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LY TRUONG TUNG
GRADUATION THESIS
STUDYING THE TECHNOLOGY OF STORAGE,
TRANSPORTATION LPG AT PV GAS VUNG TAU TERMINAL AND
CALCULATING LPG TANK WITH CAPACITY OF 820M3
HANOI - 07/2020
INTRODUCTION
Petroleum is a valuable resource that has been known by humans. However,
until the beginning of the 20th century, when technical science is developed. The oil
and gas were newly rated and used correctly in its importance. In recent years, the
oil and gas industry has continuously grown, after many years of exploration and
search many oil and gas fields have been found, among which are typical ones such
as Bach Ho field Su Tu Den fields, Dai Hung field, Rang Dong field, Lan Tay and
Lan Do fields. The exploitation and use of products have brought a great source of
economic benefits.
Currently, the gas processing industry has grown strongly due to human
demand to use clean raw materials and economically exploited from natural gas and
associated gas fields. Therefore, it is necessary to have a complete storage and
distribution system of gas products in general and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
and ensure fire and explosion safety. This is also a matter of great concern when
designing and constructing petrochemical refineries
After finding research, collecting documents and obtaining the consent of the
Oil and Gas Faculty of Hanoi University of Mining and Geology chose the topic for
my thesis as "Studying the technology of storage transportation for refrigerated
LPG at PV Gas Vung Tau Terminal and calculating LPG tank with a capacity
of 820m3". The contents of the thesis include the main issues:
- Overview of the Vietnam Gas Industry.
- Introduction of LPG, storage, and transportation of LPG.
- Study the technology of storage transportation for LPG at PV Gas Vung
Tau Terninal.
- Calculating tank with capacity of 820m3.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In the process of doing the project, the large workload with limited time, so I
can not avoid mistakes during the process of completing this thesis. I hope all of our
beloved teachers would review and help me perfect my project.
I am pleased to express my profound gratitude to Dr. Cong Ngoc Thang and
all the teachers of Oil and Gas Faculty - major in Oil refining and Petrochemistry
have been dedicated to helping me carry out and gather the necessary figures for
you to complete this thesis.
Thank you sincerely!
Ha Noi
Ly Truong Tung
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ..........................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENT ..........................................................................................iii
LIST OF TERMINOLOGY ....................................................................................vi
LIST OF TABLE ...................................................................................................vii
LIST OF DRAWINGS, GRAPHS ........................................................................viii
LISH OF DIAGRAM ...........................................................................................ixY
CHAPTER 1 : OVERVIEW OF VIETNAM OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY..............1
1.1. Introduce of natural gas .....................................................................................1
1.2. The origin of oil and gas.................................................................................... 1
1.3. Composition and classification of natural gas................................................... 1
1.3.1. Composition ................................................................................................1
1.3.2. Classification ...............................................................................................2
1.4. Gas processing ...................................................................................................3
1.4.1. Removing mechanical impurities.................................................................3
1.4.2. Gas sweetening processes. ..........................................................................3
1.4.3. Water separation.......................................................................................... 4
1.5. Application of gas product .................................................................................4
1.5.1. Used as fuel................................................................................................. 4
1.5.2. Used as a raw material .................................................................................5
1.6. Overview of VietNam’s Gas Industry................................................................5
1.6.1. Potential development of gas market in VietNam .......................................5
1.6.2. Gas exploitation in Vietnam ........................................................................7
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION OF LPG, STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION
LPG .......................................................................................................................... 8
2.1. Introduction of LPG.......................................................................................... 9
2.1.1. Properties of LPG........................................................................................ 9
2.1.2. LPG Gas Manufacturing. ..........................................................................11
2.1.3. LPG Uses.................................................................................................. 12
2.1.4. Benefits of LPG .........................................................................................13
2.2. Vietnam’s market gas.......................................................................................13
2.3. Transportation and Storage LPG..................................................................... 14
2.3.1. Transporting LPG...................................................................................... 14
2.3.2. Storage of LPG ..........................................................................................14
2.4. Type of tanks ...................................................................................................15
