HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY

ELECTRICAL-ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Summer Practice Report
Medium Voltage Switchgears and Low Voltage Distribution

Student Name: Umut ERSOY

Summer Practice Dates: 08.07.2019 – 20.09.2019
Company Name: AFB Enerji Mühendislik Ltd. Şti
 Index

1.Technical Principles of Electric Power Distribution………………………………………………………… 1

2. Medium Voltage Switching and Protection Systems…………………………………………………….. 2

2.1.Sections of Modular Cell……………………………………………………………………………………… 2

2.1.1. CABLE CONNECTION AND SWITCHING SECTION………………………………………… 2
2.1.2. THE MAIN BUSBAR SECTION……………………………………………………………………… 3
2.1.3. PART OF THE OPERATING MECHANISM…………………………………………………….. 3
2.1.4. LOW VOLTAGE SECTION……………………………………………………………………………. 3

2.2. Cell Types……………………………………………………………………………………………………..…… 5

2.2.1. MEASUREMENT CELLS……………………………………………………………………………….. 5
2.2.1.1.Load breaker current voltage measurement cells are used for…….. 5
2.2.1.2. List of materials………………………………………………………………………….. 6

2.2.2. BREAKER INPUT CELL………………………………………………….……………………………… 8

2.2.2.1.Input cells with switch are mainly used………………………………………. 8

2.2.3. BREAKER OUTPUT CELL(Transformer Protection)…………………………………….... 8

2.2.3.1.Output cells with switch are used………………………………………………. 9
2.2.3.2. List of materials…………………………………………………………………………. 9

2.2.4. Load Breaker Input- Output Cell………………………………………………………………… 10

3.Medium-Voltage Transformers…………………………………………………………………………………….. 11

3.1. Dry Type Transformer………………………………………………………………………………………… 12

3.2. Oil Type Transformer……………………....................................................................... 13

3.2.1. Hermetic Type Transformer…....................................................................... 13
3.2.2. Transformer with an Expansion Tank…………………………………………………………. 13

4.MAIN DISTRIBUTION BOARD…………………………………………………………………………………………. 14

4.1. List of materials in Main Distribution Board……………………………………………………….. 14

4.1.1.Moulded Case Circuit Breakers………………………………………………………………………… 15
4.1.1.1Thermal – Magnetic Circuit Breakers………………………………………………… . 15
4.1.1.2.Circuit Breakers with Electronic Over Current Release………………………. 16
4.1.2. Current Transformers……………………………………………………………………………………… 16
4.1.2.1. Low voltage current transformers…………………………………………………. 16
4.1.2.2. Measurement Current transformers …………………………………………….. 16
4.1.3. Air Type Circuit Breakers (ACB)…………………………………………………………………….. 17
Drawout Type Circuit Breakers 17
4.1.4. Power Logic …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 18
4.1.5. Electric Counter……………………………………………………………………………………………. 18

5.Transfer Switch………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19

5.1. Manual Transfer Switch………………………………………………………………………………………. 19

5.2. Automatic Transfer Switch………………………………………………………………………………….. 20

6.Power Factor Compensation Systems……………………………………………………………………………. 20

6.1. Power Factor Compensation Panel …………………………………………………………………….. 20

Effect of high phase shift…………………………………………………………………………………….. 21

6.2. Types of Compensation Panel……………………………………………………………………………… 21

6.2.1. Classic Compensation………………………………………………………………………………… 21

6.2.2. Compensation with Harmonic …………………………………………………………………… 21
Harmonic………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 21
6.2.3. Compensation with Inductive Load (Shunt) Reactors…………………………………. 21
Main Causes Of Capacitive-Reactive Effect On Energy Systems………………….. 21

6.3. The main problems caused by capacitive-reactive energy in energy systems are….. 22

6.4. List of Materials in Power Factor Compensation System………………………………………. 22

6.4.1. Compensation Contactor …………………………………………………………………………… 22
6.4.2. Reactive Power Control Relay…………………………………………………………………….. 23
6.4.3. NH Knife-Blade Fuses…………………………………………………………………………………. 23
6.4.4. NH Fuses Holder ………………………………………………………………………………………… 23
6.4.5. Harmonic Filter ………………………………………………………………………………………… 23
6.4.6. Capacitor…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24

7.Sub-Main Distribution Board. …………………………………………………………………………………….. 25

8.Final Distribution Board………………………………………………………………………………………………. 26

9.Induction Motor Starting Methods………………………………………………………………………………. 27

9.1. Direct on Line Starter…………………………………………………………………………………………. 27

9.2. Star-Delta Starter………………………………………………………………………………………………. 27

9.3. Soft starters ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 28

9.3.1. Applications ………………………………………………………………………………………….... 28
9.3.2. How does a soft starter work…………………………………………………………………… 28
9.3.3.Benefits of choosing a soft starter…………………………………………………………….. 28

9.4. Variable frequency drives ……………………………………………………………………………….. 29

9.4.1. Applications……………………………………………………………………………….. 29
9.4.2. How do VFDs work? …………………………………………………………………… 29
9.4.3. Benefits of using a VFD……………………………………………………………….. 30

9.5. Choosing the right equipment from Soft Starter and VFD for needed system…… 30

10.Motor Control Center Panel……………………………………………………………………………………….. 31

10.1. List of Materials…………………………………………………………………. …………………………… 31

10.1.1. Thermal Overload Relays…………………………………………………………………………. 32
10.1.2. Star Delta Timer ……………………………………………………………………………………… 32
10.1.3. Motor Protection Switches ……………………………………………………………………… 33
10.1.4. Miniature Circuit Breakers ……………………………….……………………………………… 33
10.1.5. Residual Current Circuit Breakers ……………………………………………………………. 34
10.1.5.1. Life Protection………………………………………………………………………………………. 34
10.1.5.2. Fire Protection………………………………………………………………………………………. 34
11.Compensation Calculation (Practical Work)……………………….………………………………………. 35

12.Voltage Drop Calculation……………………………………………………………………………………………. 36

13.Iraq Shaqlawa Tunnel Electromechanical Work Project………………………………………………. 39

13.1.Main Distribution Board Section of Project………………………………………………………. 39

13.2.Compensation Section Of Project…………………………………………………………………….. 40

14.Solar Project of İnegöl Municipality……………………………………………………………………………. 42

15.References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 44
1.Technical Principles of Electric Power Distribution
Concrete substations
Concrete substations are used for receiving, transforming and distributing of medium and
low voltage electric power to consumers.
Usage areas:

• Transformer Substations
• Solar Power Plants
• Organized Industrial Zones
• Medium Voltage Distribution Systems
• Industrial Plants

Transformer substation is an electric substation that steps up or steps down the voltage
of an AC power system, and also distributes electric power.
Step up substations, which are usually built at electric power plants, transform the voltage
produced by the generators into a higher voltage that is necessary for the transmission of
electric power over power lines. Step-down substations transform the primary voltage of
electric power systems to a lower secondary voltage. Step-down substations may be of the
regional, principal, or local (plant) type, depending on their purpose and the values of the
primary and secondary voltages. Regional substations take electric power directly from the
high-voltage power lines and transmit it to the main step-down substations, from which—
after reduction to 6, 10, or 35 kilovolts (kV)—it is fed to local and shop substations, where
the last stage of transformation is accomplished (with step-downs to 690, 400, or 230 V) and
the electric power is distributed to consumers.
A transformer substation usually has one or two power transformers, distribution
equipment, control and protective devices, and auxiliary equipment.
In this part, I will explain the principles of medium-voltage systems. To understand overall
concept in electric distribution panels, knowledge of medium voltage also has important
role.

