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Pharmaceutical Water
Types of Water, Non potable water, Portable water, Purified water, Water For Injection (WFI), Sterile water for injection, Bacteriostatic WFI, Sterile water for Inhalation,
Sterile water for irrigations, Water for hemodialysis, Pure steam, Specification of Water
A. Introduction
Water is one of the major commodities used by the pharmaceutical industry. It is widely used as a raw material, ingredient, and solvent in the
processing, formulation, and manufacture of pharmaceutical products, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and intermediates, and analytical
reagents. It may present as an excipient, or used for reconstitution of products, during synthesis, during production of finished product, or as a
cleaning agent for rinsing vessels, equipment and primary packing materials etc.
There are many different grades of water used for pharmaceutical purposes. Several are described in USP monographs that specify uses,
acceptable methods of preparation, and quality attributes. These waters can be divided into two general types: bulk waters, which are typically
produced on site where they are used; and packaged waters, which are produced, packaged, and sterilized to preserve microbial quality throughout
their packaged shelf life. There are several specialized types of packaged waters, differing in their designated applications, packaging limitations, and
other quality attributes. Different grades of water quality are required depending on the different pharmaceutical uses.
There are also other types of water for which there are no monographs. These are all bulk waters, with names given for descriptive purposes only.
Many of these waters are used in specific analytical methods. These non-monographed waters may not necessarily adhere strictly to the stated or
implied modes of preparation or attributes.
1. Non-potable water:
Non-potable water is water that is not of drinking water quality, but which may still be used for many other purposes, depending on its quality. Non-
potable water is generally all raw water that is untreated, such as that from lakes, rivers, ground water, springs and ground wells.
Purposes:
• cleaning of outer surface of the factory
• used in garden
• washing vehicles etc
2. Portable water:
Portable water is not suitable for general pharmaceutical use because of the considerable amount of dissolved solids present. These dissolved solids
consist chiefly of the chlorides, sulphates and bicarbonates of Na, K, Ca and Mg. A 100 ml portion of official water contains not more than 100 mg of
residue (0.1%) after evaporation to dryness on a steam bath.
Purposes:
• To use as drinking water
• Washing and the extraction of crude drugs
• Preparation of products for external use
Related: Difference Between Purified Water and De-mineralized Water
3. Purified water:
Purified water is used in the preparation of all medication containing water except ampoules, injections, some official external preparations such as
liniments. Purified Water must meet the requirements for ionic and organic chemical purity and must be protected from microbial contamination. The
minimal quality of source or feed water for the production of Purified Water is Drinking Water.
Purposes:
• For the Production of non-parenteral preparation/formulation
• For the Cleaning of certain equipment used in non-parenteral product preparation
• For Cleaning of non-parenteral product-contact components
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6. Bacteriostatic WFI:
This is sterile Water for Injection containing bacteriostatic (antimicrobial) agents. It may be packed in single-dose containers of not larger than 5 ml
size and in multiple-dose containers of not larger than 30 ml size, the label of which indicates the name and the proportion of added agent.
Purposes:
• Used as a diluents in the preparation of parenteral products
Preparation technique:
• By using sterile water for injection
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Sterile water for Inhalation is Water for Injection that is packaged and rendered sterile and is intended for use in inhalators and in the preparation of
inhalation solutions. It carries a less stringent specification for bacterial endotoxins than Sterile Water for Injection, and therefore, is not suitable for
parenteral applications.
Purposes:
• Preparation of use in inhalators
• Preparation of inhalant solutions
Preparation technique:
• By sterilization of water for injection
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C. Specification of Water
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Comparison of a selection of parameters concentrations listed by WHO, the European Union and the EPA of Portable water.
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Nickel “ 20 μg/l “
Nitrate 50 mg/l 50 mg/l 10 mg/L (as N)
Nitrite “ 0.50 mg/l 1 mg/L (as N)
Pesticides (individual) “ 0.10 μg/ l “
Pesticides — Total “ 0.50 μg/l “
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons l “ 0.10 μg/ “
Selenium 40 μg/l 10 μg/l 50 μg/l
Tetrachloroethene and Trichloroethene 40μg/l 10 μg/l “
SUBMITTED BY:
MD. ABDUL BAKE*1, MR. ZUBAIR KHALID LABU2, KHURSHID JAHAN3
Address: *1 Product Development Officer, Gonoshasthaya Pharmaceuticals Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh
2 Head of the Pharmacy Department, World University of Bangladesh, Bangladesh
3 Lecturer, Department of Pharmacy, World University of Bangladesh, Bangladesh
Ankur Choudhary is India's first professional pharmaceutical blogger, author and founder of Pharmaceutical Guidelines, a widely-read
pharmaceutical blog since 2008. Sign-up for the free email updates for your daily dose of pharmaceutical tips.
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