PROJECT REPORT on

“ A STUDY ON ORGANIC FORMING AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE”

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the

Award of the Degree of

“MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION”

Of
BANGALORE CENTRAL UNIVERSITY

Submitted by:

KOGALI VIJAYAKUMARA
Reg No: MB182838

Under The Guidance Of

Prof. HEMAVATHI.G.P

VIVEKANAND INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

Dr. Rajkumar road Rajajinagar Bangalore 560055
2019-2020
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Introduction

Organic agriculture has grown out of the conscious efforts by inspired people to create
the best possible relationship between the earth and men. Since its beginning the sphere
surrounding organic agriculture has become considerably more complex. A major
challenge today is certainly its entry into the policy making arena, its entry into
anonymous global market and the transformation of organic products into commodities.
During the last two decades, there has also been a significant sensitization of the global
community towards environmental preservation and assuring of food quality.
Ardent promoters of organic farming consider that it can meet both these demands and
become the mean for complete development of rural areas. After almost a
century of development organic agriculture is now being embraced by the mainstream
and shows great promise commercially, socially and environmentally. While there is
continuum of thought from earlier days to the present, the modern organic
movement is radically different from its original form. It now has environmental
sustainability at its core in addition to the founders concerns for healthy soil, healthy
food and healthy people.

Organic farming - Definitions

According to International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement (IFOAM), 'organic

agriculture' is a production system that sustains the health of soils, eco systems and people.
It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than
the use of inputs with adverse effects. Organic agriculture combines tradition, innovation and
science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of
life for all involved. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) defines organic farming
as a holistic production management system which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem
health, including biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity. This
isaccomplishedbyusing, wherever possible, agronomic, biological and mechanical methods, as
opposed to using synthetic materials,tofulfillanyspecificfunctionwithinthesystem.
Concept of organic farming

Organic farming is very much native to this land. Whosoever tries to write a history of
organic farming will have to refer India and China. The farmers of these two countries
are farmers of 40 centuries and it is organic farming that sustained them. This concept of
organic farming is basedon following The principles:

Nature is the best role model for farming, since it does not use any inputs nor demand
unreasonable quantities of water.

Entire system is based on intimate understanding of nature's ways. The system does not
believe in mining of the soil of its nutrients and do not degrade it in any way for today's
needs.

The soil in this system is a living entity

The soil's living population of microbes and other organisms are significant
contributors to its fertility on a sustained basis and must be protected and nurtured at all
cost.

The total environment of the soil, from soil structure to soil cover is more important.

In today's terminology it is a method of farming system which primarily aims at

cultivating the land and raising crops in such a way, as to keep the soil alive
and in good health by use of organic wastes (crop, animal and farm wastes,
aquatic wastes) and other biological materials along with beneficial microbes
(biofertilizers) to release nutrients to crops for increased sustainable production in an
eco-friendly pollution free environment.

As per the definition of the USDA study team on organic farming “organic farming is a
system which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetic inputs (such as fertilizers,
pesticides, hormones, feed additives etc) and to the maximum extent feasible rely upon
crop rotations, crop residues, animal manures, off-farm organic waste, mineral
grade rock additives and biological system of nutrient mobilization and plant
protection”.
In another definition FAO suggested that “Organic agriculture is a unique
production management system which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem
health, including biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity, and this is
accomplished by using on-farm agronomic, biological and mechanical methods in
exclusion of all synthetic off-farm inputs”.

In philosophical terms organic farming means "farming in spirits of organic

relationship. In this system everything is connected with everything else. Since organic
farming means placing farming on integral relationship, we should be well aware about
the relationship between the soil, water and plants, between soil-soil microbes and
waste products, between the vegetable kingdom and the animal kingdom of which the
apex animal is the human being, between agriculture and forestry, between soil, water
and atmosphere etc. It is the totality of these relationships that is the bed rock of organic
farming
The world of organic agriculture

As per the details released at BioFach 2010 at Nuremberg, the organic agriculture
is developing rapidly, and statistical information is now available from 154 countries
of the world. Its share of agricultural land and farms continues to grow in many
countries. The main results of the latest global survey on certified organic
farming are summarized below:

Growing area under certified organic agriculture

35 million hectares of agricultural land are managed organically by almost 1.4 million
producers.

The regions with the largest areas of organically managed agricultural land are Oceania
(12.1 million hectares), Europe (8.2 million hectares) and Latin America (8.1
million hectares). The countries with the most organic agricultural land are Australia,
Argentina and China.

The highest shares of organically managed agricultural land are in the Falkland Islands
(36.9 percent), Liechtenstein (29.8 percent) and Austria (15.9
percent).

The countries with the highest numbers of producers are India (340’000
producers), Uganda (180’000) and Mexico (130’000). More than one third of organic
producers are in Africa.

On a global level, the organic agricultural land area increased in all regions, in total by
almost three million hectares, or nine percent, compared to the data from 2007.

Twenty-six percent (or 1.65 million hectares) more land under organic
management was reported for Latin America, mainly due to strong growth in Argentina.
In Europe the organic land increased by more than half a million hectares, in Asia by
0.4 million.

