Geomorphic Processes and Landforms Diagrams

PLATE TECTONICS

GS GEOGRAPHY BY HARSH V. SINGH -‐ CLASS DIAGRAMS. VISION IAS, DELHI. 1
harsh4cse@gmail.com, 9650280015. VISIONIAS.IN

VARIOUS PLATE MOVEMENTS POSSIBLE

)
o) m
oilm
.c
.ca
ogom
a@h
ays
Artist's cross section illustrating the main types of plate iok
n@i
isin
.dvd
boundaries (see text); East African Rift Zone is a good example

nauv
(ad
of a continental rift zone. (

ya
IN
Dk
Dpa
Ue

dNe
vA(
INa
Dad
Dy
Uk
Na
eAp
oer
r fD
efod
ldis
sae
olin
rnsa
pseo
es r
tpi
eisn
nt
uem
mc
duo
os c
hdi
iTs
Th

)
o) m

oilm
.c

.ca
ogom

a@h
ays

n@i
iok

isin
.dvd

nauv

(ad
ya
IN

Dk
Dpa

Ue
dNe

vA(
INa
Dad

Dy

Uk
Na
eAp

oer
r fD

efod
ldis

sae
olin

rnsa

pseo
es r

tpi
eisn

nt
uem

mc
duo

os c
hdi

iTs
Th


Sources of plate movement

)
o) m

oilm
.c

.ca
ogom

a@h

ays
n@i
iok
isin

.dvd
nauv

(ad
ya
IN

Dk
Dpa

Ue
dNe

vA(
INa

Dad
Dy

Uk
Na
eAp

oer
r fD

efod

ldis
sae

olin
rnsa

pseo
es r

tpi
eisn

nt
uem

mc
duo

os c
hdi

iTs
Th


DIVERGENCE
Continental -‐ continental

)
o) m
oilm
.c
.ca
ogom
a@h
ays
n@i
iok
isin
.dvd

nauv
(ad
Map
Map of EastAfrica
of East Africa showing
showing some of some of the active
the historically historically active
volcanoes(red triangles) and the Afar Trian
ya
IN
Dk
Dpa
center) -- a so-called (or ), where three plates are pulling away from one an
volcanoes(red triangles) and the Afar Triangle (shaded, center) -
Ue
Arabian Plate, and the two parts of the African Plate (the Nubian and the Somalian) splitting along the
dNe
- Rift
a so-called triple junction (or triple point), where three plates
vA(
Zone.
INa
Dad
are pulling away from one another: the Arabian Plate, and the
Dy
Uk
Na
two parts of the African Plate (the Nubian and the Somalian)
eAp
oer
r fD
splitting along the East African Rift Zone.

efod
ldis
sae

olin
rnsa

pseo
es r
tpi
eisn
nt
uem
mc
duo
os c
hdi
iTs
Th

Helicopter view (in February 1994) of the active lava lake

within the summit crater of 'Erta 'Ale (Ethiopia), one of the
active volcanoes in the East African Rift Zone.
)
o) m
oilm
.c
.ca

ogom
a@h

ays
oceanic -‐ oceanic iok
n@i
isin

.dvd
nauv
(ad
ya
IN
Dk
Dpa
Ue
dNe
vA(
INa
Dad
Dy
Uk
Na
eAp
oer
r fD
efod
ldis
sae
olin
rnsa
pseo
es r

tpi
eisn

nt
uem
mc
duo
os c
hdi
iTs
Th

)
o) m
oilm
.c
.ca
ogom
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which splits
a@h
ays
nearly the entire Atlantic Ocean north to south, is probably the
n@i
iok
isin
best-known and most-studied example of a divergent-plate
.dvd
nauv
boundary
(ad
ya
IN
Dk
Dpa
Ue
dNe

vA(
INa

Dad
Dy
Uk
Na
eAp
oer
r fD
efod
ldis
sae
olin
rnsa
pseo
es r
tpi
eisn
nt
uem
mc
duo
os c
hdi
iTs
Th

