POLITICAL SCIENCE II Project Work Final !

POLITICAL SCIENCE II
ISLAMIC WORLD OBLIGATION WESTERN

WORLD: A CRITICAL EVALUATION
YASHASWI BABLU KADBE
I.D. NO.: 2518

II YEAR IV TRIMESTER B.A., LL. B (HONS.)
SUBMITTED ON – 7TH SEPTEMBER , 2019
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER ONE – FOUNDATIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF ISLAM
CHAPTER TWO- CHAPTER TWO – ATTACK OF 9/11 AND ITS IMPACT ON
ISLAMIC AND WESTERN WORLD
CONCLUSION
ABSTRACT
The histories of Islam and the West are deeply interlinked with each other. It is a history
loaded up with conflicts and showdown, rivalry and challenge, deference and scorn,
acknowledgment and dismissal, and a large group of other clashing emotions, contradiction
of opinions, and encounters. Regardless of how one characterizes the expressions "Islam"
and "the West"— or whether one gets rid of them by and large—the self-observations and
personality cases of the individuals who live in Muslim and Western social orders have been
molded by these checkered narratives. That is one reason among numerous that relations
among Islam and the West never appear to lose their importance for the condition of our
reality—from legislative issues and worldwide relations to interreligious relations and
exchanges of pluralism. A short outline of this long history uncovers three principle zones of
communication: “religious, social, and political”. The paper takes into account the
fundamental principles of Islam in order to understand the basic teachings of Islam and to
show how some fundamentalist have misconstrue these principles due to which attacks of
terror takes place. The paper also examines the impact of 9/11 attack in detail.
INTRODUCTION
Islam, one of the significant religions in the world which was promulgated by the Prophet
Muhammad in the seventh century in Arabia. “Islam” is an Arabic term which literally means
“surrender”, it lights up the major religious thought of Islam- that a person who believes in
Islam (“called a Muslim, from the active particle of Islam”) acknowledges and surrender
himself/herself to Allah (which means God in Arabic). Allah is seen as the sole God—maker,
sustainer, and restorer of the world. The fundamental principles and the foundations of Islam
is compiled in the holy book called ‘Quran’. It is believed that everything which is written is
said by the god himself.
Many radical and extremist followers of followers often misconstrue the principles
mentioned in the Quran which is the main reason why Islam is associated with terrorism. For
all intents and purposes each day, features and reports present pictures and accounts that
connection Muslims and Islam with terrorism, regularly exciting frames of mind of dread and
doubt toward the culprits of the wrongdoings as well as toward all Muslims and toward the
Islamic principles. The problem which is being faced is not new. The very perception of the
Islam is seen as the something which is terrorising and horrifying which has shaped the lives
of Christians in Africa, Asia and Europe for a considerable period of time. In numerous
districts the world over today, clashes include Muslims, and a few observers contend that
there is a remarkable connection among Muslims and terrorism. Accordingly, various voices
caution that Islam and Muslims represent a developing peril to Western Christian human
advancement. In certain regions, political and religious pioneers have proposed legitimate
measures to shield Americans and Europeans from this apparent risk.
The researcher in this paper has tried to look into the fundamental principles of Islam which
explains the Islamic obligation. It is explained in detailed that how these principles which
represent peace is misunderstood and because of these wrong interpretations massive
destruction is caused. The researcher has laid main focus on the attack of 9/11 and how both
western as well Islamic world is affected due to such acts of terrorism.
CHAPTER ONE – FOUNDATIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF
ISLAM
All the laws, doctrines, tenets and the common perception of Islam is based on the four
fundamentals sources or principles, (i) the Quran, (ii) the Sunnah, (iii) ijma and (iv) ijtihad.
All the four sources are explained in detail in the paper.
THE QURAN
The Qurʾān (truly, “perusing” or “recitation”) is viewed as the verbatim word, or discourse,
of God conveyed to Muhammad by the lead celestial host Gabriel. Separated into 114 suras
(sections) of inconsistent length, it is the central wellspring of Islamic instructing. The suras
that were uncovered in the mecca in the initial stage of the Muhammad’s vocation majorly
deals with the “ethicaland spiritual teachings and the Day of Judgement”. In the later part of
the Prophet’s career, the suras that were uncovered at Medina majorly talks about the social
enactments and the principles based on polity and morality for establishing and commanding
the public.1
THE SUNNAH (traditions)

