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Sokovia Accords
Five College Model United Nations
Mach 6th-8th, 2020
Letter from the Director
Dear Delegates,
I am very excited to welcome you to the 13th annual Five College Model United Nations conference. My
name is Emma Stoll, and I will be your Crisis Director for the committee devoted to Debating the
Sokovia Accords. For introduction purposes, I am a sophomore at Mount Holyoke College who is
originally from Hampden, Massachusetts. I have participated in Model UN for three years during high
school, in which I was a part of the Legal Committee, Human Rights Council, and Security Council. I am
currently majoring in Psychology with a minor in Sociology, but I have a depth of other interests that
includes Art, Film, and International Relations. Outside of Model UN, I am passionate about comic
books, musicals, and all types of music.
The concept for this crisis committee emerged due to details that had vexed me personally ever since
watching Captain America: Civil War. The Sokovia Accords in this movie are the cinematic universe’s
adaptation of the Superhero Registration Act, which was a comic premise about regulating enhanced
individuals that originated in Uncanny X-Men #181. However, as an avid fan of the United Nations and
it’s principles, I was annoyed that such an unjust and blatant violation of the Declaration of Human Rights
could exist. The accords permit any and all enhanced individuals to be detained without trial, and
subjected to a number of human rights violations which are justified under the pretense of ensuring
security. This committee is set after the Sokovia accords have been introduced, with the intention of
amending the articles before they are implemented. Throughout this simulation, this committee will be
asked to create clarity and revisions, in a time when fear is being spread by increasing protests,
discriminatory acts, and emerging coalitions devoted to hatred on both sides of the issue. I ask the
members of this committee to create a more legal and humane document, that all sides can agree on in
order to lessen tensions in this world. If you have any questions about the new information I have
introduced into this conflict, feel free to email me at stoll22e@mtholyoke.edu and I will try to get back to
you as soon as I can. I look forward to this years conference, as well as the great events that your
secretariat has planned and I hope you all embrace the characters you are assigned. Good luck with your
spring semester and I will see you all in March.
With Regards,
Emma Stoll
Crisis Director
Debating the Sokovia Accords
Five College Model United Nations
Table of Contents
I. Topic: The Issue of Enhanced Individuals
A. History of the Conflict
1. The Accords and Other Relevant Doctrine
B. Current Situation
C. Questions a Solution Must Answer
D. Conclusion
E. Character List
A. History of the Conflict
*This debate is set inside the universe of Captain America: Civil War, and while only that movie is
necessary viewing material, it may be helpful for you to watch Avengers: Age of Ultron and all other
MCU films pertaining to your specific character (If you have not already). Nothing past Captain
America: Civil War is considered canon for this universe.
Fall of SHIELD:
This was the first public battle between HYDRA and SHIELD which occurred in Washington
DC in 2014. Terrorist group Hydra was discovered as an active entity inside of SHIELD, which
caused Captain America, Black Widow, and Falcon had to mount an attack against the HYDRA
agents. After the battle was over, there was $2.8 billion dollars in damages that had to be rebuilt
and 23 civilian deaths2. This is another instance cited by Thaddeus Ross in forming the Sokovia
Accords.
Battle of Sokovia:
This battle began when Tony Stark created an artificial intelligence program named Ultron in
2015. He created Ultron to act as a protective shield around Earth in the case of another attack
from alien entities. After Ultron killed Jarvis and revealed his plans to wipe out humanity, the
Avengers attempted to stop his reign of terror. Ultron planned to commit global genocide by
causing a meteoric impact. However, the Avengers, which included Iron Man, Hulk, Hawkeye,
Black Widow, Captain America, Thor, Scarlet Witch, Quicksilver, War Machine, and Falcon
were able to stop him in time. However, this battle was not without casualties, which included
Quicksilver and 177 civilians. It also created $474 billion in damages of the Sokovian
1Karim,Anhar. “The Major Public Crises In The Marvel Cinematic Universe.” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 29 July
2019, www.forbes.com/sites/anharkarim/2019/07/28/the-major-public-crises-in-the-marvel-cinematic-universe/
#371af04c6e62.
2 Ibid
countryside3. As public opinion of the Avengers turned negative, US President Matthew Ellis
created the Advanced Threat Containment Unit (ATCU) in order to find enhanced individuals
and prevent future unexpected attacks4.