About one-third of the world’s organically managed agricultural land – 12 million

hectares is located in developing countries. Most of this land is in Latin America, with
Asia and Africa in second and third place. The countries with the largest area
under organic management are Argentina, China and Brazil.31 million hectares are
organic wild collection areas and land for bee keeping. The majority of this land
is in developing countries – in stark contrast to agricultural land, of which two-
thirds is
in developed countries. Further organic areas include aquaculture areas (0.43
million hectares), forest (0.01 million hectares) and grazed non-agricultural land (0.32
million hectares).

Almost two-thirds of the agricultural land under organic management is grassland (22
million hectares). The cropped area (arable land and permanent crops) constitutes 8.2
million hectares, (up 10.4 percent from 2007), which represents a quarter of the organic
agricultural land.
Organic agriculture and soil health

Long term experiments comparing productivity and soil health parameters at ICRISAT have demonstrated
that organic practices produced yields comparable to conventional plots, without receiving any chemical
fertilizer; they actually showed increase in the concentration of N and P compared with conventional. In
another similar study conducted under Network Project on Organic Farming of ICAR, (Gill and Prasad,
2009) showed Improvements of different magnitudes in respect of soil organic carbon, available-P,
available-K, bulk density, and microbial count under organic systems as compared to chemical
farm. Ramesh et al., 2010) reported that the bulk density of soil is less in organic farms which indicates
better soil aggregation and soil physical conditions
Pest management in organic farming

The impact of pests, diseases and weeds on food supply is high that they reduce production by at least one-
third despite using pesticides worth about $38 billion. In the past 50 years, pesticides use has increased
tenfold, while crop losses from pest damage have doubled. Detrimental upshot of indiscriminate
use of agro-chemicals to manage pests is well evident in crop ecosystem. As a result of growing concerns
about health and environmental problems associated with pesticides, there are accelerated efforts from
scientists for organic production. The focus in crop production is now gradually shifting towards on food
quality and environment safety. In organic production the insect pests and diseases can be managed by
using biological viz., plant extracts, micro-organisms or minerals and cultural pest control techniques
like crop rotation, mixed cropping, ground covers, field fallowing and other vegetation, encouraging
biodiversity to boost soil organic matter levels and to provide shelter and food for natural enemies
of crop pests and diseases although approved organic pesticides may also be used when necessary.
Their aim is to support the diversity and activity of natural enemies (Kristiansen, 2006). Thus, not only
the quality of produce that will come through organic mode, but also will
be free from toxins and pollutants which can be supplemented with higher resource use efficiency of crops
for sustainable agriculture.
Extension strategies to encourage farmers towards organic farming
In India, 70% of the cultivated area is under areas receiving low rainfall. (Yadav et al., 2016) reported that
under rainfed, water stressed conditions and in marginal land areas it is 7- 15% higher yielder.
Hence, organic farming it India has tremendous scope to increase its area under dryland farming.
Even though India has vast potential for organic production and marketing, its achievement on production,
certification and export is low due to various reasons. Lack of sufficient education on production
with specific standards, lack of easy accessible information on organic methods, market facilities for
interested farmers, lack of good consumer information on organic farming and organic food, high
distribution cost, lack of effective demonstration of research results among farmers and advisors are some
among the problems. To tackle the problems we need to focus on suitable strategies to encourage
farming community towards organic farming.
Capacity building

Trainings and demonstrations should be organized for knowledge and skill up gradation. Trainings should
be imparted to farmers on organic farming with various topics like soil fertility management, principles and
practices of organic farming, organic input production technologies, use of natural resources and
ITK, documentation in organic farming and certification, post harvest techniques.
Supply of inputs in time and quantity

The availability of bio-fertilisers and bio pesticides was also a problem for farmers. Intial supply of these
inputs will encourage farmers to initiate organic farming. The inputs namely bio- fertilizers
(Azolla, Azospirillum, Phosphobacteria), Bio-pesticides (Pseudomonas & Trichoderma), green manure
(Sunhemp, Dhaincha, Calotropis) can be supplied ti the farmers.
Spread of Awareness:

Exhibitions, mass media programmes and exposure visits were organized to create awareness on
larger scale. Through this exhibitions, awareness on organic products and market channels can be created
that can divert their interest to organic farming. Similarly mass media like TV, radio and news
papers can be utilized for wider reach. Publications in the form of folders, booklets and manuals can be
bought out on organic production practices and need based information to the farmers.
Increasing self reliance
ADVANTAGES OF ORGANIC FORMING AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

1. Organic farming does not use genetically-modified products.

If you are choosing organic foods, then you are purchasing products which are not genetically
modified using artificial methods. GMOs are not allowed within the industry. You will still
experience products that are cross-bred naturally by the farmers to take advantage of specific
growth characteristics, but this process is done through pollination or breeding instead of genetic
splicing and dicing.

2. Organic farming helps to support healthier soils.

Farmers often use a pattern of crop rotation as a way to support a healthy balance of nutrients in
their soil. A standard rotational process in the U.S. Midwest might involve planting corn for one
year, then planting oats for the second year, before allowing the land to be used for pasture or
hay crops for the next 2-6 years. This process creates higher content levels of organic matter and
better aeration that can promote better productivity. Better soils happen because there are
no synthetic herbicides, pesticides, fertilizers, or chemicals applied to the crops grown on the
farm either. Only natural enhancements of the soil are permitted if the land is going to be
certified for organic use.