Sunnah (“a well-trodden path”) was utilized to signify their innate or custom-based law by
the pre-Islamic Arabs. According to Islam it is construe as the example of the Prophet, i.e. his
opinions and mode of conduct are documented assemblages known as Hadith (in Arabic,
Ḥadīth: actually, "report"; an accumulation of expressions ascribed to the Prophet).2 Hadith
give the composed documentation of the Prophet's opinions and conducts. In the third century
AH (ninth century CE), Six of these accumulations was incorporated which came to be
viewed as particularly definitive and commanding in nature by the Sunnis, the biggest group
in Islam. Another enormous gathering, the Shiʿah, has its very own Hadith contained in four
accepted accumulations.3
IJMA (Consensus)
1
AnniemarieSchimmel,MushsinS.Mahid,FazlurRahman,‘Islam’
(2019)<https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam> accessed on 25 august 2019.
2
BernardLewis,‘TheRootsofMuslimRage’(1990)<https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1990/09/the-
roots-of-muslim-rage/304643/> accessed on 2 September 2019.
3
Cemil Aydin, ‘What is Muslim World’ (2017) < https://aeon.co/essays/the-idea-of-a-muslim-world-is-both-
modern-and-misleading> accessed on 27 august 2019.
The literal meaning of ijma is “consensus”. This principle was presented in the second
century AH (eighth century CE) so as to institutionalize the theory of law and the practice of
the religion in order to remove the personal and territorial inconsistencies of thoughts. In
spite of the fact that perceived as a “consensus of scholars”, ijma in actuality was a more
“fundamental operative factor”. Ijma , from the third century the principle has added up to
aguideline of soundness in deduction and that the consensus is reached and further alterations
was explicitly forbidden. Acknowledged elucidations of the Qurʾān and the real substance of
the Sunnah (i.e., Hadith and religious philosophy) all lay at last on the ijma, which is
accepted as the authority over the community. 4
IJTIHAD (Individual Thought)

Ijtihad, signifies “to endeavour” or “to exert effort” was required to locate the legitimate or
doctrinal answer for an issue. During the time when islam was emerging, ijtihad appeared as
individual supposition because of which, there was myriad of contradictions and disarray in
the thoughts. In the second century AH, ijtihad was substituted by qiyas (“reasoning by strict
analogy”), a formal method of derivation based on the writings of the Quran and the Hadith.
The change of ijma into a preservationist instrument and the acknowledgment of an
authoritative assemblage of Hadith for all intents and purposes shut the “door of ijtihad” in
Sunni Islam while ijtihad proceeded in Shiism. 5 By and by, certain exceptional Muslim
scholars (e.g., al-Ghazali in the eleventh twelfth century) kept on guaranteeing the privilege
of new ijtihad for themselves, and reformers in the eighteen and twentieth centuries, as a
result of current impacts, caused this rule again to get more extensive acknowledgment.
4
5
THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM
During the initial decades after the demise of Prophet, certain fundamental highlights of the
religious and social association of Islam were singled out to fill in as mooring purposes of the
people’s life which came to be known as “Pillars of Islam”. Initially there were five pillars
but the sixth pillar known as “jihad” was added by the Kharijite sect, which, nonetheless, was
not acknowledged by the general public at large.
THE SHAHADAH OR THE PROFESSION OF FAITH