2.4.1. Definition.................................................................................................. 15
2.4.2. Situation of building LPG storage tanks in Viet Nam............................... 18
CHAPTER 3: THE TECHNOLOGY OF STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION FOR
LPG AT PV GAS VUNG TAU TERMINAL ........................................................20
3.1. Overview of PV Gas Vung Tau refrigerated LPG storage ..............................20
3.1.1. Systems and operating equipments for refrigerated LPG in refrigerated
LPG storage ........................................................................................................20
3.1.2. Systems and operating equitments for pressurized LPG in refrigerated LPG
storage ................................................................................................................. 23
3.1.3. Equipments List of of PV Gas Vung Tau refrigerated LPG storage........ 25
3.2. Overview of PV Gas Vung Tau pressurized LPG storage .............................33
3.2.1 OVERVIEW OF MAIN EQUIPMENTS. .....................................................33
3.2.3. DESCRIPTION THE TECHNOLOGY OF IMPORT, STORAGE AND
EXPORTING PRODUCT OF LPG STORAGE TANK .......................................33
CHAPTER 4 : CALCULATING LPG TANK WITH CAPACITY OF 820 M3 .....36
4.1. Theoretical calculations ...................................................................................36
4.1.1. Temperature ..............................................................................................36
4.1.2. Working pressure, calculated pressure. .....................................................36
4.1.3. Joint Efficiency .........................................................................................36
4.1.4. Additional coefficient calculated thickness............................................... 37
4.2. Tank selection and calculation parameters...................................................... 37
4.2.1. Purpose of design LPG tank .....................................................................37
4.2.2. Design options of LPG tank ......................................................................38
4.2.3. Parameter of LPG storage .........................................................................39
4.2.4. Material for construction ...........................................................................39
4.2.5. Select the welding method for the tank .....................................................40
4.3. Calculate the thickness of the body tank ..........................................................40
4.3.1. The state of the calculation ........................................................................40
4.3.2. Calculate the pressure when the tank contains LPG ..................................40
4.3.3. Calculate the thickness of shell tank under internal pressure .....................41
4.4. Calculate the thickness the head tank.............................................................. 42
4.5. Calculate the total weight of tank ....................................................................43
4.6. Fire explosion risk and mitigation for LPG tanks............................................ 43
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................45
REFERENCE......................................................................................................... 46
LIST OF TERMINOLOGY
CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION OF LPG , STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION LPG
2.1. Introduction of LPG
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a hydrocarbon gas fuel extracted from
crude oil or natural gas. LPG exists as gases in the ambient temperature, but with
applied moderate pressure, it is liquefied. LPG is a mixture of petroleum gases,
mainly butane and propane. In Vietnam, the commercial LPG might contain
hydrocarbons mixture of propane, propylene, butane (normal-butane or iso-
butane) and butylenes (including isomers) [8].
2.1.1. Properties of LPG
At normal temperatures and pressures, LPG will evaporate. Because of this,
LPG is supplied in pressurized steel bottles. In order to allow for thermal expansion
of the contained liquid, these bottles are not filled completely; typically, they are
filled to between 80% and 85% of their capacity.
Table 2.1 Specifications of LPG [8]
Properties Units Propane Butane
0
Boiling Point C -42 to -45 -0.5 to -0.2
0
Flame Temperature C 520 500
Density Kg/m3 1.83 2.46
Molecular Weight Kg/kmole 44.097 58.12
Heat Capacity kJ/kg0C 2,512 2,386
Vapor Pressure
150C 6,5 0,8
200C Bar 9 2,75
250C 19,6 7
Total Heat Kcal/kg 12000 11800
2.1.1.1. Density
LPG at atmospheric pressure and temperature is a gas that is 1.5 to 2.0 times
heavier than air. It is readily liquefied under moderate pressures. The liquid's
density is approximately half that of water and ranges from 0.525 to 0.580 at 15 0C.
Since LPG vapor is heavier than air, it would generally settle down at ground level/
low lying places, and accumulate in depressions.
2.1.1.2. Vapour pressure
The pressure inside a LPG storage tank/ cylinder will be equal to the vapour
pressure corresponding to the temperature of LPG in the storage tank. The vapour
pressure is dependent on temperature as well as on the ratio of mixture of
hydrocarbons. At liquid full condition any further expansion of the liquid, the
cylinder pressure will rise by approxiate 14 to 15 kg./sq.cm. for each degree
centigrade. This clearly explains the hazardous situation that could arise due to the
overfilling of cylinders.
2.1.1.3. Flammability
LPG has an explosive range of 1.8% to 9.5% volume of gas in the air. This is
considerably narrower than other standard gaseous fuels. This indicates the hazard
of LPG vapor accumulated in a low lying area in the leakage or spillage eventuality.
The auto-ignition temperature of LPG is around 410-580 deg. C and hence it will
not ignite on its own at normal temperature. Entrapped air in the vapor is hazardous
in an unpurged tank/ cylinder during pumping/ filling-in operation. Given this, it is
not advisable to use air pressure to unload LPG cargoes or tankers.