3. Organic farming produces foods that are better for you. There are
numerous boosts to flavour profiles and nutritional content when organic farming is the preferred
method in use. Peaches grown this way typically have a higher polyphenol content, which is why
they taste better. Cows that are given room to graze in a pasture produce dairy products
which contain higher levels of Vitamin E and Omega-3s to support a stronger antioxidant profile for
consumers. Conventional farming might produce a greater quantity of food items, but organic
farming improves the overall quality of the food so that consumers don’t have to eat as much.
4. Organic farming support pollinating insects.
Farmers that use organic methods are not using synthetic agents like glyphosate or neonicotinoids
that create a high risk for harm to the pollinating insects that support crop systems all over the
world. These substances were shown by Harvard researchers to be one of the primary causes of
Colony Collapse Disorder. Up to 40% of honeybee colonies died between 2014-2015 and found that
neonicotinoids, which are the most widely used insecticides for commercial growing, were
responsible for six times more loss when compared to Nosema, which is a parasitic fungus.

6. Organic farming promotes a greater resistance to pests and disease. Healthier

plants grow when the soil foundations that support their roots have a natural profile of disease
resistance. This process encourages the plants to become naturally resistant to disease and pests
because they have a stronger immune profile. Their defence mechanisms work to repel
invaders when there is an appropriate pH level and other optimal conditions present, such as
sunlight and water. It creates a thicker plant cell wall that creates healthier plant growth overall.

7. Organic farming uses natural fertilizers to encourage better yields. Organic

farmers do not plant their seeds and then let nature run its course. They use a variety of soil fertility
methods which support the growth infrastructure of their crops. Techniques like the use of green
manure, worm farming, compost application, and cover crops help to reinforce the stability of the
soil while managing pests, weeds, and other potential hazards that workers encounter during the
growing season. Each method helps to maintain the long-term productivity of the fields
while encouraging higher levels of biodiversity at the local level.

8. Organic farming offers profitable niche crop opportunities. One of the

most significant advantages of organic farming is the opportunity to begin diversifying the products
which are cultivated each year. Conventional farms rely on cash crops as a way to earn profits to
continue their operations. That is why soybeans and corn become the primary crops grown at these
facilities. Organic farmers have an opportunity to grow several different varieties of items, including
heirloom produce, that can be sold throughout the year at a higher overall price.
Heirloom crops offer an exceptional taste profile, the potential for better nutrition, and the
opportunities to save seeds each year for additional replanting. They are less uniform during
ripening to create better product availability. Their seeds are usually less expensive than hybrids as
well.
9. Organic farming is an eco-friendly method of growing to use. Organic
farming offers benefits to our climate to consider as well. The processes involved with this method
help to store carbon in our soils. It reduces the energy requirements necessary to produce a crop
because physical labor is used more often than mechanical tools. There is a reduction in the use of
petroleum-based products when taking the organic approach, which means fewer greenhouse gas
emissions to consider. It will even support the natural ecosystems that store carbon as well, such as
our prairies and forests.

implemented, can help to create long-term sustainable food chains that will support a
growing population.

DIS ADVANTAGES OF ORGANIC FORMING AND SUSTAINABLE

AGRICULTURE

1. Organic farming operations are rarely Used

This disadvantage primarily applies to the United States. There are programs
available, such as the Environmental Quality Incentives Program, that will pay producers to
transition from conventional farming methods to organic work. Some programs will assist
farmers in the costs of certifying their land as being organic. There are crop
insurance subsidies available as well. What you won’t find are the direct payments made to
inflate the pricing schemes and artificial methods to enhance yields that can make going
organic financially challenging for some.

2. Organic farming lacks a supportive infrastructure in the United States.

European farmers get to avoid this disadvantage of organic farming as well. There is a lack
of special infrastructure in the United States that supports the natural methods used in this
agricultural style. That means organic farmers use the same industrial transportation
methods to get food on the tables of consumers as the cash crop farmers use for their yields.
That means the same harmful practices that are in place can still create
environmental damage even if soil-friendly methods are used to grow the crops initially.
3. Organic farming still uses fungicides and pesticides.
The keyword to consider when looking at organic farming processes is this:
“synthetic.” There are still several fungicides and pesticides which are available to use when
following organic farming processes. The only requirement is that the product must
come from a natural source instead of a synthetic one. These items are still potentially
harmful because they require repetitive applications, promoting soil storage of the
compounds that may exceed safe concentration levels in some areas.

4. Organic farming does not always account for previous practices.

Transitioning from conventional farming to an organic approach is something that benefits
the world’s food chain thanks to all of the advantages involved. Unfortunately, the issue of
synthetic chemicals staying in the soil can exist for farmers who switch their practices for
decades because of their concentration levels. Farms can still sell products that are labeled
as “organic” in this situation because their current methods follow the published guidelines.
The food might still contain trace amounts of synthetic items despite the labeling
and practices involved because of previous production methods on the same land.

5. Organic farming requires more work than conventional methods.

Organic farming requires a lot of physical work to create a successful experience. It needs
workers to physically control the weeds and apply cultivation techniques. There are ways to
reduce this disadvantage by focusing on biointensive farming or permaculture, but it also
requires more of a personal touch than what conventional cash-farming methods
require. Even if you take the time to experiment with different production methods, it can
take years of trial-and-error to find the best combination of methods that maximize profits.

6. Organic farming requires specific knowledge to be successful.

Organic farmers must have an understanding of their land’s soil ecology. They must know
how to develop natural systems that work with their climate and crops. Farmers must invest
time in learning about industry innovations or finding alternative solutions because
the support systems that help conventional farms are not always available. This process
relies on the experience of workers as they monitor crops during the crucial periods of
growth to
 ensure the plants grow in healthy ways. Without this knowledge and the ambition to apply
it, this method cannot be successful.

