
 Ammonia NH3 has a pyramid shape with one non-bonding pair of eˉ.
 Carbon dioxide CO2 has a linear shape with two double bonds.
 Ethene C2H4 has one double bond.
 Methanol CH3OH.

2
Hazim Jaber 0799747775
 Comparing latices of ionic and covalent (molecular) compounds

comparison Ionic compounds Molecular compounds

Particles Ions (charged) Molecules (non-charged)

Forces between Strong (greater ions charge stronger

Weak
particles attraction forces)

Melting and High (because ionic bonds are very strong so

Low
boiling points it takes much energy to break up the lattice)

tend to be insoluble in water but

Usually in water (ions dissolve then move
Solubility may in other solvents like
apart, surrounded by water molecules)
tetrachloromethane

Conduct Yes, when molten or solution (because ions No, because There are no charged
electricity become free to move) particles

Giant covalent structures

✓ Macromolecules or Giant covalent structures: strong lattice in which billions of atoms are
held together by strong covalent bonds like diamond, silica graphite.
✓ Allotropes: two forms of the same element like diamond and graphite both made of carbon.
✓ Silica (silicon dioxide SiO2)

Subs. Properties Uses

Hardest substance because each carbon atom forms very

Tools for drilling and cutting
strong covalent bonds to four others, form rings of 6 atoms
Diamond (C)

Does not conduct electricity because there’s no free

Electrical insulators
electrons

Sparkles when cut Jewellery

Softest solid because the rings form flat sheets that lie on Lubricant for engines and
top of each other, held together by weak forces locks
Graphite (C)

Good conductor of because there’s a free electron to move Electrodes, and connecting
through the graphite, carrying charge brushes in generators

Dark in color Pencil (mixed with clay)

3
Hazim Jaber 0799747775
Silica (silicon dioxide SiO2) Occurs naturally as quartz and the main mineral in sand

Each silicon atom bonds covalently to four oxygen atoms.

And each oxygen atom bonds covalently to 2 silicon atoms

Hard, can scratch things with a melting point around 1700°C sandpaper

Lets light through Glass and lenses

High melting point bricks for lining furnaces

The bonding in metals

 In metals, the atoms are packed tightly together in a regular lattice that allows outer
electrons to separate from their atoms the result is a lattice of ions in a ‘sea’ of electrons
that are free to move.
 Metallic bond: attraction between held together metal ions and free electrons.
 Delocalized electrons: freely moving electrons in the metal lattice (not tied to any one ion).
 Metals properties:
1) usually have high melting points because it takes a lot of heat energy to break up the
strong metallic bonds in the lattice. There are exceptions.
a) Sodium (Na) melts at only 98°C.
b) Mercury (Hg) melts at –39°C, so it is a liquid at room temperature.
2) Good conductors of heat because the free electrons transfer the heat faster through
the metal.
3) Good conductors of electricity because the free electrons move through the lattice
carrying charge. Silver is the best conductor of all the metals Copper is next – but it
is used much more than silver.
4) Malleable and ductile because the layers can slide over each other.
 Malleable: can be bent and pressed into shape.
 Ductile: can be drawn out into wires.

4
Hazim Jaber 0799747775