2.1.1.4. Commistion
The combustion reaction of LPG increases the volume of products in
addition to the generation of heat. LPG requires up to 50 times its own volume of
air for complete combustion. Thus it is essential that adequate ventilation is
provided when LPG is burnt in enclosed spaces; otherwise, asphyxiation due to
depletion of oxygen apart from the formation of carbon-dioxide can occur.
2.1.1.5. Odor
LPG has only a very faint smell, and consequently, it is necessary to add
some odourant, so that any escaping gas can easily be detected. Ethyl Mercaptan is
normally used as a stenching agent for this purpose.
2.1.1.6. Colour
LPG is colorless both in the liquid and vapor phases. The distinctive smell
that people associate with LPG is actually added to it as a safety measure.
Without the addition of an odourant, leaking gas could collect without being
detected. The specification is based on a person with a normal sense of smell being
able to identify the odourant's distinct smell at a specific percentage of LPG in air,
simulating a leak.
2.1.1.7. Toxicity
Even though slightly toxic, LPG is not poisonous in the vapor phase, but can,
however, suffocate when in significant concentrations because it displaces oxygen.
Because of this, the vapor posses mild anesthetic properties.
2.1.2. LPG Gas Manufacturing.
2.1.2.1. Raw materials for LPG production.
LPG comes from two sources, with roughly 60% stripped from raw natural
gas during natural gas processing and approximately 40% of the LPG coming from
crude oil refinery process.
2.1.2.2. LPG Process Description
After the crude oil is stabilized - in the process of transporting to the refinery,
important quantities of LPG and lighter components (methane, ethane) are still in
the oil taken to the refinery. Here the crude oil is taken to the fractional distillation
tower. Gases of light composition include LPG, ethane, and methane. Other
components include heavy parts.
Depending on each case, we need to apply a method production of LPG in
gas processing plants such as compression method, cooling method, absorption
method, adsorption method.
An LPG production process consists of 3 main stages:
- Prepare materials.
- Processing gas
- Mixing LPG ingredients
The choice of gas processing method is determined by the physical and
chemical properties of the gas mixture and the development of gas processing
technology.
The mixing stage is the simplest of all LPG production stages. Depending on
the market demand for LPG products, manufacturers after having gas components,
including C3 and C4, will mix them in an appropriate proportion. In the process of
mixing LPG components, the technology depends on the primary ratio of butane,
propane and equipment productivity.
2.1.3. LPG Uses
When LPG is used to fuel internal combustion engines, it is often referred to
as autogas. In some countries, it has been used since the 1940s as an alternative fuel
for spark - ignition engines. LPG is a versatile fuel and used around the world as an
alternate fuel for various LPG applications including residential, commercial,
industrial, agriculture and autogas. In areas lacking natural gas, LPG is the best
alternative fuel. Heating, cooking, hot water and drying are common LPG
applications.
Uses of LPG in the home: LPG used in your home is typically suppliedin
LPG gas bottles. Main uses of LPG in your home, including cooking, heating, hot
water, autogas, aerosol propellant, air conditioning refrigerant and back-up
generator applications.
Uses of LPG in agriculture: Crop drying is one of the most common use for
LPG in agriculture. Grains, nuts, tobacco and dried fruit are just some examples of
agricultural products dried using LPG. Moisture must be removed from agricultural
products to prevent spoilage.
Uses of LPG in the industry: Using of LPG in the industry: Used to metal
furnaces, welding, cutting steel, cooking and processing glass, canning sterilization,
etc.
Uses of LPG in transportation: It is the fuel to replace petrol because of
high octane value. LPG provides a nearly 50% reduction in greenhouse gas
emissions and an 80% reduction in CO2 as compared to conventional gasoline.
2.1.4. Benefits of LPG
LPG is a clean burning smoke-free fuel that supports cleaner air quality.
Unlike many other fuels, it contains low levels of NOx, particulate matter (PM)
which means it is suitable for both indoor and outdoor use.
- LPG emits 33% less CO2 than coal and 12% less than oil
- Heating oil is 17% more carbon intensive than LPG
- Coal is 50% more carbon intensive than LPG
- LPG combustion emits almost no PM
- Cleaner-burning and no sulfur
2.2. Vietnam’s market gas
LPG was introduced to Vietnam since early 1990s. The initial Vietnam LPG
market size is just about 50,000 tons, mainly imported and using in the household
area.
The PV GAS' launch of the Gas Processing Plan Dinh Co t, which produce
about 300,000 tons per year at that time, accelerated the consumption. LPG now
becomes popular and be used vary from cooking to industrial production. Since
2009, Vietnam LPG market has added a new LPG supply from the Dung Quat oil
refinery.