7. Organic farming faces several marketing challenges to consider.

Conventional farmers have a defined market which allows them to sell their produce and
farm products. They can ship to grocery stores, access a lucrative export market, and still
reach local consumers. Organic products face a different challenge. Even if there are
opportunities for farming co-ops, grocery store inclusion, and local markets that operate on
specific days, this industry does not have the same levels of access for product sales in most
communities. That makes it difficult for the farmers to maximize their profit potential when
selling their products.

8. Organic farmers must go through a significant certification process. Did you

know that there are different levels of “organic” in the United States? Each product goes
through a different certification procedure to have this labeling opportunity available. Items that are
100% organic receive a specific label which indicates every process follows the industry standards.
If something is just “organic,” then 95% or more of the ingredients are organic, but there
can be USDA-approved chemical additives added to the item before it reaches the market. If
something is “made from organic ingredients,” then only specific items follow industry processes.

IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC FORMING AND SUSTAINABLE

AGRICULTURE
1.Capacity building

Trainings and demonstrations should be organized for knowledge and skill up gradation.
Trainings should be imparted to farmers on organic farming with various topics like soil fertility
management, principles and practices of organic farming, organic input production
technologies, use of natural resources and ITK, documentation in organic farming and
certification, post harvest techniques.
2.Supply of inputs in time and quantity

The availability of bio-fertilisers and bio pesticides was also a problem for farmers. Initial supply of
these inputs will encourage farmers to initiate organic farming. The inputs namely bio-
fertilizers (Azolla, Azospirillum, Phosphobacteria), Bio-pesticides (Pseudomonas &
Trichoderma), green manure (Sunhemp, Dhaincha, Calotropis) can be supplied ti the farmers.

3. Spread of Awareness:

Exhibitions, mass media programmes and exposure visits were organized to create awareness
on larger scale. Through this exhibitions, awareness on organic products and market channels can be
created that can divert their interest to organic farming. Similarly mass media like TV, radio and
news papers can be utilized for wider reach. Publications in the form of folders, booklets
and manuals can be bought out on organic production practices and need based information
to the farmers.

4. Increasing self reliance

Most of the organic inputs were produced locally reducing dependence on external inputs.
Training on the most widely used inputs like farmyard manure, vermicompost, panchagavya,
neem based insect repellents can reduce cost of cultivation. This may attract small and
marginal farmers towards organic farming. This practice not only reduces input cost but also fetch
more price for organically grown produce.

5. Linking producers and consumers

To create awareness among consumers, exhibitions can be organized where farmer come in direct
contact with the consumers. This will facilitate the farmers to know the consumer demand and
provide direct linkage to consumers.

NEED OF THE STUDY:

(i) To understand the need for organic farming in India in the light of the experiences of other
countries.

(ii) To assess and evaluate the factors which may facilitate the adoption of organic farming in the
country.

(iii) To analyze the constraints, both political and social, and above all economic, in the introduction
of organic farming in India.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS:

The most important constraint felt in the progress of organic farming is difficulty in implementing
the government policy with relate to firm decision to promote organic agriculture. Unless such a
clear and unambiguous direction is available in terms of both financial and technical supports, from
the Centre to the Panchayath levels, mere regulation making will amount to nothing. The following
are found to be the major problem areas for the growth of organic farming in the country:
 CHAPTER 2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design
The present study was carried out on the basis of systematic survey research method. A structured and
pre-tested interview schedule was administered to the organic farming stakeholders and organic farmers of
Karnataka state.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

 To trace the historical perspective of organic farming and to highlight the methods adopted in
organic farming.
 To study the socio- economic structure of organic farmers and and to know the sources of awareness
among organic farmers.
 To analyse the factors motivating farmers to adopt organic farming system in the sample district
 To analyse the cost and return structure of organic paddy, among sample Farmers

SCOPE OF THE STUDY:

Farming enterprises include crop, livestock, poultry, fish, sericulture etc. A combination of one or more
enterprises with cropping when carefully chosen, planned and executed gives greater dividends than a
single enterprise, especially for small and marginal farmers. Farm as a unit is to be considered and planned
for effective integration of the enterprises to be combined with crop production activity.

Primary Data Collection

The primary data were gathered from about 780 respondents representing organic farming
stakeholders (180) and organic farmers (600) spread across the four revenue divisions of Karnataka state
namely – Bangalore, Mysore, Belgaum and Gulbarga.

Secondary Data Collection

The present study was also systematically carried out on the basis of relevant secondary data such as
organic farming policies of central government and state government, reports of various committees on
organic farming, evaluation reports on organic farming, empirical study materials on media and organic
farming, professional journal articles on organic farming and media, communications media comments and
criticisms, dissertations of various universities and Internet based materials.

Statistical Analysis
The primary data were analyzed on the basis of certain standardized statistical tests which include –
percentage analysis, graphical representation, Chi-square test, cross tabulation and factor analysis
Tools of Data Collection
The researcher designed two set of interview schedule for the stakeholders of organic farming
and organic farmers. There were common questions which dealt with media access, television
exposure, attitude of the respondents towards organic farming, uses of television centred organic
farming education and gratifications of television centred organic farming education. Besides
interview schedule and gathering primary data through interview, the researcher also adopted indirect
observation and informal consultation methods to understand the role of television in the promotion of
organic farming.