)
o) m
oilm
.c

.ca
ogom
a@h
ays
n@i
iok
isin
.dvd
nauv
(ad
ya
IN
Dk
Dpa
Ue
dNe
vA(
INa
Dad
Dy
Uk
Na
eAp
oer
r fD
efod
ldis
sae
olin
rnsa
pseo
es r
tpi
eisn
nt
uem
mc
duo
os c
hdi
iTs
Th

)
o) m
oilm
.c
.ca
ogom
a@h
ays
n@i
iok
isin
.dvd
nauv
(ad
ya
IN
Dk
Dpa
Ue
dNe
vA(
INa
Dad
Dy
Uk
Na
eAp
oer
r fD
efod
ldis
sae
Aerial view of the area around Thingvellir, Iceland, showing a

olin
rnsa
fissure zone (in shadow) that is an on-land exposure of the Mid-

pseo
es r
Atlantic Ridge. Right of the fissure, the North American Plate is

tpi
eisn
nt
uem
pulling westward away from the Eurasian Plate (left of fissure).

mc
duo
This photograph encompasses the historical tourist area of

os c
hdi
Thingvellir, the site of Iceland's first parliament, called the

iTs
Th
Althing, founded around the year A.D. 930. Large building

(upper center) is a hotel for visitors.


)
o) m
oilm
.c
The mid-ocean ridge (shown in red) winds its way between the continents much like the seam on a baseball.

.ca
ogom

a@h
CONVERGENCE
ays
n@i
iok
isin

.dvd
nauv
Oceanic -‐ oceanic

(ad
ya
IN

Dk
Dpa
Ue
dNe
vA(
INa
Dad
Dy
Uk
Na
eAp
oer
r fD
the Aleutian Trench. (Imagery courtesy of David T

efod
ldis
of Oceanography.)
sae
olin
rnsa
pseo
es r
tpi
eisn
nt
uem
mc
duo

os c

hdi
iTs
Aleutian trench
Th

)
o) m
oilm
.c
.ca
ogom
a@h
Volcanic arcs and oceanic trenches partly encircling the Pacific Basin form the so-called a zone of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
ays

The trenches are shown in blue-green. The volcanic island arcs, although not labelled, are parallel to, and always landward of, the trenches. For example, the
n@i
island arc associated with the Aleutian Trench is represented by the long chain of volcanoes that make up the Aleutian Islands.
iok
isin

.dvd

nauv
(ad
ya

IN
Dk
Dpa
oceanic -‐ continental

Ue
dNe
vA(
INa
Dad
Dy
Uk
Na
eAp
oer
r fD
efod
ldis
sae
olin
rnsa
pseo
es r
tpi
eisn
nt
uem
mc
duo
os c
hdi
iTs
Th


)
o) m

oilm
.c

.ca
ogom

a@h
continental -‐ continental
ays
n@i
iok
isin
.dvd
nauv
(ad
ya
IN
Dk
Dpa
Ue
dNe
vA(
INa
Dad
Dy
Uk
Na
eAp
oer
r fD
efod
ldis
sae
olin
rnsa
pseo
es r
tpi
eisn
nt
uem
mc
duo
os c
hdi
iTs
Th


TRANSFORM

)
o) m
oilm
.c
.ca
ogom
a@h

ays
n@i
iok
isin
.dvd
continental -‐ continental

nauv
(ad
ya
IN
Dk
Dpa
Ue
dNe
vA(
INa
Dad
Dy
Uk
Na
eAp
oer
r fD
efod
ldis
sae
olin
rnsa
pseo
es r
tpi
eisn
nt
uem
mc
duo
os c
hdi
iTs
Th

Map of the San Andre

California, segments
or creeping (see text)
1515.)
)
o) m
oilm
.c
.ca
ogom
a@h
ays
n@i
iok
isin
.dvd
nauv
(ad
ya
IN
Dk
Dpa
Ue
dNe
vA(
INa
Dad

Dy
Uk

Na
eAp
oer
r fD
efod
ldis
sae
olin
rnsa
pseo
es r
tpi
earthquake focus.
eisn
nt
uem
epicenter.
mc
duo
os c
hdi
iTs
Th
A dramatic photo
during the Great
locked segment o
causing a devasta
GS GEOGRAPHY BY HARSH V. SINGH -‐ CLASS DIAGRAMS. VISION IAS, DELHI. (Photograph
14 by E
harsh4cse@gmail.com, 9650280015. VISIONIAS.IN University Librar