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2. Medium Voltage Switching and Protection Systems
The series MV metal enclosed cells are
designed with the purpose of use medium
voltage switchgear(control) in secondary
distribution systems up to 36 kV, compact
kiosk type substations and industrial
buildings.

All functional units that may be required

in a switching center facility can be
established easily side by side. Production
at the factory has been completed and all
routine and type tests made cells can be
activated in a practical way in a very short
time using it safely.

Medium voltage switchgears can be

divided into single busbar switchgear,
double busbar switchgear, according to
indoor or outdoor usage. Metal partitioned cells in the primary part are preferred. Metal
enclosure or gas insulated cubicles (RMU) are preferred in secondary distribution facilities.

Modular cells consists of 4 main sections. Metal is divided into compartments from each
other, with the body;

1.Cable connection and switching section

2.The main busbar section
3.Part of the operating mechanism
4.Low voltage section
2.1. Sections of Modular Cell
2.1.1. CABLE CONNECTION AND SWITCHING SECTION
It is the section where medium voltage cables and busbars entering and leaving the cell
are connected to the cell. In this section the switching element is according to the type of
load cell as circuit breaker, breaker, load breakers, earthing switch. The cover of this section
can be opened without any tools after all the conductors entering the section have been de-
energized and short-circuited and grounded.

Epoxy resin separator or separator in the body are separated from busbar section and
cable connection section with sheet metal partition. Single core cables up to 240 mm can be
easily connected to this section.

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 The elements in this section according to the cell functional feature:

• Circuit Breaker

• Medium Voltage fuses

• Earthing Switch

• Instrument Transformer

2.1.2. THE MAIN BUSBAR SECTION

The main busbar terminals of the modularly assembled cells are combined with copper
busbar to form the main busbar. This is the main busbar section. Access to the main busbar
section is only provided from the cover with warning sign

2.1.3. PART OF THE OPERATING MECHANISM

In this section, the load breaker, circuit breaker, breaker and earthing blade of the drive
mechanism included. The operating mechanism section is accessible when the system is
under the voltage

2.1.4. LOW VOLTAGE SECTION

This section is located on the upper front of the cell. The section is accessible when the
system is under the voltage.

The elements in this section according to the cell functional feature:

• Instrument tools

• Protection relays

• Counters

• Location indicators for breaker, load breaker, earthing switch

• On / off switch of load breaker

• Operating instruction

• Voltage indicator and phase sequence control socket

3
MV Equipments- Switching Devices

Opening Closing I
s
o
Functions l
a
No load Under short No-load Under short
operation load circuit operation load circuit t
i
o
n

It is designed
Breaker for safe
+ - - + - + +
isolation of
the circuit.

Provides
Earthing grounding of
+ - + + + + -
Switch de-energized
phase
conductors

It is a circuit
element for
controlization
of opening
Load and closing of + + - + + + +
Breaker the system
even working
conditions
including
overcurrents

It is used to
transport,
opening and
closing the
Circuit rated
Breaker currents in
the
+ + + + + + -
distribution
system and
to cut off the
overcurrent-
short circuit
currents.

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 SF6 GAS CIRCUIT BREAKER

Earthing Switch

SF6 GAS INSULATED (LOAD) BREAKER

2.2. Cell Types

2.2.1. MEASUREMENT CELLS

It is possible to observe the presence or absence of medium voltage entering the cell
whether there is an imbalance between the phases, and current and frequency that drawn
by the system. Briefly, the measuring cell is the cell from which the operating system
information is received.

2.2.1.1. Load breaker current voltage measurement cells are used for
• For obtaining voltage-current information with respect to measurement and
protection,
• Measurement of sealed counter for invoicing,

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 In addition to these materials, earthing switch should be used.

2.2.1.2. List of materials

• Digital Single- and Three-Phase E-Counters for Active and Reactive Energy

The E-counters (power meters) are used to record the amount of electrical energy
exported or imported.

• Auxiliary Relay

Auxiliary relays and contacts are the elements to be used for connecting the
materials and the spare contacts connected to it in order to get information about
the operation and failure conditions of the materials in the cell.

• Medium Voltage Fuse

In case of short circuit or sudden overcurrent, MV fuses are used to safely stop the
malfunction. In the modular cubicle and transformer protection, the MV fuses and
the load breaker move together. According to the characteristics of the fuses used,
the fuse and the load breaker can cut together at lower currents.

As a result of the blowing of one of the fuses, there are three phase opening devices
in many modular cubicles to prevent unbalanced and two-phase operation of the
transformer. In this way, if one of the fuses blows, the load breaker trips all three
phases.

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• MV Voltage Transformer

According to the project phase phase or phase earth voltage transformers are used.
Voltage transformers are protected by suitable fuses. Body should be epoxy resin
type tests.

The transformers that supply devices connected to the secondary terminals with
this voltage by reducing the primary voltage in the circuit to which they are
connected and isolating the devices from high voltage are called voltage
transformers.

• Voltmeter
This is the part where the system voltage is measured.

• Voltmeter Commutator
It is the connection element which is connected with voltmeter and provides
monitoring of voltages between phase and phase neutral in voltmeter. The operator
can monitor the desired interphase voltage by placing the voltmeter commutator in
the appropriate position.

• Ampermeter
This is the part where the system current is measured.

• Heater Resistance
Since the metal housing modular cells are made of metal, both the inside and the
outside should be protected against corrosion. Changes in temperature during the
day and night lead to changes in the cell. In order to prevent damage to the cell
interior and its materials due to the heat exchange, a heater is installed to keep the
intracellular heat constant.

• Thermostat
It transmits the heat information received from the resistance inside the cell and
enables the operator to learn the intracellular temperature and make the necessary
intervention accordingly.

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2.2.2. Breaker Input Cell
They are input cells that entering from side or bottom energy input to the distribution
busbars with rated current up to 1250A and short circuit resistance up to 25kA, which must
be switched even under short circuit and secondary protection

2.2.2.1. Input cells with switch are used;

• At mains and generator inputs of distribution busbars,

• At energy inputs of mains that operating as open/closed ring and might be used at
outputs of standard input cells

In addition to these materials, earthing switch should be used.