. Hypotheses of the Study

The objectives of the present study and the analysis of the findings of the past studies have led to
generating the following set of null hypotheses
H1. The stakeholders and farmers of organic farming in Karnataka state have not gained adequate
communications media exposure.
H2. The television viewing habits of the stakeholders and farmers of organic farming are not common
across Karnataka state.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:

Convent sampling technique.

PLAN OF ANALYSIS:

 As a result of analysis of feedback and inputs obtained and having recorded the findings. The data
has been collected through direct questions to the target respondent’s. Personnel interview
conducted where ever possible
 CHAPTER 3
SWOT ANALYSIS

SWOT Analysis

When we use SWOT analysis, Its often for strategic planning. It prepares for
decisions and gives an overall look at the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities,
and threats of business. But SWOT analysis can also be used to increase and build
upon customer satisfaction.
To give a well-rounded overview of how to use SWOT analysis for a boost
in
customer satisfaction, we’ll start with the Strengths and Weaknesses first.
 SWOT analysis, for any who may be unfamiliar, is a planning method typically used
in business strategy to identify the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats
that may face a business or project.
A number of us have likely had the opportunity to either observe or participate in this
exercise for the broader business in which we work. A quick overview of the core
concepts:

Strengths and weaknesses

Strengths and weaknesses internal to the organization. Strengths represent
positive attributes or characteristics, factors that provide an advantage.
Weaknesses are attributes or characteristics that place the business at a disadvantage
relative to others.

Opportunities and threats

Opportunities and threats are external to the organization. Opportunities
represent external trends and chances to improve performance - something
happening in the outside environment that presents positive potential. Threats are
elements or trends in the outside environment that could cause trouble for the business,
place it at risk.

Strengths

(1) Principles of OA aligning well with the philosophy of GNH.

(2) Strong policy support.

(3) Strong political support.

(4) Similarity to traditional farming.

(5) Pristine environment.

(6) Compatibility with good local farming knowledge.

(7) Strong national organic program.

(8) Increasing international support.

Weaknesses

(1) High production cost.

(2) Lack of awareness

(3) Lack of clarity in policy.

(4)Labour shortage.

(4) Lack of coordination between different agencies.

(5) Limited technical expertise

.(6)Lack of certification.

(7) Poor soil fertility.

(9) Lack of quality planting materials.

(10) Nascent research in OA

(11) Small/irregular supply of organic produce.

(12) Limited plant protection options.

(13) Lack of incentives.

Opportunities

(1) Promoting healthy lifestyle.

(2) Sustainable use of resources.

(3) Developing local organic manure suppliers.

(4) Huge regional export market.

(5) Huge global export market.

(6) Creating seed sovereignty.

(7) Conserving local crops.

(8) Strengthening culture.

(9) Promoting self-sufficiency and food reliance.

(10) Reducing dependence on import.

(11) Growing interest in OA.

(12) Premium price.

(13) Building up soil fertility.

(14) Consistent yield.

(15) Strengthening rural community.

(16) Employment opportunities.

Threats

(2) Global competition.

(3) Variability in climate pattern.

(4) Yield reduction.

(5) Dwindling supply of organic sources of manure.

(6) Pest and disease incidence.

(7) Higher certification cost.

(8) Introduction of genetically modified organisms

 CHAPTER 4
OUTCOME OF THE STUDY

OUTCOME OF THE STUDY

India is strong in high quality production of organic food

1. Indian population are highly motivation from magazines that will persuade to buy
an organic food its good for health beneficial instead of non-organic food

2. India is high production of organic food but their high price no availability
as compare to non-organic food

3. India has no organic food famous company in the market by which same
population has not heard about organic food through their vast advertisement

4. In future India becomes strongly high quality production and consumption country
in the world
5. During the late 1960’s, in order to increase the productivity to meet the needs of the
needs of the increasing population, modern techniques were introduced in
agriculture in the name of “Green Revolution”.
6. India is world’s largest organic cotton grower with more than 50 percent of total
world’s organic cotton
7. . The other products categories (5 percent) are cereals, spices, medicinal and herbal
plants, coffee, vegetables, aromatic oil and pulses
8. 44 percent of the organic products were exported to Europe followed by Canada (22
percent), USA (19 percent) and Asia (13 percent).
9. Currently, India is emerging as a key player in the global arena, exporting over 300
products in 20 different categories to over 20 countries.
10. India is the largest exporter of organic cotton and houses the largest number of
organic producers in the world.
11. The domestic markets are growing at a rate higher than the global average and are
expected to keep growing at a 25 percent CAGR through 2020
12. Sikkim became India’s first fully organic state in 2016 with 75,000 ha under
organic cultivation, thereby providing impetus to other states to pursue similar
objectives
13. Meghalaya, for instance, aims to make the switch by 2020
14. In India the organic food market is approximately of INR 5.6 billion and is an
emerging opportunity for generation of employment and income at village level.
15. The key for organic producers to tap the market which is steadily growing at 15 -
25 percent in the domestic market