)
o) m
oilm
.c
.ca
ogom
a@h
ays
n@i
iok
isin
.dvd
nauv
(ad
ya
IN
Dk
Dpa
Ue
dNe

vA(

INa
Dad

Dy
Uk
Na

eAp

oer
r fD
efod

ldis

sae
olin
rnsa

pseo

es r
tpi
eisn
nt
uem
mc
duo
os c
hdi
iTs
Th

)
o) m

oilm
.c

.ca
ogom

a@h
ays

n@i
iok
mountain building
isin
.dvd

nauv

(ad
ya
IN
Fold
Dk
Dpa

Ue
dNe
vA(
INa
Dad
Dy
Uk
Na
eAp
oer
r fD
efod
ldis
sae
olin
rnsa
pseo
es r
tpi
eisn
nt
uem
mc
duo

os c

hdi
iTs

Th

!  Asian: Himalayas, Taurus, Elburz, Japanese Mountains
!  Australia: MacDonnell Mountains
!  Europe: Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians, Apennines, Urals, Balkan Mountains
!  North American: Appalachians, Sierra Nevada, Rocky Mountains, Laurentides
!  South American: Andes, Brazilian Highlands
European Alps Himalaya

Mountains
Rocky
Mountains Appalachian
Mountains
Standards: 5-3.1 Andes

Standards: 8-3.7, 8-3.9
Mountain Horst and Graben:
s
Basin and Range
!  Horst and graben topography is generated by normal faulting associated with crustal
extension.
!  The central block termed graben is bounded by normal faults and the graben drops 31
as Contents
Table of
the crust separates.
!  The graben forms an elongated valley that is bound by uplifted ridge-like mountainous
structures referred to as horsts.
!  Some horsts may tilt slightly producing asymmetric, tilted terrane or mountain ranges.
!  In the Western United States, horst and graben fault sequences are described as Basin
)
o) m
andmRange
block topography.
ountains
oilm
.c
Basin and Range topography, Nevada.
.ca
ogom
a@h
ays
n@i
iok
isin
.dvd
nauv
(ad
ya
IN
Dk
Dpa
Ue
dNe
vA(
INa
Dad

Dy
Copyright © Marli Miller, University of Oregon

29
Uk
Na
eAp
Table of Contents
oer
r fD
efod
ldis
sae
olin
rnsa
pseo
es r
tpi
eisn
nt
uem
mc
duo
os c
hdi
iTs
Th

)
o) m
tension
oilm
.c
.ca
ogom
a@h
ays
n@i
iok
isin
.dvd
nauv
(ad
ya
IN
Dk
Dpa
Ue
dNe
vA(
INa
Dad
Dy
Uk
Na
eAp
oer
r fD
efod
ldis
sae
olin
rnsa
pseo
es r
tpi
eisn
nt

uem
compression
mc
duo
os c

hdi
iTs

Th


Island formation

Earthquakes

)
o) m

oilm
.c
.ca
ogom
a@h
ays
n@i
iok
isin
.dvd
nauv
(ad
ya
IN
Dk
Dpa
Ue
dNe
vA(
INa
Dad
Dy
Uk
Na
eAp
oer
r fD
efod
ldis
sae
olin

rnsa
pseo
es r
tpi
eisn
nt
uem
mc
duo
os c
hdi
iTs
Th

)
o) m
oilm
.c
.ca
ogom

a@h
ays

n@i
iok

isin
.dvd

nauv

(ad
ya
IN

Dk
Dpa
Ue
dNe
vA(
INa
Dad
Dy
Uk
Na
eAp
oer
r fD
efod
ldis
sae
olin
rnsa
pseo
es r
tpi
eisn
nt
uem
mc
duo
os c
hdi
iTs
Th