Since July 2009, Dung Quat oil refinery has officially provided LPG to the
market with an output of about 130,000 tons (2009). In 2019, with the LPG
production volume of Dung Quat oil refinery about 500,000 tons/year, GPP Dinh
Co, and GPP Ca Mau, about 400,000 tons/year will meet over 50% of total LPG
demand of the country [9].
With a target of 500,000 tons/year, LPG of Dung Quat Oil Refinery accounts
for about 30% of the domestic demand in recent years. Currently, Binh Son
Refinery and Petrochemical Company (BSR) - the management and operation unit
of Dung Quat Oil Refinery currently has 12 customers consuming LPG, of which
PV Gas North, PV Gas South, and PV Gas Trading have a structure. Biggest
consumption, accounting for 16-18% / per unit. [9]
Apart from local production, at present, half of the market demand must be
fulfilled with imported LPG. According to statistics from the General Department
of Customs, in May 2019, the country imported 124.1 thousand tons of liquefied
gas, worth about 71.7 million USD.
The South is still considered the largest market and has the highest demand,
accounting for about 66% of LPG demand of the whole country, the North and the
Central with about 30% and 4%.
2.3. Transportation and Storage LPG
LPG is widely used in many industries and is indispensable in some
countries, especially those with developed industries. Therefore, LPG storage,
transport and storage are of particular interest.
2.3.1. Transporting LPG
To facilitate LPG storage and transport for use, people often liquefy the gas
because butane and propane are easy to liquefy at low pressure.
Depending on the manufacturing plant's location, the consuming markets,
generally LPG is transported by pipelines. Transporting LPG from one region to
another, or from a production site to a destination, can be carried by sea, rail, or
road. On the vehicles, we must use a tank under high pressure and have a transfer
pump system. For household consumers in the household, they can use suitable
piping systems or containers made of steel.
2.3.2. Storage of LPG
People can store LPG on the ground or in the ground depending on the level
of storage, consumption and conditions in different regions.
- Storage on the ground
LPG storage equipment is pressure equipment and made in the shape of a
horizontal cylinder; the two heads are hemispherical or ellipsoidal, maybe it can
store LPG in spherical tanks because it can withstand high pressure. There are
safety devices installed in all tanks in the storage process.
Depending on the market's needs or the purpose of requiring LPG, people
use small to large tanks depending on the different volume levels.
- Storage in the ground
We can store LPG in the ground. This storage method is safe and
effective, but only implemented in several countries with developed industries
such as the US, UK, and Canada.
2.4. Type of tanks
2.4.1. Definition
A tank is a type of construction work serving the preservation of various fuel
types, mainly liquid or gaseous fuel. Currently, people have created tanks with large
capacity and high-pressure resistance.
2.4.1.1. Low-pressure storage tanks
a. Fixed Roof Tanks
A fixed roof tank is a type of storage tank, used to store liquids. There will
always be a vapor space between the liquid surface and the roof. The roof may be
flat, cone - shaped, domed. A pressure-vacuum valve, commonly installed on many
fixed roof tanks, allows the tank to operate at a slight internal pressure or vacuum.
This valve prevents the release of vapors during very small changes in temperature,
barometric pressure, or liquid level [10].
Figure 2.2. External floating roof tank and Internal floating roof
c. Horizontal Tanks
Horizontal tanks are constructed for both above-ground and underground
service. Horizontal tanks are usually constructed of steel, steel with a fiberglass
overlay, or fiberglass-reinforced polyester. Horizontal tanks are generally small
storage tanks [10].
Horizontal tanks are constructed such that the length of the tank is not greater
than six times the diameter to ensure structural integrity.
Horizontal tanks are usually equipped with pressure-vacuum vents, gauge
hatches and sample wells, and manholes to provide accessibility to these tanks.
CHAPTER 3
THE TECHNOLOGY OF STORAGE,
TRANSPORTATION FOR LPG
AT PV GAS VUNG TAU TERMINAL
3.1. Overview of PV Gas Vung Tau refrigerated LPG storage
PV Gas Vung Tau refrigerated LPG storage project has a total investment of
more than 2,517.13 billion VND invested by PetroVietNam Gas Joint Stock
Corporation (PV Gas). The refrigerated storage is an extension of the pressurized
LPG storage in Tan Thanh district, Ba Ria-Vung Tau province, the capacity of
refrigerated LPG storage is 60,000 tons of LPG, this is also the biggest refrigerated
storage in Vietnam. Area of 5.3 ha, refrigerated LPG storage is located in 16 ha of
Thi Vai port complex - Cai Mep Industrial Park, Phuoc Hoa Commune, Tan Thanh
District, Ba Ria - Vung Tau Province [12].
The refrigerated LPG tank system was put into operation in February 2013.