2.2.3. BREAKER OUTPUT CELL (TRANSFORMER PROTECTION)

They are metal enclosed, air insulated (busbar) modular cells designed to be used in MV
secondary distribution systems and MV / LV substations, indoor spaces.
It is used to contralization of system and control the secondary voltage output from the
transformer. Modular cells are used up to 36kV in MV section of city networks MV / LV
distribution centers and MV consumer or distribution centers. The modular cells meet the
plant and operating characteristics as well as the standards for life safety. If we list the
places where modular cells are used;

8
2.2.3.1. Output cells with switch are mainly used;

• Energy generation facilities,

• Substations,
• Wind farms,
• Hotels, shopping centers, business centers,
and designed for places that cannot tolarate energy cuts such as hospitals, airports,
etc.

In addition to these materials, earthing switch should be used.

2.2.3.2. List of materials:

• Capacitive voltage indicator

This device has capacitive voltage display panel in front of the modular cubicle and
capacitive voltage indicator indicating whether there is energy at the cable
connection point in the cell

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 • Busbar system

All busbars are at the same level horizontally and allow for additional panel
placement. The busbars are made of electrolytic copper and are made in the cross
section in accordance with the cell nominal values at the top of the cell and to be
made for connection to the top to the breaker or load breaker

• MV protection current transformer

They are small powerful transformers that provide the current passing through the
system within reliable limits for the measurement, recording, protection and control
elements to be connected to the secondary via the primary windings. The short
circuit withstand current and rated voltage of the current transformers are selected
in accordance with the voltage and short circuit characteristics of the network to be
used. Body is made from epoxy resin

• Overcurrent protection relay

Overcurrent protection relays are relays with one current setting and two delay
settings (start and standby) designed to protect systems against short-circuit and
earth leakage. It was developed to prevent faulty tripping due to start delay. The
relays measure the current of the protected system and are used to deactivate the
protected system if the measured current value is below or above the set current.

• Auxiliary relay
Auxiliary relays and contacts are spare contacts for connecting materials to be used
to obtain information about the operation and failure conditions of the materials
inside the cell.

• Breaker- earthing switch

There is a mechanical lock between the breaker and earthing switch. When the
breaker is off the earthing switch cannot be closed, and the breaker cannot be closed
when the earthing switch is closed.

2.2.4. Load Breaker Input- Output Cell

These cells are mainly used at energy inputs of MV distribution busbars, and might also
be used on line outputs in some applications. These are the cells that does not require
secondary protection, of which rated current is up to 630 A and of which short circuit
strength is up to 20 kA. 3 polar and 3 position (open-closed-grounding rod) SF6 gas insulated
separators are used in these cells as a standard.

10
 In addition to these materials, earthing switch should be used.

Most of the information for Medium-Voltage Switchgear procedure is given in previous section of
report. According to the transmission schematic, next topic is gonna be Power Transformers. To
better understand the distribution of electricity, I have to go on one by one.

3. Medium-Voltage Transformers (Power Transformers)

Power transformers are generally used in transmission network for stepping up or down
the voltage level. It operates mainly during high or peak loads and has maximum efficiency
at or near full load. The Power transformer is a one kind of transformer, that is used to
transfer electrical energy in any part of the electrical or electronic circuit between the
generator and the distribution primary circuits. The stepping up or down depends upon the
number of turns of primary and secondary winding. If the number of turns on both the
windings are same, and the losses of transformer are negligible, we may conclude that the
voltage across each of the winding is same. In this case the transformer is just utilized in
isolating two electrical circuits.

Generally power transformer is used in stepping up the voltage of the supply in order to
decrease the transmission losses and then stepping down is done for the distribution
purpose at the load centres.

The common type of power transformer is liquid immersed and the life span of these
transformers is around 30 years. The skeleton of the transformer is absorbed in a fire
retardant protecting oil inside a tank. The conservatory on top of the oil tank lets for the
increasing oil to fall into it.

11
 The applications of the power transformer include the transmission and distribution of
electrical power. These transformers are widely used by power plants, industrial plants and
traditional electric utility companies.
Transformers generate a lot of heat that must be dissipated to keep them running safely.
There are two types of transformers with respect to cooling type being used in the industry
currently:
1.Dry Type Transformer
2.Oil Type Transformer

3.1. Dry Type Transformer

Transformers which are designed as forced cooling and discharge the heat generated by
air circulation are called dry type transformers. They are electrical transformers whose
magnetic circuit and windings are not protected in an insulating liquid. Dry type
transformers are completely dry and absolutely free of oil. There is no risk of starting fire. It
is more expensive than oil type panels. Requires less maintenance than oil type
transformers.

12
3.2. Oil Type Transformer
In this method, heat is transferred to the oil surrounding the core and windings and it is
conducted to the walls of the transformer tank. Finally, the heat is transferred to the
surrounding air by radiation and convection.
Oil coolant has two distinct advantages over the air coolants.
• It provides better conduction than the air
• High coefficient of conduction which results in the natural circulation of the oil

Oil type transformer can be divided into 2 sub-sections:

3.2.1. Hermetic Type Transformer
Differently than with transformers with an oil expansion tank, hermetic transformers
are completely sealed from the atmosphere (exterior milieu). In a hermetic
transformer, the tank inside pressure building up due to oil expansion is counteracted
by a flexible corrugated sheet metal sized as a result of calculations. In hermetic
transformers, oil is filled at +20°C and sealed from atmosphere.

3.2.2. Transformer with an Expansion Tank

A transformer with an oil expansion tank is exposed to atmosphere and provides
exchange of air through an air dryer (silica gel) container that prevents the moisture in
air from passing into the transformer oil. The size of an expansion tank varies in
proportion to the transformer power and size.

13
 4. MAIN DISTRIBUTION BOARD
MDB is a panel or enclosure that houses the fuses, circuit breakers and ground leakage
protection units where the electrical energy, which is used to distribute electrical power to
numerous individual circuits or consumer points, is taken in from the transformer or an
upstream panel. MDB typically has a single or multiple incoming power sources and
includes main circuit breakers and residual current or earth leakage protection devices. A
MDB is comprised of a free standing enclosure, a bus bar system, MCCB’s (molded case
circuit breaker), metering and support equipments and required current transformers.
Panels are assembled in a systematic manner such as incomer section and outgoing section.

Main distribution boards are used to distribute and control the power supply in large
buildings such as shopping malls, hospitals, universities, and hotels. The main distribution
boards are generally installed after the main power source (eg. Transformers or generators)
and the main idea of MDB is to divide the power supply into secondary outgoing feeders.

