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Direct and Indirect Speech

English Language has two ways to narrate the spoken-words of a person.

These two ways are as follows:

1. Direct Speech
2. Indirect Speech

These two ways are usually used to convey a message (spoken-words) of

one person to another person. *For example*, you are at your college.
Mr. David, who is your teacher, says to you, “I want to meet your
parents’. When you come to home, you will inform your parents in the
following two ways:

*Direct Speech:* Mr. David said, “I want to meet your

parents”.
*Indirect Speech:* Mr. David said that he wanted to meet my
parents.

These two ways are also used to simply narrate spoken-words (have no
message to convey) of one person to another. *Here is another example*.
Suppose, you meet your friend, Mr. John, in a market. Mr. John says to
you, “I bought a book for you”. When you come home, you may say the
words of Mr. John to your brother in the following two ways:

*Direct Speech:* Mr. John said, “I bought a book for you”.

*Indirect Speech:* Mr. John said that he had bought a book for me.

/Direct and Indirect Speech are also called Direct and Indirect Narrations./

Understanding Direct and Indirect Speech - Differences

*Direct Speech: *In direct speech, the actual words (with no change) of
speaker are quoted. The exact words (or actual words) of the speaker are
enclosed in Inverted Commas or Quotation Marks. There is always a comma
or a colon after “said” that introduces the spoken words.

*Example: *He said, “I am going to School”

*Indirect Speech: *In indirect speech, the actual words of the speaker
are changed. The reason for change in actual words is that the actual
words have been spoken by the speaker in past, hence narrating it in the
present will require change in the tense of the actual words. The
pronouns of the sentence are also changed accordingly.
The words of speaker are not enclosed in inverted commas or quotation
marks. The word ‘that’ will be used before the spoken-words of the speaker.
*Example:*
*Direct Speech:* He said, “I am going to School”
*Indirect Speech:* He said that he was going to school.

Converting Direct speech into Indirect Speech

Before learning the rules for conversion of Direct speech into Indirect
Speech, you must learn the following two components of a sentence of
Direct Speech.

*Reporting Verb: *The verb of the first sentence (/i.e. she _said_, he
_said_, she _says_, they _said_, they _say_ etc./) before the actual
words of the speaker is called a reporting verb.
*Examples:*
She *_said_*, “I am listening to music”.
He *_says_*, “You are an intelligent student”.
You will *_say_*, “I need your help”.

*Reported Speech: *The second sentence (actual words of speaker) that is

enclosed in Inverted Commas or Quotation Marks is called a reported speech.
*Examples: *
He said, “_I got a job in college_”
She says, “_I want to become a doctor_”
They said, “_We play football in the playground_”

Basic Rules For Indirect Speech

*Rule No. 1*. Words of the speaker (reported speech) are not enclosed in
Inverted Commas or Quotation Marks in Indirect Speech.

*Rule No. 2**. Usage of word “that”:* The conjunction “that” is always
used between reporting verb and reported speech in indirect speech.

*Example:*
*Direct Speech: *He said, “I write a letter”.
*Indirect Speech: *He said _that_ he wrote a letter.

*Rule No. 3**. Change in tense of the reported speech:* A change is made
in tense of reported speech for changing a direct speech into indirect
speech. If the reporting verb (or first sentence) of direct speech is
either Present tense or Future tense, no change will be made in the
reported speech for making indirect speech. Only if the reporting verb
(or first sentence) of direct speech belongs to the Past tense, changes
will be made in tense reported speech for making indirect speech.

*Examples:*
*Direct Speech: *She _said_, “I am watching a movie”.
*Indirect Speech: *She said that _she was watching a movie_.
(Tense changed)
*Direct Speech: *He _says_, “I am playing cricket”.
*Indirect Speech: *He says that _he is playing cricket_.
(No change in tense)

*Rule No. 4**. Changes In Pronoun:* The pronoun (or subject) of reported
speech is sometime changed according to the pronoun (or subject) or
Object of the reported verb (first sentence of Direct speech). The
possessive pronouns (i.e. his, her, my, their, your etc) may also change
according to subject or object of the first sentence.

*Examples:*
*Direct Speech: *He said, “_I _eat two apples”.
*Indirect Speech: *He said that _he_ ate two apples.
*Direct Speech: *She said to me, “_I _ like _your_ book”.
*Indirect Speech: *She said to me that _she_ liked _my_ book.

*Rule No. 5**. Change In Time:* If there is time mentioned in the

sentence of Direct speech, the time will be changed in Indirect Speech.
There are certain rules changing the time. *i.e.* not */into/*then,
tomorrow */into/*the next day, today */into/*that day, yesterday
*/into/* the previous day.

*Examples:*
*Direct Speech: *She said, “I am buying a laptop today”.
*Indirect Speech: *She said that she was buying a laptop _that day_.
*Direct Speech: *He said, “I need your now”.
*Indirect Speech: *He said that he needed my help _then_.

POPULAR POSTS
Direct and Indirect Speech -Basic Rules
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Indirect Speech for all Tenses - Rules
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Indirect Speech for Modals
/ i.e. Can, May, Might, Should, Might, etc./
<https://www.studyandexam.com/passive-voice-for-intransitive-verb.html>
Indirect Speech for Imperative and Exclamatory Sentences
<https://www.studyandexam.com/indirect-speech-imperative-exclamatory.html>
Change in Pronoun in Indirect Speech
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Change in Time and Adverb in Indirect Speech
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