Long term Organic Farming Impacts on Soil Fertility

Providing sufficient nitrogen (N) to natural yields at the correct time is a test. Our
examination

group is building up a framework for becoming cyanobacterial bio-compost

(cyano-manure) on ranches and

applying it through water system frameworks. Cyanobacteria are omnipresent in

soils and can fix N from the

air utilizing vitality from the Sun through photosynthesis. Fundamental

information from nursery ponders
 has demonstrated that cyano-compost expanded blossoming and harvest beta-
carotene focuses. The

motivation behind this venture is to expand this work to incorporate fish emulsion
(hydrolyzed and nonhydrolyzed) and kelp and assess their phytohormone focuses
and sway on nutritive

estimation of natural yields. On-ranch cyano-manure generation is an altogether

new and inventive

way to deal with giving yield N necessities utilizing high-N bacterial biomass, while
incredibly diminishing manure assembling and transportation needs. In this venture, on-ranch
cyano-compost

creation and use were tried on a college research homestead and two private plantations. The

destinations of this task are recorded beneath with a short outline of our discoveries:

a) to measure phytohormone fixations (auxin and cytokinin, specifically) in natural

manures (counting fertilizer, fish emulsion, hydrolyzed fish emulsion, kelp, and

cyanobacterial bio-compost) Six of the seven natural manures broke down were found
to contain axing and salicylic corrosive; notwithstanding, none of the manures
contained any quantifiable degrees of cytokines. The non-hydrolyzed fish emulsion contained
a high auxin content and a low salicylic corrosive substance, while the hydrolyzed fish
emulsion was generally high in salicylic corrosive and low in axing. The cyan-compost was
high in the two phytohormones.

b) to evaluate the effect of phytohormones present in natural composts on plant development,

yield,
what's more, nature of carrots and peppers (counting β-carotene focuses) In both the
field- developed carrot study and the nursery pepper test, the cyano-manure and the non-
hydrolyzed fish emulsion medications had the most noteworthy harvest yields. This might be
because of both of these manures bringing about the biggest auxin application rates.

There was no manure impact on beta-carotene focus in peppers; in any case, the non
hydrolyzed

fish emulsion had higher beta-carotene focus contrasted with other natural
manure medications when applied to lettuce. In the lettuce study, the auxin application
rates were decidedly associated with the beta-carotene focuses. In the pepper study, manure
treatment influenced phytohormone levels in pepper leaves at reap time. In particular,
the non- hydrolyzed fish treatment had higher abscisic corrosive and 12-
oxophytodienoic corrosive fixations in the leaves.

What's more, both foliar kelp items brought about a critical decrease in the quantity
of bellshaped peppers collected.

c) to screen the effect of cyanobacterial bio-compost on peaches when contrasted with

rancher's

standard practice through on-ranch, participatory research In the on-ranch research completed
on natural peach plantations, utilization of cyano-manure notwithstanding fertilizer expanded
peach yield and diminished the development of the tree trunks. What's more, cyano-compost
expanded the SPAD chlorophyll readings of the leaves, and the SPAD readings were
emphatically related to the distal leaf iron focus.

d) to evaluate the immediate expenses and advantages of on-ranch creation and use of
biofertilizer

to streamline financial returns for natural ranchers The monetary assessment of the on-ranch
cyano-compost generation framework found that cyanofertilizer is as of now aggressive with
the most costly natural N manures. Notwithstanding, to be focused with fish emulsions and
blood and plume suppers, the expense per lb of N must be diminished to about portion of
current expenses. In light of littler scale explores different avenues regarding supplemental
CO2, all things considered, we will have the option to twofold N obsession while expanding
costs by just about 20%. We will assess this methodology in field-scale raceways throughout
the late spring of 2016.

e) to affect rancher basic leadership in regards to compost determination by sharing outcomes

through

numerous techniques Eighteen introductions were made to rancher spectators and

different gatherings to spread the after effects of these investigations.

THE ECONOMICS OF ORGANIC FARMING

We understand that normal things consistently cost more than their conventional accomplices
at general stores and neighborhood farmers' business areas, anyway does that infer that
characteristic agribusiness is more over the top than standard all things considered?
The proper reactions that experts have found, anyway multifaceted and complex, are
incredibly unsurprising. For the most part, normal cultivating appears, apparently, to be an
undeniably beneficial monetary structure, both for making advantage and diminishing
the sort of environmental impacts (regularly thought of as "covered costs") that breeze up
costing clients in various habits

The policy environment and the development of the organic sector

Organic agriculture is relevant both as a certified production method aiming at a