4.1. List of materials in Main Distribution Board

• Busbar Section
• Moulded Case Circuit Breakers
• Air Type Circuit Breakers
• Current Transformers
• Electric Counter
• Multimeter
• Power logic

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4.1.1.Moulded Case Circuit Breakers
The circuit breaker is a mechanical opening closing device, which is used for closing,
breaking, separating circuit and carrying current under ordinary conditions and for
automatically breaking the circuit under extraordinary conditions like short circuit and over
current
Releases:
• Over current releases (over current opening unit)
• Under voltage releases (low voltage opening unit)
• Shunt Trip releases (remote release unit)
Type of Circuit Breakers: LV circuit breakers are manufactured in two different types
depending on the release type. These are thermal-magnetic circuit and electronic circuit
breakers.

4.1.1.1.Thermal – Magnetic Circuit Breakers

Thermal Protection
Bimetal, which provides thermal protection consists of
combination of two metals with different extension
coefficients under heat. When bimetal is heated, it bends
towards the metal with less extension. In this way, a notch
that assists opening of the breaker mechanism is released to
disable the breaker. Bending speed of bimetal is in direct
proportion of the current passing through the breaker.
Magnetic Protection
Another function of the breaker is to protect the
connected circuit against short circuits. Short circuit occurs
as a result of contact of phase-ground. Breaker should
perform instant opening to protect load it is connected to.
The part fulfilling this function is a mechanical opening
mechanism that operates with magnetization caused by the
magnetic area formed by the short circuit current.

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4.1.1.2.Circuit Breakers with Electronic Over Current Release
The feature discriminating electronic circuit breakers
from thermal-magnetic breakers is to control the over
current releases with electronic circuit. Electronic control
is performed via microprocessor. During design of the
electronic circuit, worst possibilities to encounter in
operation have been taken into consideration. In high
circuit currents, direct opening has been ensured without
operating electronic circuit. In this way, possibility of
failure in the electronic circuit has been eliminated.

4.1.2. Current Transformers

4.1.2.1. Low voltage current transformers
Consists of three parts as primary winding, secondary
winding and magnetic core which those windings are
wound on. There is no primary winding in current
transformers without busbar in primary. Instead, primary
winding is formed by passing busbar or cable through
toroidal core of the transformer.
4.1.2.2.Measurement current transformers
Measurement current transformers have been formed to
feed measurement tolls, counters, relays and other devices
operating with similar techniques. These are the
transformers which insulate such devices from high voltage
networks and which reduce currents out of limits of
measurement devices to measurable values.

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4.1.3. Air Type Circuit Breakers (ACB)
Air type circuit breakers are used for
protection of generators with large powers,
motor, capacitor groups and transformers, as
well as general protection of factories,
shopping malls, business centers.
Drawout Type Circuit Breaker:
Circuit breakers are automatically turned on
during pull and push of the drawer via lever.
When drawer-type switcher fail, they can be
quickly replaced with the spare one

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4.1.4. Power Logic
Power Logic (energy analyzer) is the name
given to monitoring devices that provide
continuous monitoring of electrical energy with
current technologies, keeping measurement
data continuously recorded and transmitting
the records by communicating with remote
devices and software when necessary. While
the importance of power quality and energy has
been increasing day by day, it has become a
priority to provide uninterrupted electricity to
consumers with high quality and efficiency. The
efficiency of electrical energy depends on the
amount of visible energy that can be used as energy; The quality is ensured by eliminating
the harmonic components it contains to a large extent. Single phase and three phase voltage
and current rms values, active and reactive (capacitive or inductive) power values, active
and reactive energy values, power factor, network frequency, average and maximum
powers, demand and harmonic distortions can be measured by energy analyzer. The
measured values can be stored in the memory of the energy analyzer, can be displayed on
the screen, can be transferred and stored to computer environment by means of
communication protocols or can be monitored remotely by means of communication
protocols.

4.1.5. Electric Counter

The equipment that can measure the consumption of
electricity consumed or produced is called electricity meter or
short meter.
In short, the electricity meter measures power and the time
at which it is applied. Therefore, the unit of measurement is
Wh (Waat / hour). Units such as 1,000 kWh (kilowatt / hour)
and 1,000,000 times MWh (megawatt / hour) are also used.
The biggest difference that distinguishes electricity meters
from measuring devices such as energy analyzers is its
sealable structure, non-erasable memory / display, and the
ability to measure on unexpected supply.

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 5.Transfer Switch
These are the systems that direct the mains or generator energy to the load output and
enable switching. Switches control the grid and generator energy of the control panels and
perform the transfer in the appropriate case. The transfer system is realized by contactors
or motorized switches according to the power consumed. The power of the transfer panels
should be at least generator power according to the power to be supplied by the generator.
In the distribution panel, the loads to be supplied by the generator are divided into
emergency and non-emergency loads. In some cases, emergency and non-emergency loads
are not separated in the distribution panels. In such cases, the contactor or motorized switch
used in the transfer panel should be selected in accordance with the mains power since the
mains power is higher than the generator power.

5.1. Manual Transfer Switch

The manual switchboard is installed next to the
main switchboard and is connected to the circuits
you want to operate during a power failure. When
the power fails, simply press the generator and
generate a transfer switch with a single power
cable. When the generator is running, you can
simply select which circuits to energize by turning
the switches.

19
5.2. Automatic Transfer Switch
Such boards, known in short as ATS, are
generally installed at the location of a
backup generator so that the generator
can provide temporary electrical energy in
case the backup power supply fails. This
panel continuously monitors the power of
the electricity grid. Fluctuations before a
blackout or serious energy quality
problems trigger the generator start
command.
When the backup voltage and frequency
are fixed, the transfer panel brings the
generator online. When the mains power
is restored, the switch returns to its
normal position without a surge for a predetermined time. After the cooling interval is
complete, the generator automatically shuts down.
All these actions take place without human intervention. Since the automatic transfer
panel (ATS) is connected to both primary and backup power supplies, it acts as an
intermediary between the equipment and the power supplies acting as an electrical relay.
Later this week, we made an introduction to one of the biggest issues the company was
working on, compensation systems. When using electrical energy, it is necessary to use it
efficiently. When using electrical energy, it is necessary to use it efficiently. This is achieved
by compensation in industrial enterprises.

6. Power Factor Compensation Systems

The phase difference between voltage and current is normally not seen. As a result of the
effect of inductive or capacitive loads, the current signal shifts by up to 90 degrees relative
to the voltage signal. The process to keep this phase change constant at 0 degrees is called
compensation.
6.1. Power Factor Compensation Panel
The panel used to correct a company's power factor with measuring devices, contactors,
electrical fuses and capacitors is called the compensation panel.

