Assignment#1

Submitted by: Syed Aoun Abbas Naqvi

Submitted to: Sir Mubashar Husssain

Course title and Code:ICT Cs(161)

Roll No:18321519-173

10/11/2018
 ASSIGNMENT#1

Web services:................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Components of web service:..................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
List of Web Services:.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
1. World Wide Web (WWW):........................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
History:...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Working of web:........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8
Web browser:............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Some Other types of browsers:............................................................................................................................................................................... 11
 Internet Explorer................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
 Safari................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
 Firefox................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
2.Email:....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Types:...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
 Web-based email............................................................................................................................................................................................ 12
 POP3 email services........................................................................................................................................................................................ 12
 IMAP email servers......................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
 MAPI email servers......................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
 Uses:................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 13
 Reducing cost.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
 3.Creating a "written" record...........................................................................................................................................................................13
o Email marketing.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
3.Internet Relay chat(IRC):.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
4: File transfer protocol:............................................................................................................................................................................................. 15

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5.Telnet:...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
6.Wikipedia:................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 17
7.Video conferencing:................................................................................................................................................................................................. 17
Modes of Video Conferencing................................................................................................................................................................................. 17
8.internet telephony:.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 19
9.E-commerece:.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
10.Search engine:....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
HOW SEARCH ENGINE WORKS:............................................................................................................................................................................... 21

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Web services:
A web service is a collection of open protocols and standards used for exchanging data
between applications or systems. Software applications written in various programming languages and

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running on various platforms can use web services to exchange data over computer networks like the
Internet in a manner similar to inter-process communication on a single computer. This interoperability
(e.g., between Java and Python, or Windows and Linux applications) is due to the use of open standards.

To summarize, a complete web service is, therefore, any service that:

1. Is available over the Internet or private (intranet) networks
2. Uses a standardized XML messaging system
3. Is not tied to any one operating system or programming language
4. Is self-describing via a common XML grammar
5. Is discoverable via a simple find mechanism
Components of web service:
The basic web services platform is XML +
HTTP. All the standard web services work using the following components –
1.SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)
2. UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery and Integration)
3. WSDL (Web Services Description Language)

How does a web service work?

A web service enables communication among various applications
by using open standards such as HTML, XML, WSDL, and SOAP. A web service takes the help of −
1.XML to tag the data
2.SOAP to transfer a message

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3.WSDL to describe the availability of service.

List of Web Services:

Some important/ major internet web services are given as follows:
1. World Wide Web.
2. Email.
3. Internet relay Chat.
4. Searching.
5. File transfer protocol.
6. Communication services.
7. Information retrieval services.
8. Chat.
9. E commerce.
10.News.
11.Peer to peer services.

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1. World Wide Web (WWW):

World Wide Web also known as (WWW) is an information space where
documents and other web resources are identified by the URL’s code uniform resource locator, interlinked by
hypertext links, and accessible via the Internet. It is a combination of various web pages or electronic pages.
If you imagine that

History:
English scientist Tim Berners-Lee and Belgian informatics engineer Robert Cailliau invented the World
Wide Web in 1989. They wrote the first web browser in 1994 while employed at CERN in Switzerland. The
browser was released outside CERN in 1991. They made first web browser Named worldwideweb later named
Nexus. The web creator wanted to create a simple way to access any document that was store on network,
without having to search through indexes or directories of files.To do this they established a way to “link”
document that is store on different location in a single computer or in different computers in a network. The
simply understand a web imagine a collection of billions of documents, all stored in different places, but linked
together in same manner, you might imagine them creating a web. If you extend that collection of documents
and their links to cover entire globe you have a “world wide web “of information.

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Billions of document linked together creating a web.

Working of web:
As we know that in web the documents are linked with each other. Hypertext system
provide us an easy way to link these documents a large number of data which can include text, images,
videos, audios. In hypertext system if you see a data file on your screen you might can access all the related
file that are linked to it.
Web use a special protocol known as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP).An hypertext document is written
in hypertext markup language (HTML).
A collection of related web pages is known as website. There are many links on a website we can go to any
other web page by clicking on a link.
For this purpose A URL’s of any thing is used.

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Web browser:
A Web browser is a software application designed to find hypertext documents on web and
then open documents on user computer. Two types of brewers are available graphical user interface and
text based browsers for many years the web remained as interesting butt not as a practically tool. In 1993 a
web browser is created by National center for supercomputing applications. They created Mosaic the first
web browser,it was a point and click wed browser.

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First web browser mosiac

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Some Other types of browsers:

There are also many
updated web browser given as follow:
 Netscape
 Netscape is one of the original Web browsers. This is what Microsoft designed Internet Explorer to
compete against. Netscape and IE comprise the major portion of the browser market. Netscape was
introduced in 1994.

 Internet Explorer
 Internet Explorer (IE) is a product from software giant Microsoft. This is the most commonly used browser
in the universe. This was introduced in 1995 along with Windows 95 launch and it has passed Netscape
popularity in 1998.