separate marketing, as well as non-certified production for consumption by the farmers
themselves and the local communities. In OECD countries, farming is assessed to cause
external costs9 ranging from US$ 30 to US$ 350 per hectare per year, by pollution of water
and air, disease, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, health costs, etc. (Pretty et al. 2000,
Tegtmeier 2004). These external costs of modern farming are not incorporated into
individual farmer decision- making, or in the prices for food. Artificially high prices for
particular commodities, such as key cereals10, have discouraged mixed farming practices,
replacing them with monoculture. Resourcedegrading farmers do not bear the costs of damage
to the environment or economy, nor are the costs included in the price of food. In contrast,
organic agriculture produces fewer
negative externalities, and can restore ecosystems and deliver ecosystem services (Pretty et al.
2005). Farmers are, by and large, responding rationally to the conditions they work under,
including the policy environment. Most of the policy measures used to support
agriculture discourage sustainable and organic farming. In the short term, this means
that farmers switching from high-input to resource-conserving technologies cannot
do so without incurring some transition costs. To some extent, one can claim that the
premium-priced organic market lets the consumers carry the burden of failures in policy.
Whilst the organic market has been instrumental for driving the development, it is
questionable in the longer term if consumers are willing to, or if they should, compensate
for policy failures by paying higher prices for organic products. Summing up, there are a
number of reasons for why a Government should support the development of a domestic
organic sector: • improved health, or reduced health risks for farmers, farm-workers and
consumers; • protection of natural resources (e.g. water) and biodiversity; • improved
quality of soils and thereby long-term high productivity; • improved market access; and •
improved profitability in farming. Each of these alone could also be accomplished by means
other than organic farming. The strength of organic agriculture is that it combines and
integrates solutions to so many of the pressing problems of agriculture. Nevertheless, for
organic farming the general framework also needs to be right. If farmers lack access to
resources such as land, organic agriculture has little to offer; if farming is unreasonably taxed,
there is not much relief to get from organic farming; if women are discriminated against by
legislation or customs, they are likely to be discriminated against in an organic system as
well. Organic agriculture can therefore not be seen as a silver bullet that solves all problems in
the agriculture sector.

The Government of India is promoting organic farming through various schemes

like

1. National Project on Organic Farming (NPOF)

2. National Horticulture Mission (NHM),
3. Horticulture Mission for North East & Himalayan States (HMNEH)
National Project on Organic Farming
Under National Project on Organic Farming (NPOF) scheme, assistance upto 25% and 33% of
financial outlay upto a ceiling of Rs. 40 lakhs and Rs. 60 lakhs respectively is provided as
back ended subsidy through NABARD for establishment of bio-
pesticides/bio¬fertilizers
production units and agro waste compost production units respectively. Under NPOF, a total
of 56 nos. biofertilizers production units and 17 nos. of fruit/vegetables waste compost units
have been established in the country. Government has been advocating integrating use
of chemical fertilizers and organic manures including biofertilizers for increasing production
of major crops.

National Horticulture Mission

Besides, under National Horticulture Mission (NHM) and Horticulture Mission for North
East & Himalayan States (HMNEH), financial assistance is provided for setting up vermi-
compost production units @ 50% of the cost subject to a maximum of Rs. 30,000/- per
beneficiary, for adoption of organic farming @ Rs.10,000/- per hectare for maximum area of
4 hectare per beneficiary and for organic farming certification @ Rs.5.00 lakh for a group of
farmers covering an area of 50 hectares.

Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna

Assistance for promotion of organic farming on different components are also available under
Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) with the approval of State Level Sanctioning
Committee.

National Food Security Mission

Under National Food Security Mission (NFSM) on Pulses, including Accelerated Pulses
Production Programme (A3P), assistance for popularizing Rhizobium culture/Phosphate
Solubilising bacteria is provided to the farmers under cluster demonstrations.

Promoting the use of Biofertilizer

Central Government has notified biofertilizers like Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum,
Acetobacter, PSB, KMB, Zinc Solubilizing bacteria under Fertilizer Control Order (FCO).
Similarly, under Initiative for Nutritional Security through Intensive Millets Promotion
(INSIMP) Programme, Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria/Azotobacter culture is provided to the
farmers as part of technology demonstration. Further, under National Project on Management
of Soil Health and Fertility (NPMSH&F) financial assistance of Rs 500 per hectare is
provided to promote use of organic manure.
ICAR Contribution in Promoting Organic
Farming
All India Network Project on Soil Biodiversity-Biofertilizers is implemented by Indian
Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) for R & D on biofertilizers. The ICAR has
developed technologies to prepare various types of organic manures such as phosphocompost,
vermi compost, municipal solid waste compost etc. Improved and efficient strains of
biofertilizers specific to different crops and soil types are being developed
under Network Project on biofertilizers. The financial assistance is provided
on the basis of project proposals received from States including Maharashtra. Indian Council
of Agricultural Research (ICAR) under Network Project on Organic Farming, with lead
centre at Project Directorate for Farming Systems Research Modipuram is developing
package of practices of different crops and cropping system under organic farming in
different agro-ecological regions of the country.

Organic farming creates a healthier work environment.

Local communities, employees, and even the farmers themselves are not exposed to synthetic
agricultural chemicals when following organic process. When too much exposure occurs,
there can be issues with toxicity that occur. People who come into contact with pesticides
regularly as part of their job duties suffer a higher risk of neurological disease when
compared to the general population. Farmers can suffer from a variety of bothersome
symptoms as well, ranging from memory loss to headaches to chronic fatigue

Organic farming can help future generations find success. Organic

farming methods focus on creating a restorative process for our soils that makes it possible to
continue using them indefinitely for crop production. Instead of focusing on significant
short-term profits that potentially destroy the land and the surrounding natural
resources, this process encourages us to live and work within our means. It seeks to increase
the natural capital values found on our planet instead of reducing them. That’s why organic
methods, when they are correctly implemented, can help to create long-term sustainable food
chains that will support a growing population.
Wide publicity about Success stories:

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Karur have developed various extension strategies to

attract farmers towards organic farming. They have trained around 3402 farmers on
organic farming.14 exposure visits to the nearby successful organic farmer fields and
conducted 21 exhibitions. An impact study was conducted at karur village indiacted that
85% of the respondent were adopted organic farming practices.