20
Effect of high phase shift:
• Heating of transformers.
• Reduced operating life of enterprises.
• Full load of transformers and generators, new loads can not be added.
• The voltage drop.
• Heating of cables
• Reactive punishment

6.2. Types of Compensation Panel

6.2.1. Classic Compensation
Classic compensation panels are used where the harmonic pollution level and load
change rate are low. These panels are base model panels designed to reduce system costs.
These panels are most popular type on the market.

6.2.2. Compensation with Harmonic Filter

Compensation system with harmonic filter is designed in enterprises with high harmonics
Harmonic
Ideal for electrical installations is that the mains voltage or
current drawn is in sinusoidal form. However, although the
mains voltage is sinusoidal, it is nonlinear in the currents
drawn because the loads are nonlinear. Therefore, the
waveform of the drawn voltage is not sinusoidal. The voltage
and current waveform, which loses its sinusoidal property but
is periodically repeated over time, exists in the system in
multiples of the fundamental frequency (50hz). This resultant
system is called as harmonic.

6.2.3. Compensation with Inductive Load (Shunt)

Reactors
Shunt reactors affects inductively. For this reason, they are
also called ‘Inductive Load Reactors and they are used to
compensate in systems with high capacitive-reactive energy.
Main Causes Of Capacitive-Reactive Effect On Energy Systems
In systems which are supplied with very long energy cables
such as TV-radio transmitters and radio base stations installed
out of the city centers, the capacitive effect of the supply cables due to the low load capacity
causes the system to be overcompensated. Similar capacitive effects are observed in power
transmission lines and general energy distribution systems. Capacitive-reactive energy

21
increases in the system as a result of excessive use of capacitor-like electronic devices such
as UPS or similar.

6.3. The main problems caused by capacitive-reactive energy in energy systems are
* Reactive energy will result in the payment of penalty,
* It decreases the efficiency and life of the energy system and the equipments and
machines connected to the system,
* Causes less active energy power flow to the system
* Unwanted maintenance and repair costs in the energy system

In order to eliminate these problems, it is necessary to connect shunt reactors in parallel

to the system. Shunt reactors create an inductive load and dampen the unwanted
capacitive effect, thus eliminating the above problems.

6.4. List of Materials in Power Factor Compensation System

• Capacitor
• Compensation Contactor
• Inductive Load Reactor (only for inducti)
• Reactive Power Control Relay
• Harmonic Filter (only for harmonic type compensation)
• NH Knife-Blade Fuses
• NH Fuses Holder
• Current Transformer
6.4.1. Compensation Contactor
Compensation contactors are special type switching elements
used in switching capacitor groups in compensation
applications. The compensation contactors have factory-
mounted discharge resistors. The difference between the
normal contactor and the compensation contactor is that of
these discharge resistors. The load is not immediately applied
to the main contacts of the contactor at the time of first start-
up. Initial currents up to 200 times the rated current are first
filtered by the discharge resistors.

22
 6.4.2. NH Knife-Blade Fuses
NH fuse-switch breaker is a protection element used for
general protection of electrical elements such as motor,
transformer, driver and soft starter from overcurrent and
short circuit currents occurring in electrical lines in industrial
facilities. NH blade load breaker has high short circuit tripping
power and is more durable and short circuit breaking currents
(kA) than other protection elements. It is also more
economical.
NH break the circuit with the melting of the copper wire used according to the current
carrying capacity. The outer surfaces are made of porcelain material and are capable of
cutting short circuit currents up to 120kA. There are 2 kinds of horizontal and vertical fused
load breaker.
NH fuses are one-time fuses, which must be replaced with a new fuse of the same
specification after it has exploded. This type of fuse has an indication that the element has
exploded.

6.4.3. NH Fuses Holder

Blade fuses are used with NH fuse stands. Fuse sizes vary according to the current
carrying capacity of the plugs used as carriers.

6.4.4. Harmonic Filter

A harmonic filter is a device that reduces, or mitigates, harmonics to tolerable levels. They
are commonly used to lower harmonic distortion to the levels detailed in IEEE 519, the IEEE
Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power
Systems. Harmonic filters solve problems in markets such as Oil & Gas, HVAC,
Water/Wastewater and Mining industries. When harmonics are left unaddressed, it can
lead to expensive damage to components, downtime, or penalties from utilities providers.

6.4.5. Capacitor
Capacitor is a circuit element which can store electrical energy by placing insulating
material between two conducting plates. The purpose of the compensation is to bring the
inductive effect closer to zero.

23
 This means less power and current from the grid. It also means profit from the electricity
charge.
6.4.6. Reactive Power Control Relay
The reactive power control relay is an electronic
device that activates and activates the capacitors
to reach the automatically set power factor. It has
3 sections: Display, comparison unit and output
relay circuit stages. It detects the phase difference
of the current drawn by the voltage in the system
and controls the capacitors through the output
relay group. When the power factor is reduced, it
activates the capacitors sequentially. It also
performs cyclic control by measuring the varying power coefficient. Keeps the capacitor
active enough to provide the set power factor.
After compensation boards, my topics are Sub-Main Distribution Board and Final
Distribution Board.These kind of boards are coming right after from Main Distribution
Board. I will follow the distribution chain so firstly I am going to explain Sub-Main Board.

24
 7. Sub-Main Distribution Board
Power Distribution is a system, consisting of a Main Distribution Board (MDB), Sub Main
Distribution Boards (SMDBs) and Final Distribution Boards, by which the electrical energy is
transmitted via branches to reach the exact end user.
Electrical Sub-Main Distribution Boards (SMDB) are the integral part of Electrical LV Power
distribution network in the end user
premises of a medium and large scale
projects. SMDB acts as a mediator
between Main Distribution Board (MDB)
and Final Distribution Boards (FDBs) that
serves approximately 100A to 400A load
range. The MDB feeds SMDBs, which is
installed generally at the point where a
large distribution cable terminates and
several smaller sub-circuits start. The
SMDB feeds the Final Distribution Board,
which then feeds electrical energy to the
end user.
A sub-feed neutral assembly with a
removable link for isolation shall be available as an integral part of the distribution board.
Earthing bar assembly shall also be available to facilitate the correction of earth continuity
conductors.

Type of SMBD: General purpose type or industrial suitable for relevant ambient conditions.
Flush self standing and/or surface mounted as required, comprising box, trim, or trim and
door to approved manufacturer's standards and sizes. Enclosure shall be certified for 1000-
hour salt spread test.

25
 8. Final Distribution Board
A Final Distribution Board (FDB) is an assembly of
protective devices, including two or more fuses or
circuit breakers, arranged for the distribution of
electrical energy to the final circuits. It consists of a
suitable enclosure containing suitable facilities for
mounting fuses and/or circuit breakers and other
protective devices (such as residual current circuit
breakers/devices which may, or may not, provide
integral overcurrent protection) and other switching
and control devices. An FDB will also contain
‘busbars’ for interconnecting the circuit breakers or
fuses along with neutral and earth bars for
connecting the incoming and outgoing neutral
conductors and protective conductors. This
enclosure may be either all insulated type or metal clad construction.