 Safari
 Safari is a web browser developed by Apple Inc. and included in Mac OS X. It was first released as a public
beta in January 2003. Safari has very good support for latest technologies like XHTML, CSS2 etc.

 Firefox
 Firefox is a new browser derived from Mozilla. It was released in 2004 and has grown to be the second
most popular browser on the Internet.
 Google Chrome
 This web browser was developed by Google. Its beta and commercial versions were released in September 2008
for Microsoft Windows. It has soon become the fourth-most widely used web browser with a market share of
1.23%. The browser versions for Mac OS X are under development

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2.Email:
Electronic mail is a method of exchanging messages ("mail") between people using electronic devices
or computer networks.people mostly used email to send or receive massages. Short for electronic mail, e-mail or
email is information stored on a computer that is exchanged between two users over telecommunications. More
plainly, e-mail is a message that may contain text, files, images, or other attachments sent through a network to a
specified individual or group of individuals. History :
The first e-mail was sent by Ray Tomlinson in 1971. Tomlinson sent the e-mail to himself as a
test e-mail message, containing the text "something like QWERTYUIOP."
Types:
 Web-based email
Contents have a web-based email client (e.g. AOL Mail, Gmail, Outlook.com, Hotmail and Yahoo! Mail). This allows
 Many email providers
users to log into the email account by using any compatible web browser to send and receive their email. Mail is typically not
downloaded to the client, so can't be read without a current Internet connection.

 POP3 email services

 The Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3) is a mail access protocol used by a client application to read messages from the mail server.
Received messages are often deleted from the server. POP supports simple download-and-delete requirements for access to
remote mailboxes (termed maildrop in the POP RFC's). [60]

 IMAP email servers

 The Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) provides features to manage a mailbox from multiple devices. Small portable
devices like smartphones are increasingly used to check email while travelling, and to make brief replies, larger devices with better
keyboard access being used to reply at greater length. IMAP shows the headers of messages, the sender and the subject and the
device needs to request to download specific messages. Usually mail is left in folders in the mail server.

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 MAPI email servers

 Messaging Application Programming Interface (MAPI) is used by Microsoft Outlook to communicate to Microsoft Exchange Server
- and to a range of other email server products such as Axigen Mail Server, Kerio Connect, Scalix, Zimbra, HP OpenMail, IBM
Lotus Notes, Zarafa, and Bynari where vendors have added MAPI support to allow their products to be accessed directly via
Outlook.

 Uses:
 Reducing cost
o Sending an email is much less expensive than sending postal mail, or long distance telephone calls, telex or telegrams.
 2.Increasing speed
 Much faster than most of the alternatives.
 3.Creating a "written" record
o Unlike a telephone or in-person conversation, email by its nature creates a detailed written record of the communication, the
identity of the sender(s) and recipient(s) and the date and time the message was sent. In the event of a contract or legal
dispute, saved emails can be used to prove that an individual was advised of certain issues, as each email has the date and
time recorded on it.

o Email marketing
o Email marketing via "opt-in" is often successfully used to send special sales offerings and new product information.
[62]

Depending on the recipient's culture, email sent without permission—such as an "opt-in"—is likely to be viewed as
[63]

unwelcome "email spam".

 Personal use:
o Many users access their personal email from friends and family members using a personal computer in their house or
apartment.
 Mobile:

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o Email has become used on smartphones and on all types of computers. Mobile "apps" for email increase accessibility to the
medium for users who are out of their home. While in the earliest years of email, users could only access email on desktop
computers, in the 2010s, it is possible for users to check their email when they are away from home, whether they are
across town or across the world. Alerts can also b

3.Internet Relay chat(IRC):

Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is an open protocol that allows users with an IRC
client to exchange text messages in real time over the Internet. Created by Jarkko Oikarinen in 1988, IRC was one
of the first chat systems to allow more than two participants to join in a discussion.
like email, IRC was another application that added to the popularity of the Internet before the existence of the
World Wide Web. Using an IRC client, users could connect to IRC servers and message in real time with people all
over the world and join larger groups (channels). Although this is now commonplace, IRC was an early indication
of the Internet’s power to create communities where time and distance would have once made it impossible. Like
many aspects of the Internet, the request for comments (RFC) system was central to creating and improving IRC.

4: File transfer protocol:

The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used for the transfer
of computer files between a client and server on a computer network .
FTP is built on a client-server model architecture using separate control and data connections between the client
and the server. FTP users may authenticate themselves with a clear text sign-in protocol, normally in the form of
a username and password, but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it. For secure

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transmission that protects the username and password, and encrypts the content, FTP is often secured with
SSL/TLS or replaced with SSH File transfer protocol.
FTP is a client-server protocol that relies on two communications channels between client and server: a command
channel for controlling the conversation and a data channel for transmitting file content. Clients initiate
conversations with servers by requesting to download a file. Using FTP, a client can upload, download, delete,
rename, move and copy files on a server. A user typically needs to log on to the FTP server, although some
servers make some or all of their content available without login, also known as anonymous FTP.