Lagos Catastrophe:
In 2016 the Avengers, consisting of Captain America, Black Widow, Falcon, and Scarlet Witch,
attempted to hunt down the Hydra Agent known as Crossbones in Lagos, Nigeria. Crossbones, or
Brock Rumlow, was attempting to release a biological weapon. During the battle, Scarlet Witch
attempted to save Capitan America and other bystanders, but inadvertently moved a bomb too
close to a building and it exploded. 26 civilians died, including 11 relief aid workers from
Wakanda5. Due to the Battle of Sokovia, public opinion has been increasingly divided and this is
only exacerbated by the destruction in Lagos. Reporters and International Agencies alike
questioned what legal authority, if any does an Enhanced Individual such as Wanda Maximoff
have to operate in Nigeria. Several international politicians, including King T’Chaka and US
President Matthew Ellis, were demanding a system of accountability to prevent future attacks. It
was due to this event, that the UN created the Sokovia Accords.
4 Whedon, Joss, director. Avengers: Age of Ultron. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment, 2015.
5 Karim,Anhar. “The Major Public Crises In The Marvel Cinematic Universe.” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 29 July
2019, www.forbes.com/sites/anharkarim/2019/07/28/the-major-public-crises-in-the-marvel-cinematic-universe/
#371af04c6e62.
attempting to protect Winter Soldier who was being framed for the bombing in Vienna. Thaddeus
Ross granted Stark 36 hours to bring them to him. Stark assembled Black Panther, War Machine,
Scarlet Witch, and Vision to bring them back. Then he recruited Spider Man to join them.
Capitan America asked Hawkeye to come back from his retirement to help them retrieve Scarlet
Witch, who was being detained for her uncontrollable powers after the Lagos incident6.
In addition, he also recruited Ant-Man to join the fight. The two groups ended up facing off at an
airport in Germany. At this point they are violating the Accords by not turning over Barnes. Iron
Man proceeds to follow his direct orders from the United States government to detain them all as
rogue agents defying the US government. The two groups fought at this airport. It resulted in
Black Widow betraying Iron Man by attacking Black Panther, which allowed Captain America
and Barnes to escape. In addition, Vision accidentally hit War Machine with a powerful beam
meant for Falcon that destroyed his suit and left him nearly paralyzed. In the end, Hawkeye,
Scarlet Witch, Ant-Man, and Falcon were captured and
imprisoned in the raft, Spider-Man was sent back home by
Stark, War-Machine suffered spinal injuries, and Black
Widow went into hiding. Iron Man and Capitan America
reconcile in order to defeat Zemo, until Iron Man discovers
that Capitan America knew that Winter Soldier, while
brainwashed, killed his parents. As Iron Man attacks Winter
Soldier, Capitan America also joins the fight. This results in
Captain America leaving behind Iron Man and his shield as
he heads into hiding with Barnes7.
Currently:
This Committee is set after these events. In order to get
complete cooperation from the Avengers, the UN has agreed
to allow the Avengers and other interested parties the time to
discuss and amend the Accords until they can all agree with
this document.
6 Russo, Joe and Anthony Russo, directors. Captain America: Civil War. Mondadori, 2017.
7 Ibid
This doctrine also dictates that all enhanced individuals must:
1. Sign the Accords asserting that they will cooperate with all the regulations put forth
regarding enhanced individuals.
2. Provide DNA, fingerprints, and other samples upon request.
3. Reveal their true identities to the global community
4. Participate in power analysis screenings and other mandatory tests
5. Wear tracking bracelets which will broadcast their location to a UN oversight committee at
all times
6. Prohibited from taking action in any country besides their own, and only when they are
approved by their home government or the UN
7. Sign the accords or face being bared from participation in any and all international conflicts,
military activities, or espionage efforts.
8. Obey the law, the accords, and not be deemed a threat to the general public or they will be
detained indefinitely without trial
9. Obey the regulations regarding the use of technology to give individuals abilities or special
capabilities which is to be highly controlled.
10. Never create or build self-aware artificial intelligence of any kind.
11. Agree that the Avengers are no longer a private organization and will only operate under the
supervision of the UN subcommittee8.
