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Mohammed albhaisi
A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct current
electrical power into mechanical power. The most common types rely on the forces produced
by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either
electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current flow in part of
the motor.
DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from existing direct -
current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled over a
wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in its
field windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal
motor can operate on direct current but is a lightweight motor used for portable power tools
and appliances. Larger DC motors are used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and
hoists, or in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has made
replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in many applications.
2) Control Systems:
2.1) Open Loop Systems:
An open-loop control system is controlled directly, and only, by an input
signal, without the benefit of feedback.
A characteristic of the open-loop system is that it does not use feedback to
determine if its output has achieved the desired goal of the input, this
means
that the system does not observe the output of the processes that it is
controlling.
Note:
The transistors Q1 and Q2 should never be closed at the same time, as this
would cause a short circuit on the input voltage source (External power
source). The same applies to the transistors Q3 and Q4.
Pulse width modulation (PWM) is a fancy term for describing a type of digital signal.
control circuitry. A common way we use them here at SparkFun is to control dimming
of RGB LEDs or to control the direction of a servo motor. We can accomplish a range
of results in both applications because pulse width modulation allows us to vary how
much time the signal is high in an analog fashion. While the signal can only be high
(usually 5V) or low (ground) at any time, we can change th e proportion of time the
Duty Cycle
When the signal is high, we call this “on time”. To describe the amount of “on time” , we use
the concept of duty cycle. Duty cycle is measured in percentage. The percentage duty cycle
specifically describes the percentage of time a digital signal is on over an interval or period of
time. This period is the inverse of the frequency of the waveform.
If a digital signal spends half of the time on and the other half off, we would say the digital
signal has a duty cycle of 50% and resembles an ideal square wave. If the percentage is
higher than 50%, the digital signal spends more time in the high state t han the low state and
vice versa if the duty cycle is less than 50%. Here is a graph that illustrates these three
scenarios:
Eng.Mohammed albhaisi
Labview code :
: we use this block to generate PWM its name ( PWM write pin )
Eng.Mohammed albhaisi
A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control of angular
or linear position, velocity and acceleration.[1] It consists of a suitable motor coupled to a
sensor for position feedback. It also requires a relatively sophisticated controller, often a
dedicated module designed specifically for use with servomotors.
Servomotors are not a specific class of motor although the term servomotor is often used to
refer to a motor suitable for use in a closed-loop control system.
Servomotors are used in applications such as robotics, CNC machinery or automated
manufacturing
Mechanism
A servomotor is a closed-loop servomechanism that uses position feedback to control its motion
and final position. The input to its control is a signal (either analogue or digital) representing the
position commanded for the output shaft.
The motor is paired with some type of encoder to provide position and speed feedback. In the
simplest case, only the position is measured. The measured position of the output is compared
to the command position, the external input to the controller. If the output position differs from
that required, an error signal is generated which then causes the motor to rotate in either
direction, as needed to bring the output shaft to the appropriate position. As the positions
approach, the error signal reduces to zero and the motor stops.
Servos are controlled by sending an electrical pulse of variable width, or pulse width
modulation (PWM)
A servo motor can usually only turn 90 degrees in either direction for a total of 180
degree movement
The motor's neutral position is defined as the position where the servo has the same
amount of potential rotation in the both the clockwise or counter-clockwise direction.
he PWM sent to the motor determines position of the shaft, and based on the duration
of the pulse sent via the control wire; the rotor will turn to the desired position
The servo motor expects to see a pulse every 20 milliseconds (ms) and the length of the
pulse will determine how far the motor turns
Eng.Mohammed albhaisi
Proteus :
Labview :
Eng.Mohammed albhaisi
Lab work :
1. picture for protues and labview in example 1,2 must be in
your report.