)
o) m
oilm
.c
.ca
ogom
a@h
ays
n@i
iok
isin
.dvd

nauv
(ad
ya
IN
Dk
Dpa
Ue
dNe
vA(
INa
Dad
Dy
Uk
Na
eAp
oer
r fD
efod
ldis
sae
olin
rnsa
pseo
es r
tpi
eisn
nt
uem
mc
duo
os c

hdi
iTs

Th

)
o) m
oilm
.c
.ca
ogom
a@h
ays
n@i
iok
isin
.dvd
nauv
(ad
ya
IN
Dk
Dpa
Ue
dNe
vA(
INa
Dad
Dy
Uk
Na
eAp
oer
r fD
efod
ldis

sae
olin

rnsa

pseo
es r

tpi
eisn

nt
uem

mc
duo
os c

hdi

iTs
Th


VOLCANOES

)
o) m
oilm
.c
.ca
ogom
a@h
ays
n@i
iok
isin
.dvd
nauv
(ad
ya
IN
Dk
An 18 km-high volcanic plume from one of a series of explosive

Dpa
Ue
dNe
eruptions of Mount Pinatubo beginning on 12 June 1991,

vA(
INa
Dad
viewed from Clark Air Base (about 20 km east of the volcano).

Dy
Uk
Three days later, the most powerful eruption produced a plume

Na
eAp
oer
that rose nearly 40 km, penetrating well into the stratosphere.

r fD
efod
(Photograph by David H. Harlow, USGS.)

ldis
sae
olin
rnsa

pseo
es r

tpi
eisn

nt
uem

mc
duo
os c
hdi
iTs
Th

)
o) m
oilm
.c
.ca
ogom
a@h
ays
n@i
iok
isin
.dvd
nauv
(ad
ya
IN
Dk
Dpa
Ue
dNe
vA(
INa
Dad
Dy
Uk
Na
eAp
oer
r fD
efod

ldis
sae

olin
rnsa
pseo
es r
tpi
eisn
nt
uem
mc
duo
os c
hdi
iTs
Th

Volcanic Landforms:
Intrusive Igneous
iths
)
o) m
oilm
.c
.ca
ogom
s
a@h
ays
n@i
iok
isin
s
.dvd
nauv
(ad
ya
IN
Dk
Dpa
dnocks
Ue
dNe
vA(
INa
Dad
Dy
iths
Uk
Na
eAp
oer
r fD
efod
ldis
sae
olin
rnsa
pseo
es r
tpi
eisn
Source: USGS
nt
uem

mc
duo
os c
hdi
iTs
Th
46
Table of Contents

)
o) m

oilm
.c
.ca

ogom
a@h

ays

n@i
iok
isin

.dvd

nauv
(ad

ya
IN
Dk
Dpa

Ue
dNe

vA(

INa
Dad

Dy
Uk
Na

eAp

oer
r fD
efod

ldis

sae
olin
rnsa

pseo

es r
tpi

eisn
nt
uem

mc

duo
os c

hdi
iTs

Th


TSUNAMI

)

o) m

oilm
.c
.ca
ogom
a@h
ays
n@i
iok
isin
.dvd
nauv
(ad
ya
IN
Dk
Dpa
Ue
dNe
vA(
INa
Dad
Dy
Uk
Na
eAp
oer
r fD
efod
ldis

sae
olin
rnsa

pseo

es r
tpi
eisn
nt
uem
mc
duo
os c
hdi
iTs
Th

)
o) m
oilm
.c
.ca
ogom
a@h
ays
n@i
iok
isin
.dvd
nauv
(ad
ya
IN
Dk
Dpa
Ue
dNe
vA(
INa
Dad
Dy
Uk
Na
eAp
oer
r fD
efod
ldis
sae
olin

rnsa

pseo
es r
tpi
eisn
nt
uem
mc
duo
os c
hdi
iTs
Th

The Hawaiian Islands are especially vulnerable to destructive tsunamis generated by major earthquakes in the circum-
Pacific Ring of Fire. Travel times (in hours) are shown for the tsunamis produced by the 1960 Concepción, Chile,
earthquake (purple curves) and by the 1964 Good Friday, Valdez (Anchorage), Alaska earthquake (red curves). The
1960 tsunamis killed 61 people and caused about $24 million in damage.