8 “Sokovia
Accords.” Marvel Cinematic Universe Wiki, marvelcinematicuniverse.fandom.com/wiki/
Sokovia_Accords.
9 UN. “Universal Declaration of Human Rights.” United Nations, United Nations, www.un.org/en/universal-
declaration-human-rights/index.html.
While the entire document is relevant to this specific incident, I encourage you to refer to these
certain clauses while creating a resolution.
Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with
reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Article 2: Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without
distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion,
national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made
on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to
which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other
limitation of sovereignty.
Article 3: Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
Article 6: Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
Article 7: All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal
protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation
of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.
Article 10: Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent
and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal
charge against him.
Article 11:
1. Everyone charged with a penal offense has the right to be presumed innocent until proved
guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for
his defense.
2. No one shall be held guilty of any penal offense on account of any act or omission which did
not constitute a penal offense, under national or international law, at the time when it was
committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the
time the penal offense was committed.
Article 15:
1. Everyone has the right to a nationality.
2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his
nationality.
Article 18: Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right
includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community
with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice,
worship and observance.
Article 19: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes
freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and
ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.
Article 20:
1. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
2. No one may be compelled to belong to an association.
Article 21:
1. Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through
freely chosen representatives.
2. Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country.
3. The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be
expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage
and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.
Article 23:
1. Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favorable
conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.
2. Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.
3. Everyone who works has the right to just and favorable remuneration ensuring for himself
and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by
other means of social protection.
4. Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.
Article 28: Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and
freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.
Article 30: Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or
person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of
the rights and freedoms set forth herein.
B. Current Situation
The world is in turmoil following the events of Civil War. After the ratification of the accords,
but before the committee convenes, many enhanced individuals feel threatened by the new laws
that have been put into action. Enhanced Individual Advocacy Groups claim that these new laws
violate their civil rights to privacy, a fair trial, and a just treatment under the law. Furthermore,
many Enhanced Individuals have been attacked by a group known as the Human Liberation
Army (HLA) that believes that Enhanced Individuals are the reason for all the destruction and
that they need to be contained before they rise up against the government. The HLA has recently
released a document asking the UN to put an end to vigilantism of any kind, as it is “unregulated,
unwarranted, and just another way for those who are enhanced to show off which causes
unnecessary damage and death” (HLA Representative Susan Waters).
In response The Enhanced Individuals Resistance Coalition has begun protesting outside the UN,
because they believe that their rights as Americans are being ignored. Many Enhanced
Individuals (EI) are facing discrimination and violence under the guise of justice, as the HLA is
becoming more and more aggressive by the day. Meanwhile the EI Resistance Coalition believes
that fighting violence with violence is the only way to end this issue once and for all. Kara
Lumikko, EIRC representative states: “We will not stand by idle while you tag us like cattle,
steal our DNA, and monitor our every location like criminals. We refuse to give up our rights and
will fight to remain respected as human beings” (EIRC Representative Kara Lumikko).
C. Questions a Solution Must Answer?
Any solution created must define the term human being, and address whether that includes
enhanced individuals. Furthermore, a solution must define the term person in the UN Universal
Declaration of Human Rights Article 6 and state what that includes. In these definitions, it should
be stated what specific rights and laws these enhanced individuals are allowed if they are
considered something other than people or human beings. Also the principle that Enhanced
individuals must obey the law, the accords, and not be deemed a threat to the general public or
they will be detained indefinitely without trial is in direct contradiction with articles 9, 10, and 11
of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights10.
Article 9 asserts that: “No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile,” and
Article 10 reinforces that: “Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an
independent and impartial tribunal.” These laws, which are recognized by the entire global
community and UN as basic principles for a fair and just civilization. This is why they must be
considered in the formulation of any new doctrine, such as the Sokovia Accords. Also, Article 11,
which presumes innocence in any criminal proceedings, should be considered in future solutions
regarding the Sokovia Accords.