Refrigerated LPG storage includes tank equipment as follows:
- 2 refrigerated LPG tanks
- 2 pressurized LPG tanks
- Technology equipment, electricity,control electricity, pump system,
compressor system, heating system, fire protection system, etc
3.1.1. Systems and operating equipments for refrigerated LPG in refrigerated
LPG storage
3.1.1.1. A requirement of refrigerated LPG import system
- Two loading systems are LDA-0201 and LDA-0301 with the capacity
2400m3 /h
- Two technological pipelines for importing refrigerated LPG
Table 3.1 : Parameter of piping [12]
Size ( inch ) 12
Material API 5L Gr.X-42
Permissible corrosion limit ( mm) 1.5 mm
4*V
HANDBOOK. Using a equation to determine the length of tank: L= π*D (Eq4.3)
Where L = Length of tank D= Diameter
V= Volume of tank
Choose L = 60 m
So that, dimension of tank is 4.2m I.D x 60m T/T
4.2.4. Material for construction
Select the material of carbon steel to make the equitment, the symbol of steel
is SA-516 Gr70. CT3 steel is a steel with carbon content (accounting for 0.27 -
0.31). Therefore SA-516 Gr70 steel with good strength and flexibility, excellent
impact strength, high strength low alloy steel structure provides excellent
mechanical properties, high abrasion resistance. Widely used in the petroleum
industry, such as tank design, drilling structure ...
4.2.5. Select the welding method for the tank
Welding steel plates make tanks made available to shape the design
together.Basically, the steel plate must be welded vertically along with the tank,
perimeter. Choose machining technology: Manual electric arc welding, durable two-
butt welded welding, welding type is the welding connection coefficients as
follows: E = 1
4.3. Calculate the thickness of the body tank
4.3.1. The state of the calculation
The calculation of the thickness of the tank shell should be based on two
conditions of the tank:
- State 1: Tank under internal pressure. In this state, the tank contains
fuel
- State 2: Tank under external pressure In this state, the tank does not
contain fuel (when stopped operating or finished manufacturing)
In each state, the pressure acting on the tank shell is different. The design
must consider the dangerous working ability of the work, so perform calculations
with the following two specific states:
- State 1: Operation tank with design pressure and pressure test. Both
cases include the pressure due to the weight of the fuel acting on the
tank.
- State 2: Empty tank, subject to atmospheric pressure only.
We should be determine the thickness of tank for 2 case: with design
pressure (Pd =18 kg/cm2) and test pressure (Pt = 27kg/cm2). In both case, the
calculatation is the same way, usually the thickness with P d is aways bigger, so for
the scope of this thesis, only calculations are shown with this case.
4.3.2. Calculate the pressure when the tank contains LPG
This is an important parameter to calculate the thickness of tank. The
calculated pressure includes the design pressure plus the hydrostatic pressure of the
liquid. Using equation (4.1) we have :
P = Pd + g.ρ.hl N / m2
Where: Pd is the design pressure, N / m2
g is the gravitational acceleration, m/s2.
ρ is the density of the liquid, kg/m3.
hl is the height of the liquid column, m.
We have : g.ρ.hl = 9.81*0.5533*103*4.2*0.85 = 19377.50 (N/m2) = 0.1975 (kg/cm2)
P = 18 + 0.1975 = 18.1975 ( kg/cm2)
4.3.3. Calculate the thickness of shell tank under internal pressure
Every point on the shell of steel pressure tank has two stress components :
- Circumferential Stress
- Longitudinal Stress
Based on these two stress components, according to ASME SEC VIII
Division 1 PART UG. UG27 (c) [14] required minimum thickness t will take the
maximum of the two values calculated
the following formulas:
- t1 = PR / (SE – 0.6P) ( Eq 4.4 )
- t2 = PR / (2SE + 0.4P) ( Eq 4.5 )
where E = Joint efficiency
P = Internal design pressure (18.19 kg/cm2)
R = inside radius of tank (210cm)
S = maximum allowable stress (1225 kg/cm2)
PR 18.1975* 210
3.147
We have : t1 = 2SE + 0.4P = 1225 0.6*18.1975 (cm)
PR 18.1975* 210
1.555
t2 = 2SE + 0.4P = 2*1225 0.4 *18.1975 (cm)
Comparing t1 > t2 so we can choose t1
Howerver, we need to care about the environment's chemical and mechanical
effects on the device's construction materials. So the thickness of shell tank under
internal pressure is : t = t1 + Ca = 3.147 + 0.1 + 0.05 ≈ 3.3 (cm)
1 D 2 1 420 2
2 2
K= 6 2h = 6 2*110 = 0.941
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