Distribution of electrical energy is at the heart of any building services. The dynamics of
distribution of electrical energy for residential, industrial, commercial and infrastructure
installations have changed dramatically in the last few years. Characteristically, there is a
demand for more outgoing ways, more Residual Current Device (RCD) protection, and more
metering and control devices. Modern FDBs must enable designs that meet the demands of
the 17th Edition of IEE Wiring Regulations as well as the relevant IEC Regulations, the
requirements for energy efficient solutions through control devices or building management
systems, and the requisite for more metering. The Elensol FDBs meet these growing needs
and make it easier for you to design and install electrical distribution systems that meet the
needs of today and the future. We offer single phase and three phase FDBs to suit various
highly demanding residential, industrial, commercial and infrastructure applications. These
FDBs have been designed using the latest available technology and comply with the relevant
industry standards.

26
9.Induction Motor Starting Methods
9.1. Direct on Line Starter
The Direct On-Line (DOL) starter is the
simplest and the most inexpensive of all
starting methods and is usually used for
squirrel cage induction motors. It directly
connects the contacts of the motor to the full
supply voltage. The starting current is very
large, normally 6 to 8 times the rated current.
The starting torque is likely to be 0.75 to 2
times the full load torque. In order to avoid
excessive voltage drops in the supply line due
to high starting currents, the DOL starter is
used only for motors with a rating of less than
5KW. There are safety mechanisms inside the
DOL starter which provides protection to the
motor as well as the operator of the motor.

9.2. Star-Delta Starter

The star delta starting is a very common type of
starter and extensively used, compared to the other
types of the starters. This method used reduced
supply voltage in starting. The method achieved low
starting current by first connecting the stator
winding in star configuration, and then after the
motor reaches a certain speed, throw switch
changes the winding arrangements from star to
delta configuration. By connecting the stator
windings, first in star and then in delta, the line
current drawn by the motor at starting is reduced to
one-third as compared to starting current with the
windings connected in delta. At the time of starting
when the stator windings are start connected, each
stator phase gets voltage VL/√3, where VL is the line
voltage. Since the torque developed by an induction
motor is proportional to the square of the applied voltage, star- delta starting reduced the
starting torque to one – third that obtainable by direct delta starting.

27
9.3. Soft starters
A soft starter is a solid-state device that
protects AC electric motors from damage
caused by sudden influxes of power by limiting
the large initial inrush of current associated
with motor startup. They provide a gentle ramp
up to full speed and are used only at startup
(and stop, if equipped). Ramping up the initial
voltage to the motor produces this gradual
start. Soft starters are also known as reduced
voltage soft starters (RVSS).
9.3.1. Applications
Soft starters are used in applications where
• Speed and torque control are required only during startup (and stop if equipped with
soft stop)
• Reducing large startup inrush currents associated with a large motor is required
• The mechanical system requires a gentle start to relieve torque spikes and tension
associated with normal startup (for example, conveyors, belt-driven systems, gears,
and so on)
• Pumps are used to eliminate pressure surges caused in piping systems when fluid
changes direction rapidly
9.3.2. How does a soft starter work
Electrical soft starters temporarily reduce voltage or current input by reducing torque.
Some soft starters may use solid-state devices to help control the flow of the current. They
can control one to three phases, with three-phase control usually producing better results.
9.3.3.Benefits of choosing a soft starter
Soft starters are often the more economical choice for applications that require speed
and torque control only during motor startup. Additionally, they are often the ideal solution
for applications where space is a concern, as they usually take up less space than variable
frequency drives.

28
9.4. Variable frequency drives
A variable frequency drive (VFD) is a motor control device that protects and controls the
speed of an AC induction motor. A VFD can control the speed of the motor during the start
and stop cycle, as well as throughout the run cycle. VFDs are also referred to as adjustable
frequency drives (AFDs)

9.4.1. Applications
VFDs are used in applications where:

• Complete speed control is required

• Energy savings is a goal
• Custom control is needed
9.4.2. How do VFDs work?
VFDs convert input power to adjustable frequency and voltage source for controlling
speed of AC induction motors. The frequency of the power applied to an AC motor
determines the motor speed, based on the following equation:
N = 120 x f x p
N = speed (rpm)
f = frequency (Hz)
p = number of motor poles
For example, a four-pole motor is operating at 60 Hz. These values can be inserted into
the formula to calculate the speed: N = 120 x 60
x 4 N = 1800 (rpm)

•AC supply: Comes from the facility power

network (typically 480V, 60 Hz AC)
•Rectifier: Converts network AC power to DC
power
•Filter and DC bus: Work together to smooth the
rectified DC power and to provide clean, low
ripple DC power to the inverter
•Inverter: Uses DC power from the DC bus and filter to invert an output that resembles sine
wave AC power using a pulse width modulation (PWM) technique

29
9.4.3. Benefits of using a VFD
• Energy savings
• Reduces peak energy demand
• Reduces power when not required
• Fully adjustable speed (pumps, conveyors, and fans)
• Controlled starting, stopping, and acceleration
• Dynamic torque control
• Provides smooth motion for applications such as elevators and escalators
• Maintains speed of equipment, making drives ideal for manufacturing equipment and
industrial equipment such as mixers, grinders, and crushers
• Advanced overload protection
• PLC-like functionality and software programming
9.5. Choosing the right equipment from Soft Starter and VFD for needed system
Choosing a soft starter or a variable frequency drive often depends on your application.
Soft starters are smaller and less expensive when compared with VFDs in larger horsepower
applications. Larger VFDs take up more space and are usually more expensive than soft
starters. That being said, while a VFD is often more expensive up front, it can provide energy
savings of up to 50 percent, thereby producing more cost savings over the life of the
equipment. Speed control is another advantage of a VFD, because it offers consistent
acceleration time throughout the entire operating cycle of the motor, not just during
startup. VFDs can also provide more robust functionality than soft starters offer, including
digital diagnostic information. It is important to note that a VFD can initially cost two to
three times more than a soft starter. Therefore, if constant acceleration and torque control
is not necessary, and your application requires current limiting only during startup, a soft
starter may be a better solution from a cost standpoint.

30
 10. Motor Control Center Panel
MCC panels are panel systems where engine main feeding units and control devices are
located.
Control devices such as PLC and DCS and other devices required for SCADA and
communications infrastructure are found in control section of the MCC panel. Panels are
important components of the system and are supplementary in projects we implement.
MCC panels have wide usage possibilities in all areas where motor usage is intense such
as shopping malls, factories,
smart buildings, treatment
plants, pumping stations,
transportation facilities.