D. Conclusion
This committee is set after the ratification of these accords and the Clash of the Avengers. The
UN decided that due to public scrutiny, further amendment to the accords is needed before they
are implemented. Your goal in amending these articles is to increase not only clarity, but also
legality in accordance with the UN Declaration of Human Rights and other principles. Those
present will represent both enhanced and non-enhanced individuals, both with equal stake in the
issue. As time progresses you will be asked to amend the accords, debate their legitimacy, and
produce revisions that will adapt to the ongoing conflict concerning enhanced individual rights
on Earth. It is up to the members of this committee to produce a more legal and humane
document that all sides agree upon before this conflict manifests itself in more destructive ways.
For further research, as recommended, please watch all relevant movies in the Marvel Cinematic
Universe related to your character and this issue. I also recommend reviewing the UN Universal
Declaration of Human Rights in its entirety, as well as reviewing UN Human Rights and Pre-
Trial Detention international standards11, which references prison conditions, lengths of
detentions, and the rights of prisoners. In relation to the mutant issue, although any comic book’s
surrounding the Mutant Registration Act or Superhero Registration Act are not relevant to this
10 Ibid
11 Weissbrodt, David S. “Human Rights and Pre-Trial Detention: A Handbook of International Standards Relating to
Pretrial Detention.” Experts@Minnesota, United Nations, 1 Jan. 1994, experts.umn.edu/en/publications/human-
rights-and-pre-trial-detention-a-handbook-of-international-.
debate, characters from those arcs may be introduced in crisis situations as the committee
progresses. The themes and ideas that they introduce may also be important to familiarize
yourself with. I encourage you to have fun with your characters, while also addressing the issue
through their own unique perspective.
E. Characters List
Tony Stark: Known to the world as Iron Man, is the main supporter
of the Sokovia Accords. Tony believes strongly that the Avengers need
more government oversight after the debacle that is Ultron. After both
Ultron and Sokovia, Stark believes that the Avengers have a power to
great that needs to be controlled. After signing the accords in Civil
War, Stark believes that this is a necessary step to ensure the Avengers
do not cause any future damage. Furthermore, he believes entities like
the Winter Soldier need to be contained as they pose a threat to the
general public. Stark is aiming for this committee to help both sides of
the issue agree that the accords are necessary for the future to ensure
vigilantism does not evolve into villainy12.
Secretary Ross: As the Former Lieutenant General, Thaddeus E. “Thunderbolt" Ross served as a
United States Military Officer responsible for the safety and security of the American People. In
the beginning of Captain America: Civil War, Ross is appointed the Secretary of State and in
charge of implementing the Accords. Ross is also a strong supporter of consequences for each
Vision: Created from a fusion of the mind stone and the remnants
of Jarvis, Vision is a supercomputer android under the control of
a vibranium body. He possesses the hybrid personality of both
Ultron and Jarvis, so he is able to think clinically in situations as
a new member of the Avengers Team. Vision believes oversight
is necessary purely based on the mathematical certainty of the
Avengers actions leading to less catastrophe with the presence of
increased
government
oversight16.
T’Challa: Known by the alias Black Panther, T’Challa has only recently become the sovereign
king of Wakanda after the death of his father T’Chaka in the bombing of the United Nations
orchestrated by Helmut Zemo. Believing the Winter Soldier to be responsible, T’Challa hunted
him down during the events of Captain America: Civil War. After he realized Zemo was
responsible, T’Challa vowed to never let
vengeance consume him again. T’Challa
utilizes the vibranium storage in Wakanda to
protect the world as the Black Panther. With
a great dislike for politics, T’Challa only
agreed to this summit because of his
important role in the formation of the
Accords. T’Challa recognizes that the
Avengers and other enhanced entities have a
power that when left unchecked can result in
casualties, which he hopes to avoid with
greater governance18.
Peter Parker: Known as the friendly neighborhood Spiderman, Peter gained superhero abilities
after being bitten by a radioactive spider. As a sixteen year old web-slinger, Peter fights crime in
his New York City burrow of Queens. In the events of Civil War, Peter was recruited by Iron
Man to be a part of the Airport Battle on the side of Iron Man. Peter was only told when recruited
that Captain America had gone crazy, and the
Accords were never explained to him in
detail. Peter was asked to take part in these
proceedings due to his status as a vigilante
who currently conceals his identity, which
violates the accords. Parker is a strong
believer in taking responsibility for ones
actions, but is also an enhanced individual
himself, which puts him at the crossroads of
this issue19.