Structure What do you need to know 1. Differences in the structure of urban areas can lead to differences in the quality of life of the inhabitants.
2. Urban models attempt to show those differences.
How does urban structure affect quality of life?
The way that an urban area is structured is extremely important
as it affects the three quality of life environments (built, social and economic):
1. BUILT – housing tenure, location, access to services, etc.
2. SOCIAL – education, health, friends, leisure pursuits, etc.
3. ECONOMIC – housing and transport costs, job location, etc.
STRUCTURE OF CITIES
- This is useful in understanding a society, their social classes and
economy. - It gives an insight into society’s urban planning skills, how the city developed. URBAN LAND USES 1.
The main characteristics of the CBD are as follows:
It forms the Old Core - often with a complex historic street pattern. It is very accessible – rail, port, road networks with many routes converging here. Public Transport is often based close by, on the edge of the CBD with rail and bus stations and taxi ranks. High numbers of pedestrians during the day - two daily rush hours High land values whole sale markets Tall buildings (build up rather than out due to high land values) Local Government Buildings e.g. Town Hall, Library, Council Offices. Specialist services - including financial services, e.g. banks, building societies etc. Entertainment Centre - theatres, cinemas, museums. Little Industry 2. Cities have continued to grow outwards into the countryside. This is the process of suburbanisation as new residential areas are created at the edge of the city.
Reasons for Suburban Growth
1. Better public transport and increased car ownership
meant people could separate work from where they live. 2. Building societies provided mortgages making it easier to buy homes 3. People were better off and looking for a better living environment.
The continued outward growth of cities is also
known as urban sprawl. 3. Urban sprawl continues to enlarge towns and cities, with continued growth at the rural- urban fringe 4. The rural-urban fringe (the area at the edge of a city) become an increasingly popular area for economic developments. Competition for land in these areas increase significantly. The land is much cheaper here than in the city centre, and many factories once in inner city locations moves to these areas as their previous locations lacked space for expansion. Industrial estates and residential use, these areas attract shopping centers, business parks and recreation facilities such as golf courses. TYPES OF URBAN MODELS / LAND USE MODELS 1. Concentric zone 2. Sector 3. Multiple-nuclei 4. Peripheral Zone I Central Business District: Hotels, Offices, Businesses, Other Commercial activities) Zone II Zone of Transition: Grey zone, Tendency to conversion of land uses Zone III Lower Income working People: Homes/slums Zone IV High Income Residences: White Collar/middle class families Zone V Commuter Zone: People who work in the center choose to live in the suburbs Zones in the Concentric Zone Model Theory Ex. BOSTON A - The Central Business District (CBD) • This is the area most accessible to the largest number of people, containing shops, offices, banks, etc. • Land is expensive and this area has high rents and multi-story buildings as a consequence. • There is very little space and competition for land is high. • Traffic congestion is high. • Vegetated areas are sparse
Boston’s central city
CBD of Boston
Notice the high density of land uses and the presence of skyscrapers that Characteristically mark the CBD. B - Zone of Transition ("Twilight Zone")
• This land has TWO sections:
• Wholesale light manufacturing • low class residential (old inner city areas). • cheap housing for each new immigrant wave. • Redevelopment and renewal in this area and the growth of zone A to meet the needs of an expanding town, mean that Zone B is in a state of constant change. • The poorest people in the settlement live here, but it is now fashionable for old warehouses to be refurbished in the center of some cities for sale at extremely high prices.
Abandoned row houses in
North Philadelphia. C - Council Estates • Semi-detached housing can be found here with gardens and on large estates. • Less expensive private estates can also be found here. • Often described as "medium class residential“. • second-generation immigrants and rural migrants Middle-income neighborhoods in Reston, VA. Social areas can be delimited by Certain traits taken from the census, such As income, education, or family. D - Commuter Zone (suburbs)
• High class residential area where private, top quality
housing can be found. • Detached and semi-detached housing can be built on cheaper land here. • Often lots of garages. Big gardens and many outbuildings can be found here. • Called the 'commuter zone' as it is expected that the more affluent members of the community would live in the zone furthest away from the center as they could afford the transport costs to the center for access to services and employment. Suburban homes built on landfills, Treasure Island, FL. When land values are high and pressure for housing intense, terrain rarely stands in the way of the developer. In fact, particular physical site characteristics can actually increase land values. E - Countryside Areas
• In the countryside surrounding the urban area, those
seeking to escape from the urban area can live in pleasant rural surroundings whilst still being close to work. • Although Burgess did not include this zone in his original model, it has been added here to show the importance of rural living, whilst still being close to services. • Many satellite villages and towns surround major urban areas, allowing people to live further away from the main settlement. Newcastle upon Tyne Urban Processes can be seen as inward and outward movements
Inward Movement (Centripetal)
Rural to urban migration, gentrification, re-urbanisation, urban renewal
Outward Movement (Centrifugal)
Suburbanisation, urban sprawl, counter-urbanisation Suburbanization is the increase in the numbers of people living in the residential areas near the edge of the city (suburbs) leading to the outward growth of urban areas. Reasons for suburbanisation • Rapid urban growth leads new residential areas being built in suburbs • Social problems and overcrowding in inner city areas cause richer people to move to suburbs • Improving public transport • Linked to de-industrialization such as shipbuilding, warehouses or factories closing CMA has lost agricultural land from 40,991 ha in 1991 to 22,130 ha in 2004 (CMDA, 2001) Increasing population Year Population Decadal Growth Density of opulation Extent (sq.km.) rate (sq.km.) 1981 32,76,622 18617 176.00
1991 38,43,195 17.29 % 21836 176.00
2001 43,43,645 13.02 % 24680 176.00 2011 46,81,087 26,553 176.00 Urban Problems due to improper growth in Chennai City
Loss of Open space & Only 2.09% green cover available (sasidharan & Prosperi, 2011). recreation spaces
Urban Transportation Delay due to low speed of about 10 km/hr in the CBD and 18 km/hr in other major roads(Chennai Metropolitan development Authority 2012, 2-5) Air pollution ( Base year 2002) - CO, NOx, HC and PM from vehicles with a high level of about 177.00 t, 27.29t, 95.64 t and 7.29 t (Velmurugan et al., 2005, 1811)
Urban Noise Noise level more than 80dB in most of the areas to compare to allowable 55 dB by Tamilnadu Pollution Control Board allowable (Karthik & Partheeban, 2013) Urban parking The parking index is greater than one in majority of the business areas of the city (Chennai Metropolitan development Authority, 2012)
Urban Floods For about 2,847 km of urban roads only 855 km of storm drain. flood during peak rainy season (Gupta & Nair, 2010)
Slums and lack of
housing
Disposal & Waste Noise, smell, Quality of water and soil (Anna University, 2002) treatment plants MIGRATION :
Human migration is the movement by people from one
place to another with the intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily in a new location. The movement is often over long distances and from one country to another, but internal migration is also possible; indeed, this is the dominant form globally. Pull factors are those that are associated with the area of destination
1. Economic reasons: More jobs Better jobs Higher wages The promise of a “better life” 2. Social reasons: Principles of religious tolerance 3. Physical/spatial reasons: Attractive environments, such as mountains, seasides and warm climates
Push factors are those associated with the area of origin
1. Economic reasons:
Overpopulation Few jobs Low wages 2. Social reasons: Intolerance towards a certain cultural group Active religious persecution 3. Physical/spatial reasons: Natural disasters