The shahadah or the profession of faith is regarded as the first pillar of Islam. According to
this, “There is no deity but God, and Muhammad is the messenger of God,” whereupon the
legitimacy of the membership is dependent in the community of the followers of islam. The
shahadah must be performed once in a lifetime, accurately, loudly and purposefully, with a
proper comprehension of its significance and with the consent from the heart. Through this
fundamental principle other beliefs are inferred, (i) Angels (especially Gabriel, “the angel of
inspiration”), (ii) the uncovered book (the Quran and the consecrated books of Judaism and
Christianity), (iii) a progression of prophets (among whom figures of Jewish and Christian
convention are especially famous, despite the fact that it is accepted that God has sent
emissaries to each country), and (iv) the Last (Day of Judgment).6
PRAYER
The second pillar of Islam comprises of five prayers which has to be performed on daily
basis. If an individual is not able to go to the mosque, the prayer can be offered individually
as well. The first prayer is offered before dawn, the second soon after early afternoon, the
third in the late evening, the fourth following dusk, and the fifth before resigning to bed.7
All the five prayers should be performed every day is a strict rule of Islam. It cannot be
deferred for a sick person also, who can pray lying down in the bed. During the time of
journey or any outing the two prayers which is performed in the afternoon can be tailed one
by the other; the prayer to be performed during dusk and night can be joined too. In reality,
6
7
notwithstanding, much laxity has happened, especially among the modernized classes, in
spite of the fact that Friday offerings are still all around visited.
THE ZAKAT
Zakat is considered to be the third pillar of Islam. It a mandatory tax which represents
“purification” i.e. the instalments of such tax marks the reminder of one’s riches religiously
and lawfully unadulterated. This is the main mandatory tax collected by the Quran and is
payable every year on nourishment grains, dairy cattle, and money following one year's
ownership. The sum changes for various classes. Zakat is collected by the state and is to be
utilized essentially for poor people, however the Quran specifies different purposes:
recovering Muslim war prisoners, reclaiming incessant obligations, making good on
government expense authorities' charges, jihad (and by expansion, as per Quran reporters,
training and wellbeing), and making facilities available for the travellers.8
After the separation of Muslim religious-political power, instalment of zakat turned into a
matter of deliberate philanthropy subject to individual’s inner voice. In the cutting edge
Muslim world it has been surrendered over to the person, aside from in certain nations, (for
example, Saudi Arabia) where the Shariah (Islamic law) is carefully kept up.
FASTING
Fasting in the course of the long stretch of Ramadan (9th month of the Muslim lunar
schedule), set down in the Quran, is regarded as the fourth pillar of Islam. Fasting starts at
dawn and finishes at nightfall, and during the day eating, drinking, and smoking are strictly
prohibited9. The Quran (2:185) states that it was in the long stretch of Ramadan that the
Quran was uncovered. Another refrain of the Quran (97:1) mentions that it was uncovered
“on the Night of Power,” which Muslims for the most part see on one of the most recent 10
evenings of Ramadan (normally the 27th night). For an individual who is debilitated or is
travelling, fasting might be deferred until “another equal number of days.” The old and the
seriously debilitated are absolved through the everyday sustaining of one destitute individual
if they are capable enough to do the same.10
8
9
ibid.
10
THE HAJJ
The yearly pilgrimage(hajj) to Mecca is considered to be the fifth pillar of the faith. It is
prescribed for every follower of Islam to go to Mecca for the offerings once in a lifetime if
they have enough means and arrangements to do so. A unique administration is held in the
holy mosque on the seventh of the period of Dhu al-Ḥijjah (rearward in the Muslim year).
Journey exercises start by the eighth and finish up on the twelfth or thirteenth. All admirers
enter the condition of iḥram; they wear two consistent articles of clothing and stay away from
sex, the trimming of hair and nails, and certain different exercises.11
Numerous nations have forced confinements on the number of active travellers due to outside
trade challenges faced due to foreign policies. In view of the advancements in the technology
the overall turnout of worshippers has enormously expanded as of late. By the mid-21st
century the turnout of yearly worshippers was assessed to surpass 2,000,000, roughly 50% of
them from non-Arab nations. Every single Muslim nation send official designations on the
event, which is by and large progressively utilized for religio-political congresses. At
different occasions in the year, it is viewed as worthy to play out the lesser journey (ʿumrah),
which isn't, in any case, a substitute for the hajj journey.12
CHAPTER TWO – ATTACK OF 9/11 AND ITS IMPACT ON ISLAMIC