10.1. List of Materials

• Contactor
• Motor Protection Switches
(depends on choice)
• Thermal Overload Relays
(depends on choice)
• Frequency Converter Starter (depends on choice)
• Soft Starter (depends on choice)
• Star-Delta Timer
• Miniature Circuit Breaker
• Thermal – Magnetic Circuit Breakers
• Residual Current Circuit Breakers
• Time Relay
• 24V AC Transformer(220/24V)
• Auxiliary Relays

31
10.1.1. Thermal Overload Relays
It protects the motor by deactivating the motor
via contactor in case of overload or one of the
phases is interrupted.
Thermal relays are compensated for ambient
temperature and sensitive to phase loss. (In case of
phase loss, motor draws excessive current and may
burn.)
Reset button: In position A, after the metals have
cooled down, the contactor is activated
(automatically).
Test button: Press to test whether the motor
contactor is deactivated or not.
Stop button: Used to deactivate the motor contactor in case of emergency

10.1.2. Star Delta Timer

If the star-to-delta transition is made too early (at
very low speeds), the motor current will remain high for
a longer period of time (from instantaneous change
until the motor speed is close to the rated speed).
If the transition from star to delta is made too late,
the motor current becomes unnecessary after reaching
speed close to the specified speed
Therefore, the delta-to-star transition should be
made as soon as the speed approaches the nominal
speed. This can be done by using the timer and setting
the time equal to the time required to reach the
nominal speed.

32
10.1.3. Motor Protection Switches
It is an electrical switchgear product that protects the motor
against phase loss, overload and short circuits in a thermal-
magnetic manner in cases where remote control of electric
motors is not required.
It has 0.1- 32A rated current and 50kA short circuit breaking
capacity.
In extreme cases, it cuts all phases at the same time and
protects the motor and system.
It closes the motor immediately in short circuit cases.

10.1.4. Miniature Circuit Breakers

Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB) protects the
electricaal circuit they are connected to
against over current and short circuits. They
allow easy open-close of the circuit. Miniature
circuit breakers are manifactured with 1,2,3,4
poles and 1 phase + neutral, 3 phase+ neutral
from 6A to 125A İn accordance CE. There are
three seperate types as B, C, D. In case of a
short circuit, B types open the circuit at 3 or 5
times more than nominal current. C types open
the circuit at 5 or 10 times more than the
nominal current and D types open the circuit at
10 or 20 times more than the nominal. Miniature circuit breakers with 2,3,4 poles disable
the device they are connectted to, thanks to their mechanism in case of any failure.
B curve: Used in illumination of houses, plugs and control circuit
C/D curve: Used in inductive loads like transformer, several fluorescent lambs etc.

33
10.1.5. Residual Current Circuit Breakers
Every people from any profession and any
cultural level are in close contact with electrical
energy at any hour of the day and they may
encounter residual currents. Under normal
conditions, benefits electrical energy are countless.
However, damages arising from an insulation error
are also really huge. Every year, many individuals
become victim of electrical accidents and 40% of
fires arise from faulty use of electrical energy.
Therefore, use of residual current protection
devices has been rendered mandatory in many
countries and our country.
Residual Current Circuit Breakers are manufactured in two types as life protection and fire
protection:
10.1.5.1. Life Protection
According to IEC 60479-1, 30mA value of the residual currnet is the limit value in terms
of human life. Residual current circuit breaker breaks energy of the circuit 30mA (limit
value) and higher vaues to provide safe protection.
Fields of Application:
• Protection against direct contacts
• Protection against indirect contacts
• All areas open to risk (worksites, pools, yacht ports etc.)

10.1.5.2. Fire Protection

When residual current value reaches 300mA, fire risk comes into existence due to heat
formed by electrical arc. Residual current circuit breaker breaks energy of the circuit at
300mA threshold value and higher values in terms of safety of goods and lives to provide
safe protection
Fields of Application
• Areas with risk of fire
• Protection against indirect contacts

34
 11.Compensation Calculation
Practical Work
I am going to move on this topic with example. I will show the path that we should
follow.
Firstly we should specify the transformer power that we are using in the project.
Lets say our transformer has 1000kVA power.
We have to find demanding power in the project. The formula we need is :
Demanding Power= Transformer Power * pF
Power Factor (pF)= Generator sets are rated in kVA at 0.8 power factor lagging. This 0.8
power factor is not the load power factor. It is a nominal power factor used to calculate the
kW output of an engine to supply the power for a particular alternator kVA output.
Demanding Power= 1000kVA * 0.8 = 800kW
Lets do our compensation calculation at V=400V AC
Pcomp,400V = Demanding Power * k

=> k= 0.61 to adjust the value from cos(Ø) = 0.8 to cos (Ø) =0.99
Pcom,400V= 800kW * 0.61 =488 kVA
So we need 490kVA capacitor for total compensation system.
Due to transformer, we have to define constant capacitor because of transformer
windings. This selection should be made at the rate of 3- 5% of the transformer power. For
1000kVA transformer, 30kVAR -50kVAR constant capacitor should be preferred. Therefore
total need will be 460 kVA.

35
 H.F. p=%7

Compensation System with Harmonic Filter

We should use harmonic factor at 189hz
P = (f/fr)2 = (50hz/189hz)2 = 0.07 so p factor is %7
Vc = V1 /(1-p) = 400/ (1-0.07) = 430 so closest capacitor will be 440V AC
Pcomp,440V AC = Pcomp,400V AC * (440/400)2 *(1-p)
Pcomp,440V AC = 460kVA * (440/400)2 * (1- 0.07)
=540k Var
In system with harmonic filter at 188Hz, p will be %7 and total capacitor should be 540k
VAr

12.Voltage Drop Calculation

Meaning and importance of voltage drop: Direct current and alternating current electrical
energy produced in electrical centers is conveyed to the consumption centers with circuit
elements called conductors. The electrical energy transmitted to the consumption centers
is used by factories, small industries and subscribers. Subscribers; washing machine,
television, backhoe machine, computer, oven, iron etc. using such devices.
The efficient operation of the circuit elements used by the subscribers or consumers is
based on the degree of proximity to the centers where energy is produced. Receivers located
far away from distribution centers do not operate at full efficiency, for example, washing
machine motor heating, fluorescent lamp not lit, television not working, incandescent
filament lamp lip with dimmer.
One of the conditions affecting the failure of the electrical circuit elements to operate at
full efficiency is the voltage drop event.

36
 The connection of a lighting circuit at a distance of 1000-1500 meters from the electricity
source is as shown. When the system is energized, current passes through the lamp
filaments. When the voltages are measured, it is seen that the voltage V2 is lower than the
source value.
After this application, if the source is kept constant and the receiver that draws more
current is connected to the circuit, it is seen that the voltage drop increases. Because the
loss of energy is seen as heat and is proportional to the square of the current (I2R).
Energy losses are undesirable in energy transmission. Therefore, it is desirable to keep
the lowest value.