)
o) m

oilm
.c
.ca

ogom

a@h
ays

n@i
iok

isin
.dvd

nauv
(ad

ya
IN
Dk

Dpa
Ue

dNe
vA(

INa
Dad

Dy
Uk

Na
eAp

oer
r fD

efod
ldis

sae
olin

rnsa
pseo

es r

tpi
eisn

nt
uem
mc

duo
os c

hdi
iTs

Th


HOTSPOTS
)
o) m
oilm
.c
.ca
ogom
a@h
ays
n@i
iok
isin
.dvd

nauv
(ad
ya
IN
Dk
Dpa
Ue
dNe
vA(
INa
Dad
Dy
Uk
Na
eAp
oer
r fD
efod
ldis
sae
olin
rnsa
pseo
es r
tpi
eisn
nt
uem
mc
duo
os c
hdi
iTs
Th

)
o) m
oilm
.c
.ca
ogom
a@h
ays
n@i
iok
isin
.dvd
nauv
(ad
ya
IN
Dk
Dpa
Ue
dNe
vA(
INa
Dad
Dy
Uk
Na
eAp
oer
r fD
efod
ldis
sae

olin
rnsa
pseo
es r
tpi
eisn
nt
uem
mc
duo
os c
hdi
iTs
Th

drawing provided by Maurice Krafft, Centre de Vo

France). J. Tuzo Wilson's original diagram
modified), published in 1963, to show his proposed
Hawaiian Islands. (Reproduced with permission of
.)

)
o) m
oilm
.c
.ca
ogom
a@h
ays
n@i
iok
isin
.dvd
nauv
(ad
ya
IN
Dk
Dpa
Ue
dNe
vA(
INa
Dad
Dy
Uk
Na
eAp
oer
r fD
efod
ldis
sae
olin
owing the locations of selected prominent hotspots; those labelled are mentioned in the text. (Modified
rnsa
)
pseo

es r
tpi

eisn
nt
uem

mc

duo
os c

hdi
iTs

Th


geysers and hotsprings
Geothermal powerplant at The Geysers near the city of Santa

Rosa in northern California. The Geysers area is the largest
geothermal development in the world.
)
o) m

oilm
.c
supercontinents
.ca
ogom

a@h

ays
n@i
iok
isin
.dvd
nauv
(ad
ya
IN
Dk
Dpa
Ue
dNe
vA(
INa
Dad
Dy
Uk
Na
eAp
oer
r fD
efod
ldis
sae
olin
rnsa
pseo
es r
tpi
eisn
nt
uem
mc
duo
os c
hdi
iTs
Th

Geomorphic Processes and Landforms Diagrams

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Geomorphic Processes and Landforms Diagrams

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

VARIOUS PLATE MOVEMENTS POSSIBLE

boundaries (see text); East African Rift Zone is a good example

of a continental rift zone. (

Sources of plate movement

splitting along the East African Rift Zone.

Helicopter view (in February 1994) of the active lava lake

Aerial view of the area around Thingvellir, Iceland, showing a

fissure zone (in shadow) that is an on-land exposure of the Mid-

Atlantic Ridge. Right of the fissure, the North American Plate is

pulling westward away from the Eurasian Plate (left of fissure).

This photograph encompasses the historical tourist area of

Thingvellir, the site of Iceland's first parliament, called the

Althing, founded around the year A.D. 930. Large building

Oceanic -­‐ oceanic

the Aleutian Trench. (Imagery courtesy of David T

oceanic -­‐ continental

continental -­‐ continental

Map of the San Andre

European Alps Himalaya

Standards: 5-3.1 Andes

Copyright © Marli Miller, University of Oregon

An 18 km-high volcanic plume from one of a series of explosive

eruptions of Mount Pinatubo beginning on 12 June 1991,

viewed from Clark Air Base (about 20 km east of the volcano).

Three days later, the most powerful eruption produced a plume

that rose nearly 40 km, penetrating well into the stratosphere.

(Photograph by David H. Harlow, USGS.)

drawing provided by Maurice Krafft, Centre de Vo

geysers and hotsprings

Geothermal powerplant at The Geysers near the city of Santa

Вам также может понравиться

Oceanic -‐ oceanic

oceanic -‐ continental

continental -‐ continental