The Government of Orissa has pooled resourced from the State Plan and various
central schemes like, Horticulture Mission in North East (HMNE), Macro
Management in Agriculture

(MMA) and RashtriyaKrishiVikasYojna (RKVY). As on date, Sikkim, with only 0.2 % of the
geographical area of the country, has accounted for more than 12% of the total organic area in
the country (76,000 ha out of 6,20,000 ha). From the year 2016-17, the Government
of Sikkim is implementing the Centrally Sponsored Scheme, ―Mission Organic Value
Chain Development for the North Eastern Region (MOVCD-NER)‖. The scheme
aims at developing certified organic production in a value chain mode to link
growers with consumers through an integrated and concentrated approach with end-to-end
facilities for production, processing, storage and marketing (Anbalagan, 2016).

High Costs:

The small and marginal farmers in India have been practicing a sort of organic farming in the
form of the traditional farming system. They use local or own farm renewable resources and
carry on the agricultural practices in an ecologically friendly environment. However, now the
costs of the organic inputs are higher than those of industrially produced chemical fertilizers
and pesticides including other inputs used in the conventional farming system.

Low Yields:

In many cases the farmers experience some loss in yields on discarding synthetic inputs on
conversion of their farming method from conventional to organic.

Restoration of full biological activity in terms of growth of beneficial insect populations,

nitrogen fixation from legumes, pest suppression and fertility problems will take some time
and the reduction in the yield rates is the result in the interregnum. It may also be possible
that it will take years to make organic production possible on the farm.
Inadequate Supporting Infrastructure:

In spite of the adoption of the NPOP during 2000, the state governments are yet to formulate
policies and a credible mechanism to implement them. There are only four agencies for
accreditation and their expertise is limited to fruits and vegetables, tea, coffee and spices. The
certifying agencies are inadequate.

Output Marketing Problems:

It is found that before the beginning of the cultivation of organic crops, their marketability
and that too at a premium over the conventional produce has to be assured. Inability to obtain
a premium price, at least during the period required to achieve the productivity levels of the
conventional crop will be a setback.

Shortage of Bio-mass:

Many experts and well informed farmers are not sure whether all the nutrients with the
required quantities can be made available by the organic materials. Even if this problem can
be surmounted, they are of the view that the available organic matter is not simply enough to
meet the requirements.
 CHAPTER 5
LEARNING EXPERIENCE SAUGGESTINS CONCLUSIONS AND
BIBILIOGRAPHY

LEARNING EXPERIENCE

This project gave me great opportunity to learn about the all aspects of the
ORGANIC FORMING
And helped me to know about current situation of the organic forming.

The learning experience gained by me during the in plant training was very much practical
oriented. Mostly all the concepts which I studied in the class, are applicable practically

I gained many new management skills and also got a chance to learn new things on my own
experience.

The overall study of the organization reveals that the company has grown tremendously

Improve skills

One of the most important things you can gain from internship is new
knowledge and network and it helps to improve many new skills and knowledge

Professional communications

It is the best way to learn how to navigate the working world through real-life
hands on experience one of the most valuable skill you will gain from an internship is the
ability to speak with people in a professionals

Making connections

The people who will be reference in the future it will setup many new connections and
build the strong relationship.
Independence

Internship will teach you to make your own decision and do things on your own being able to
work independently with little guidence is very important in the working world .

I came to know what exactly transport needs wheather quality of work or quality of work to
be done or both. And also some extent I could understand theorganic forming work culture.
Uniformity which is a essential element that management should maintain it will also create
an impression on the minds of another about their taste, preference, values .I had a great time
working on the project, as it given insights into the working environment of an organization.
The environment is good. I have learn lot of thing there.

This project gave me a great learning experience and at the same time it gave me
enough scope to implement my educational ability. The information advice presented in this
project is based on secondary information.

The Indian organic market is a typical example for a market in the free growth phase there
will be soon some relevant players on the domestic market. those players will certainly try to
earn better income as quickly as possible from the organic market . this market fact has to be
considered positively in the pre growth phase there is already some awareness about
food quality and pesticides residues among consumers the expression organic is still not
protected and the awareness is diffused. It will be a difficult task to find the right approach to
transform this improper awareness in the correct way among Indian consumers. So it is a very
important task at the beginning itself to define what organic products are how are they
different from convertion products and also to describe the usp .
Recommendations / suggestions of the Study
1. An in -depth study can be conducted to find out the knowledge and awareness level
ofwomen farmers regarding organic farming in different regions.

2. Comparative study on organic farming and conventional farming in different aspects can
be done.

3. Comparative study of traditional technologies and ergonomically designed tools and

technologies could be conducted to compare the workload of women farmers.

4. Comparative study of work - rest allowance required while using traditional tools and
ergonomically designed tools could also be conducted.
5. An in depth study of various postures adopted and postural stress experience by women
farmers while performing various organic fanning activities could also be studied
CONCLUSIONS

The Indian domestic market there are potential for more and more development in organic
food and become a most important factor of national and international economic
system development. In domestic market enables products for better understanding of
customers needs serving the purpose of better meeting their needs and it also enables
consumers to realise better organic products supply

In international market and domestic market the organic food quality guarantee of
organic food products directly influenss consumption intensity absorption power of the
market packaging material design advertaisment messages choice of the distribution channel.

BIBILIOGRAPHY

BOOKS

David milband the organic forming manual

Alex the sustainable agriculture

Internet Sites

www.economictimes.com
www.near2nature.com
www.sustainableagriculture.com