AND WESTERN WORLD
11
12
(2019)<https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam> accessed on 25 august 2019
Recently, there has been much discussion taking place about the risk and threats of the
presence of Islam in the West and its apparent contradiction with social orders of the western
countries.As indicated by statistical data, evaluated based on the “country of origin” and of
“first-and second-generations migrants”, Muslims amounts to the biggest “non-indigenous”
immigrant group present in Europe. The biggest groups are in France, with roughly five
million; Germany, somewhere in the range of 3.8 and 4.3 million; and the UK, 1.6 million,
trailed by the Netherlands and Italy, 1.1 million each, just as Bulgaria and Spain.
The propensity crosswise over Europe to mark settlers in religious terms has prompted a
“culturalizing” of social issues and ensuing place to a “Muslim issue.” For example, in 2010,
a conference which was held for the first time on the “Islamization of Europe” in France
alerted against the expanding nearness of Islam in Europe.13
The entire perception about the Islam as a religion has drastically changed and has become
even more worse after the attack of 9/11 that took place in America. The attack of 9/11
singed the American mind.14 A nation whose mainland states had not seen any grave attack in
about 200 years was dazed to find that its money related and military houses had been
attacked by a little militant group which was based a great many miles away. Increasingly
mass attacks all of a sudden appeared likely as well as unavoidable.
The disaster lead to the motion of responses and unintended results that keep on resonating
today. Its most enduring and significant impacts are interconnected: a hugely costly and
endless “war on terror”, uplifted doubt of government and the media in numerous nations
which follow democracy, a clear signal of Western threat toward Muslims. The impact of
9/11 is still visible in America which can be witnessed in different areas of the
administration, economy, politics, social order etc. Some specific areas are discussed in detail
in the paper in order to show the impact of attack of 9/11.
MONETARY AND SOCIAL EXPENSES
Presently, America goes through US$32 million consistently on the wars battled since 9/11.
The all out expense is over US$5,600,000,000,000. (5.6 trillion dollars). The alleged war on
13
Adrew Gilmour, ‘Building Bridges Between the Muslim and the western world’ (2012)
<https://www.un.org/chronicle> accessed on 2 September 2019.
14
Allen W. Palmer, ‘Islam and western culture’ (2005) < https://kennedy.byu.edu/islam-and-western-culture-
navigating-terra-incognita/> accessed on 2 September 2019.
fear has spread into 76 nations where the US military is currently directing counter-dread
exercises, running from automaton strikes to reconnaissance tasks.
This huge amount of money has been financed through loans from different countries which
has caused social imbalance in the United States of America. A few onlookers have
recommended that administration war spending was significantly more significant than
budgetary deregulation in causing the 2007-2008 Global Financial Crisis.
CRUMBLING OF DEMOCRACY
The post-9/11 period has disintegrated the freedom over the world. Numerous legislatures
have referred to the earnest need to forestall the attacks in future for which the security
measures are increased massively, like, expanded observation of natives, checking of
difference, and the ability to detain suspects without charge.
The very much broadcasted slips up of the FBI and the CIA in neglecting to identify and
avert the 9/11 conspiracy, in spite of plentiful admonitions, added to the failure of
establishing trust on the general public on the intelligence and law enforcement
organizations.
The outcome has been an atmosphere of far reaching doubt of the voices of power. In the
United States and in different nations, natives are progressively suspicious of administration
sources and the mass media — on occasion notwithstanding addressing whether truth is
comprehensible. The ramifications for majority rule government are critical.
INCREASING ISLAMOPHOBIA
Over the West, 9/11 likewise set off a flood of Islamophobia. Having battled a decades-in
length Cold War not some time before, Americans outlined the attack as a battle of “good
versus evil”, giving radical Islam a role as the most recent rival.15 In numerous nations, the
vocal expression represented in the media houses and in legislative issues utilized the fanatic
perspectives and activities of terrorists to censure Muslims by and large 16. After the attack
15
16
9/11, Muslims in the United States and somewhere else have encountered badgering and
brutality.
In Western nations, Muslims are currently and frequently treated as the biggest rival.
European populists have ascended to control by decrying displaced people from Muslim
dominant part nations like Syria, and the readiness and capacity of Muslims to acclimatize is
seen with expanding incredulity.
SUBSEQUENT ATTACKS
The most anticipated outcome of the attack of 9/11 has been deflected successfully. Despite
the fact that terrorists have attacked in the West since 9/11, including the 2002 Bali
bombings, the 2004 Madrid train bombings, and the 2015 attacks in Paris, the scale or the
gravity of the attack was not like the attack of 9/11. Rather, it is nations where majority of
people follow Islam, the terrorist attacks are increasing.17
However, the Western world still pays the cost for the retaliation of the terrorist attacks by
the way of weakening the foundations and principles of democracy.
IMPACT ON THE ISLAMIC WORLD
The attacks of 9/11 has left an indelible mark on the Islamic world as well. The War On
Terror has executed around sixty two thousand individuals, made 4.5 million displaced
people and the expenses that is beard by the united states of America is more than the total
expected to satisfy the obligations of each poor present on the earth, as indicated and
published by the British paper “The Independent” on September 10, 2006. 18No place is this
clearer than in the Muslim world, especially Afghanistan and Iraq. Be that as it may, demise
and annihilation are just piece of the effect of 9/11 on the Islamic world. The conditions of
the people in these countries are horrible. Moreover, people who follow islam face bias and
17
Kishore Mahbubani, ‘How Muslims view West’ (2008) < https://www.theglobalist.com/how-muslims-view-
the-west/> accessed on 3 September 2019.
18
Atif Rashid, ‘The truth about whether Islamic values are compatible with western values’ <
https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/the-truth-about-whether-islamic-values-are-compatible-with- western-
values-a7141381.html> accessed on 5 September 2019
prejudice from all over the world for being a part of a community which is responsible for
terrorism in the world.19
HARM TO LIFE AND INFRASTRUCTURE