5.Telnet:
Internet service that allows the user logs on and runs on a remote computer and use programs
installed on the remote computer. Of course, the remote computer must be enabled in the user access rights to

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the computer. For security reasons this service on many servers is not allowed. It is better to say that the Telnet
'Terminal Emulation', software which to communicate with a computer connected via a TCP / IP stack. Thus, the
emulator work former unit called 'Terminal' (from the mainframe era). This same role today better performed by
programs that use SSH (Secure Shell) connections over TCP / IP as the carrier of connection, but all traffic is
encrypted. Although this mechanism provides plenty of security in the work with the server, system
administrators are reluctant to make this service available to all users.

6.Wikipedia:
A free encyclopedia built collaboratively using wiki software (Creative Commons
AttributionShareAlike License). Wikipedia was founded in 2001 as a project for the construction of encyclopedia,
which is accessed via the Internet (online), on the basis of free access and the creation of free content. Since
then, it has grown into the largest encyclopedia ever created, which includes more than five million articles in the
English language, and relies on the contribution of volunteers. Although Wikipedia has achieved incredible
success, there remains a lot of work in progress. There are still large gaps in the coverage important themes with
the appropriate articles. Many articles, even those vital, is not yet considered as high quality. It was established
more than 200 editions in non-English languages, at the local level where most missing volunteers. There are still
many inconsistencies and a lot of work that needs to be done about it.

Since articles generally not reviewed by the authorized institutions, it is very questionable how much can
be written in trust, in particular as regards the historical events at the local level. Technical articles are mostly
credible, but for other questionable credibility. Essentially useful service, but the desired content should always
be carefully considered.

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7.Video conferencing:
Video conferencing or Video teleconferencing is a method of communicating by two-way

video and audio transmission with help of telecommunication technologies.

Modes of Video Conferencing

POINT-TO-POINT
 This mode of conferencing connects two locations only.

MULTI-POINT
 This mode of conferencing connects more than two locations through Multi-point Control Unit (MCU).

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8.internet telephony:

Internet telephony refers to all features of traditional telephony (phone calls, fax, voicemail etc.) where all
calls and data are sent over the Internet rather than over traditional landlines. Examples of internet
telephony services include the NFON Cloud Telephone System and Skype for Business.
Internet Telephony vs. Voice over IP (VoIP)

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Internet telephony and Voice over IP (VoIP) are often used synonymously. While internet telephony refers
to any internet phone system, Voice over IP is a specific method for placing phone calls over the internet.

With internet telephony from NFON, it is possible to integra nternet telephony refers to all features of
traditional telephony (phone calls, fax, voicemail etc.) where all calls and data are sent over the Internet
rather than over traditional landlines. Examples of internet telephony services include the NFON Cloud
Telephone System and Skype for Business.
Internet Telephony vs. Voice over IP (VoIP)
Internet telephony and Voice over IP (VoIP) are often used synonymously. While internet telephony refers
to any internet phone system, Voice over IP is a specific method for placing phone calls over the internet.

With internet telephony from NFON, it is possible to integrate Unified Communications (UC) and fax
solutions.

9.E-commerece:
The ability to do business without the usual constraints of time or distance make
ecommerce one of the most important services provided by the Internet. With the single click of a mouse, online
customers can purchase almost anything day or night from the comfort of their own home. Since human
interaction and the need for an actual brick-and-mortar location do not figure into the e-commerce equation,
doing business on the Internet does not cost as much. This levels the business playing field and allows small
business to compete with large corporations.

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10.Search engine:
A search engine is a software program or script available through the Internet that searches documents and files for
keywords and returns the results of any files containing those keywords. Today, there are thousands of different search engines
available on the Internet, each with their own abilities and features. The first search engine ever developed is considered Archie,
which was used to search for FTP files and the first text-based search engine is considered Veronica. Today, the most popular and
well-known search engine is Google. Other popular search engines include AOL, Ask.com, Baidu, Bing and Yahoo.

HOW SEARCH ENGINE WORKS:

Because large search engines contain millions and sometimes billions of pages, many search engines not only just search the
pages but also display the results depending upon their importance. This importance is commonly determined by using
various algorithms.

Visual search engine example as illustrated in the image on the right, the source of all search engine data is a spider or
crawler, which automatically visits pages and indexes their contents.

Once a page has been crawled, the data contained within the page is processed and indexed. Often, this can involve the steps
below.

Strip out stop words.

Record the remaining words in the page and the frequency they occur.
Record links to other pages.
Record information about images or other embedded media.
The data collected above is used to rank the page and is the primary method a search engine uses to determine if a page
should be shown and in what order.

Finally, once the data is processed, it is broken up into one or more files, moved to different computers, or loaded into
memory where it can be accessed when a search is performed.

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