37
Voltage Drop Limits
The voltage drop is related to the cross-section of the electric cable we use and the length
of the line. For lighting circuits, the voltage drop for 220volt is 1.5%. The voltage drop for
380 volt supply is 3%. If a value is found above these calculations, the electrical cable cross-
sections should be increased.

38
 13.Iraq Shaqlawa Tunnel Electromechanical Work Project
13.1.Main Distribution Board Section of Project
This images from autocad
drawings are parts of main
distribution panel. Cables
from breaker are feeding
some parts due to customer
needs in their building. Also
we can see the energy
analyzer, Nh blade fuse and
other supportive contacts
and buttons.

Materials in This Part (Main

Distribution Board) of Project

• Thermal magnetic circuit

breaker X14
• Auxiliary Relay X14
• Miniature Circuit Breaker X16
• Energy Analyzer
• NH Blade Fuses X3
• Surge Protective Device
• Motor X2
• Current Transformer
• AmpermeterX3 and
Voltmeter (with commutator)
• Compensation condactor
• Triphase capacitor
• Voltage Monitoring Relay
• Voltage Monitoring Relay
At the bottom of second figure you will see there are sections for each outer line. These
lines means that we are feeding other sections from Main Distribution Boards. Basically
this is main task of MDBs. Operate and control the other board’s electrical energy.

39
 This material list only conclude
important materials. So other
materials we use to support
(buttons, copper busbar, base
of fuses etc.) are not showing
on this report. Numbers of
materials are symbolic. Because
there is not only one type of
material. For this reason I wrote
total number of materials. The
MDB is feeding compensation
board and other smaller boards
I will explain the compensation
part of project.

13.2.Compensation Section Of Project

This figure will merge with the figure on the other page
from this side of the figure

40
 This part of compensation system is feeding by thermal
magnetic circuit breaker from main distribution board.
This figure will merge with the figure on previous section from this side
Materials in This Part (Main Distribution Board) of Project

• Surge Protective Device

• NH Blade-Knife Fuse X57
• Compensation Condactor X18
• Triphase Condactor X28
• Miniature Circuit Breaker X6
and another supportive materials are used. I wrote these materials generally but normally
in 57 pieces of NH fuses includes more than one type.
These two boards are only small parts of project. There are other types of board that we
use in this project. Responsible person (electrical engineer) from this project should check
the all boards and control them to see if there is a problem or not. He/she has to control
materials and has to change with the correct one if there is a problem about specifications.
Also, they should follow the rules which are created from authorities. After all they have
to set a price to costumer. If costumer accepts the price then project will start.

41
 14. Solar Project of İnegöl Municipality
In this figures, I wanted to
put all drawing with related
to MDB, transformer and MV
switchgear part. In figure
one, we are seeing types of
modular cell :Input Breaker
Cell , Measurment Cell, Load
Breaker Transformer
Protection Cell.

This figure is Main

Distribution Board
and contuinuing part
of first figure.
Electrical energy are
coming from the
previous section of
concrete substitution.
Main idea in projects
is specifing needed
materials and after
this, setting price with
including all costs.
Technical features
will be check carefully
in each project and necessary safety protocols should follow for every project.
From the dotted red lines (leaving from NH blade separator), other smaller boards will
feed. So at least there should be 5 more boards.

42
Materials that we used in Main Distribution Board

• Voltmeter & commutator • Capacitor

• NH Knife-Blade Fuse • NH Blade Seperator
• Thermal Magnetic Circuit Breaker • Mono Phase Fuse
• Miniature Circuit Breaker • Counter
• Current Transformer • Surge Arrester
• Counter • Energy Analyzer
• Toroidal Current Transformer
I am going to show one of the 5 boards that I have been talking before.

In this board, we used 6

MCCBs for each lines and one
surge arrester for safety
protocol. All these lines are
going for seperate inverter.
And of course there is one NH
fuse at the beginning of board.

From AC-DC Inverter, we are

reaching the photovoltaic panels.
For example in this part of the
project we need 22 times 6 PV
panels. So we have 132 PV panels
for this part. We need totally 6
times 132 PV panels for one
board. It means totally 792 PV
panels. We will do same process
for other boards.

43
 15. References
• Middle Voltage Catalogue, Astor,2017
• Transformers Catologues, Astor, http://www.astoras.com.tr/wp- content/uploads/
AstorKatalog%202017.pdf, 2017
• Online Catalogues, Federal, www.federal.com.tr/en/online-catalogues/
• Choosing between a soft starter and a variable frequency drive to fit your application, Eaton
Corporation,https://www.eaton.com/ecm/groups/public/@pub/@eaton/@corp/documents
/content/pct_1110244.pdf
• Reactive Power Compensation, Asea Brown Boveri (ABB) Ltd.,
https://www.new.abb.com/docs/librariesprovider78/chile-documentos/jornadas-tecnicas-
2013---presentaciones/4-josé-matias---reactive-power-compensation.pdf?sfvrsn=2
• Planning of Electric Power Distribution, Siemens LV Energy Management Medium Voltage &
Systems,2016
• Og Modüler Giriş Hücreleri, MEB (Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı)
http://www.megep.meb.gov.tr/mte_program_modul/moduller_pdf/Og%20Modüler%20Giri
ş%20Hücreleri.pdf
• Orta Gerilim Hücreleri, EMO,
http://www.emo.org.tr/ekler/f52d2fff9d869bc_ek.pdf?tipi=1&turu=X&sube=6
• Og Modüler Çıkış Hücreleri, MEB,
http://www.megep.meb.gov.tr/mte_program_modul/moduller_pdf/Og%20Modüler%20Çıkı
ş%20Hücreleri.pdf
• Og Modüler Ölçüm Hücreleri, MEB,
http://www.megep.meb.gov.tr/mte_program_modul/moduler_pdf/Og%20Modüler%20Ölçü
m%20Hücreleri.pdf
• Harmonik Filtre Reaktörleri, Entes, https://entes.com.tr/dosyalar/harmonik-785.pdf
• Main and Sub Distribution Boards, Elensol, https://www.elensol.com/product/main-sub-
distribution-boards-2/
• Fınal Distribution Boards, Elensol, https://www.elensol.com/product/final-distribution-
boards/

• ALÇAK GERİLİM DAĞITIM PANOSU VE MALZEMELERİ, Erciyes Üniversitesi,

https://em.erciyes.edu.tr/adogan/Kompanzasyon_corrected.pdf
• Digital Single- and Three-Phase E-Counters for Active and Reactive Energy, Siemens,
https://www.siemens.be/cmc/upload/asap2/EIT_Industry/Release2573/BETA_7KT1_E_coun
ters_pi_en.pdf, 2009

44