Around 200,000 individuals have been executed in the countries like Iraq and Afghanistan.
Similarly, the infrastructure of these countries is destroyed completely.
COLLAPSING DEMOCRACTIC PROCESS
Because of the “war on terror”, the democratic procedure has debilitated in Muslim nations.
America underpins non-majority rule systems as long as they bolster its international strategy
targets. This has undermined the relation's capacities to challenge their legislatures with due
vote based procedure20. This extent from the ongoing executing in Pakistan of inborn pioneer
Nawab Akbar Bugti to the capture, torment and murder of scores of restriction activists in
Saudi Arabia, Uzbekistan and different nations in the Islamic world.
LICENSE TO CRUELTY
Rather than standing against tormented policies and treaties, US is utilizing numerous Islamic
and non-Islamic nations for the supposed rendering process. A few Islamic nations like
Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Egypt have just turned out to be bolder in
tormenting detainees. America has made a worldwide situation in which administration of
different nations are carrying on like rebellious mafia. 21 The number of juridical executions
have increased severely. The torment cases in Uzbekistan where individuals were simmered
to death and the fake encountering of 7 Pakistani financial migrants in Macedonia to satisfy
the American government office are only a couple of models. “The war on terror” is a
noteworthy assistance to authoritarian systems, who currently have a permit to execute and
torment dissenters.22
19
Ibrahim Kalin, ‘Islam and the West: Deciphering a Contested History’ (2002)
<http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/focus/essay0409_west.html> accessed on 29 august 2019.
20
21
Andrew F., ‘Sources of Moral obligation to non -Muslims in the “jurisprudence of Muslim Minorities”
discourse’ Vol. 16, No. 1 (2009), pp. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40377980 accessed on 30 August 2019
22
Nayef Al-Rodhan, ‘The Islamic world and the West: Recovering common history’ (2014)
<https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/islamic-world-and-west-recovering-common-history> accessed on 1
RESTRICTION ON THE FREDOM OF MOVEMENT
All the people residing the Islamic countries are branded as terrorists which ultimately
restricts in their freedom of movement across the world. The freedom battles of Kashmiris,
Chechens and Palestinians have been expelled and free rule has been given to India, Russia
and Israel individually to pound these genuine causes. It sometimes lead to death of civilians
which is caused by the intervention of some disruptive elements which is a part of the these
countries.23
LOSING CONTACTS FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
There has been a virtual stop of migration from Muslim world. While neoconservatives and
their scornful supporters may extol this move, what is overlooked is that cutting off ourselves
makes us neither more secure, nor more brilliant. It is just by opening our entryways that we
can construct associations with the important partners to battle fear.24
It has turned out to be incredibly hard for students who follow Islam to get visas to the United
States, prompting not just lost income and intellectuals for America, however the chance to
build up social ties when the US is winding up increasingly more detached on the world
stage.25
DETERIORATING RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
September 2019.
23
24
25
There are various school of thought and section present in Islam. Be that as it may, the groups
which are conservative in their ideology are subjected to harassment and regarded radical. In
a different nations men are compelled to shave off their long beards. While this creator does
not connect devotion with looks, it ought to be a free choice of a devotee to grow a facial hair
or not, not a system compelling a profound quality. This is actually what wasn't right with the
Taliban. 26
The Saudi Arabian government, overseer of the blessed spots of Islam, has consistently been
relied upon to follow up in the interest of the faith of Islam. Their government offices around
the globe were a wellspring of data about Islam and a help to poor and little Muslim people
group the world over.27 Presently, the Saudi government has closed down the religion area of
its international safe havens around the globe, which used to give free duplicates of the Quran
to any individual who inquired.
ENDANGERED SOVEREIGNITY
There are around 15 Islamic countries that are suffering because of losing sovereignty due to
the formation of US military bases in their countries. These military bases have acted like a
tool of animosity, playing right under the guidance of Osama Bin Laden, who has been
battling on this issue since the principal US bases were set up in Saudi Arabia during the
primary Gulf War in 1991.28
At any rate 15 Muslim nations have endured lost power through the foundation of American
army installations on their properties. These have progressed toward becoming objects of
contempt, playing directly under the control of Osama container Laden, who has been
battling on this issue since the principal American bases were set up in Saudi Arabia during
26
MUFTI HABIB A. “IMPACT OF MODERN CIVILIZATION ON MUSLIM FAMILY: A Study in the
Sociology of Family.” Islamic Studies, vol. 21, no. 3, 1982, pp. 101–111. JSTOR,
www.jstor.org/stable/20847211 accessed on 1 September 2019.
27
Andrew F., ‘Sources of Moral obligation to non -Muslims in the “jurisprudence of Muslim Minorities”
discourse’ Vol. 16, No. 1 (2009), pp. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40377980 acessed on 30 August 2019.
28
Atif Rashid, ‘The truth about whether Islamic values are compatible with western values’ <
https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/the-truth-about-whether-islamic-values-are-compatible-with- western-
values-a7141381.html> accessed on 5 September 2019.
the primary Gulf War in 1991. As far as lost social power, the educational plan in the schools
of Saudi Arabia and Pakistan has been adjusted and revamped, with remote weight, more
than once, regardless of the history of their country. 29
Since the goals and aspiration of a person who follow Islam is at the hands and pity of the
authoritarian governments, radicalism and extremism is expanding at a great pace in the
Islamic world. Loss of sovereignty has become the reason for the extremism in the Muslim
world. The system is controlled and supported by the united states which is leading to the loss
of sovereign power in the Islamic world but on the contrary promises to bring back the liberty
and democracy to the Middle East.30 The main work western world is focusing is upon the
“war on terror” like the war that took place Iraq.
CONCLUSION
29
30
Kishore Mahbubani, ‘How Muslims view West’ (2008) < https://www.theglobalist.com/how-muslims-view-
the-west/> accessed on 3 September 2019.
Presently, the popular notion around the world is that Islam and the act of terrorism is
interlinked. The first thing that is considered to be main reason behind the act of terrorism is
Islam. People who follow Islam are subjected to various atrocities and prejudices because
they are Muslims. The Islamic world is considered to be conservative in their approach and
ideologies which runs completely opposite to the progressive and advancing ideology of the
western world.
The paper has evaluated the fundamental principles of Islam and how due to
misinterpretation by some fundamentalist has led to some acts which is detestable in nature.
It is because of these misconceived obligations of Islam which has resulted in an antagonistic
relationship between the western and Islamic world. One of such event was the attack of 9/11
that shook the roots of United States of America. The paper takes into account the impact of
the attack on both the world i.e. the Islamic and the western world. The result shows that
attack of 9/11 had a deteriorating effect on both the worlds. The detailed examinations of
various problems faced by the western as well the Islamic world.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ARTICLES:
1. AnniemarieSchimmel,MushsinS.Mahid,FazlurRahman,‘Islam’
(2019)<https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam>
2. Cemil Aydin, ‘What is Muslim World’ (2017) < https://aeon.co/essays/the-idea-of-a-
muslim-world-is-both-modern-and-misleading>
3. BernardLewis,‘TheRootsofMuslimRage’(1990)<https://www.theatlantic.com/magazi
ne/archive/1990/09/the-roots-of-muslim-rage/304643/> .
4. Kishore Mahbubani, ‘How Muslims view West’ (2008) <
https://www.theglobalist.com/how-muslims-view-the-west/> accessed on 3
September 2019.
5. Adrew Gilmour, ‘Building Bridges Between the Muslim and the western world’
(2012) <https://www.un.org/chronicle> accessed on 2 September 2019.
6. Ibrahim Kalin, ‘Islam and the West: Deciphering a Contested History’ (2002)
<http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/focus/essay0409_west.html> accessed
on 29 august 2019.
7. Allen W. Palmer, ‘Islam and western culture’ (2005) <
https://kennedy.byu.edu/islam-and-western-culture-navigating-terra-incognita/>
accessed on 2 September 2019.
8. Atif Rashid, ‘The truth about whether Islamic values are compatible with western
values’ < https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/the-truth-about-whether-islamic-
values-are-compatible-with- western-values-a7141381.html> accessed on 5
September 2019.
JOURNALS:
1. Andrew F., ‘Sources of Moral obligation to non -Muslims in the “jurisprudence of

Muslim Minorities” discourse’ Vol. 16, No. 1 (2009),
pp. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40377980 acessed on 30 August 2019.
2. MUFTI HABIB A. “IMPACT OF MODERN CIVILIZATION ON MUSLIM
FAMILY: A Study in the Sociology of Family.” Islamic Studies, vol. 21, no. 3, 1982,
pp. 101–111. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/20847211 accessed on 1 September 2019.
3. Nayef Al-Rodhan, ‘The Islamic world and the West: Recovering common history’
(2014) <https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/islamic-world-and-west-recovering-
common-history> accessed on 1 September 2019.

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POLITICAL SCIENCE II

ISLAMIC WORLD OBLIGATION WESTERN

YASHASWI BABLU KADBE

I.D. NO.: 2518

CHAPTER ONE – FOUNDATIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF ISLAM

CHAPTER TWO- CHAPTER TWO – ATTACK OF 9/11 AND ITS IMPACT ON

ISLAMIC AND WESTERN WORLD

THE SUNNAH (traditions)

IJTIHAD (Individual Thought)

THE SHAHADAH OR THE PROFESSION OF FAITH

CHAPTER TWO – ATTACK OF 9/11 AND ITS IMPACT ON ISLAMIC

MONETARY AND SOCIAL EXPENSES

IMPACT ON THE ISLAMIC WORLD

HARM TO LIFE AND INFRASTRUCTURE

COLLAPSING DEMOCRACTIC PROCESS

LOSING CONTACTS FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

DETERIORATING RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

1. Andrew F., ‘Sources of Moral obligation to non -Muslims in the “jurisprudence of

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