TABLE OF CONTENTS 䊏 V

Table of Contents

Project Team and Contributors ix Form-finding: catenary, parabola, circle

AL
Acknowledgments xi Stiffening compressive structures against buckling and unbalanced loadings
Detailing and constructing a thin single-curvature shell

RI
Introduction xiii
4 Master Lesson: Designing a Trussed Roof 93

TE
1 Designing a Series of Suspension Footbridges 1
Structural idea generation in three dimensions; The creative process
Basic definitions of statics: Loads, Forces, Tension,

MA
Graphical truss analysis; Influence of truss form and depth on
Compression, Stress
member forces
Free-body diagrams; Vectors and scalars; Static equilibrium of
Creative latitude in structural design and positive interactions between
concurrent forces
architects and engineers

D
The force polygon and funicular polygon for funicular structures;
Bow’s notation
5 Designing a Building on a Vertical Site 115

TE
Detailing steel rod elements in tension and anchoring to rock
Moments of forces
Lateral stability; stiffening a tensile structure
Construction detailing and planning
GH Equilibrium of nonconcurrent forces
Graphical analysis of nonconcurrent forces
Detailing and construction of a steel frame structure on a very
2 Designing a Suspended Roof 35
RI
difficult site
Designing and detailing a suspended roof
PY

Designing funicular curves with specified properties 6 Designing with Multipanel Trusses 143
Families of funicular curves
Various methods of analysis for multipanel trusses
CO

Static equilibrium
Common truss configurations and their uses
Components of forces
Developing and refining the form of complex trusses based upon forces
Steel cable fastenings and details and connections
Lateral bracing Detailing and construction of a building with heavy timber trusses
Regulating forces on masts and backstays
7 Designing a Fanlike Roof 185
3 Designing a Concrete Cylindrical Shell Roof 65
Extending graphical truss analysis to design fanlike structures both
Shaping funicular arches and vaults in compression compressive and tensile (cable-stayed)

V
VI 䊏 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Finding good forms and member forces for cable-stayed, fanlike, Material constraints and opportunities
and treelike structures Detailing lightweight structures
Design and detailing issues using steel tube construction
13 Structural Materials 355
8 Designing Unreinforced Masonry 215
Granular materials
Contributing Authors: John A. Ochsendorf and Philippe Block Solid materials
Understanding, designing, and detailing traditional How materials break
unreinforced masonry
Transmission of forces in solid materials
Stability of masonry vaults with ties, engaged and flying buttresses
Characteristics of a good structural material
Load tracing and kerns
Common structural materials
Graphical analysis of arches of predetermined shape
Concepts of stress and strain
Design and formal vocabulary of funicular masonry arches and vaults
Factors of safety

9 Master Lesson: Designing a Concrete Shell Roof for a

14 Master Lesson: Designing with the Flow of Forces 375
Grandstand 247
Trajectories of principal stresses
Equilibrium in three dimensions of a composite structure; combining
funicular vaults and trusses Strut-and-tie modeling; truss modeling
Architectural and engineering interactions in designing forms and Three patterns of force flow; applications of basic patterns to any
construction processes structural element
Working in SI (metric) units Use of graphical truss solutions to find forces in truss models

10 Designing Efficient Trusses 275 15 Designing a Bay of Framing 411

Configuring building frames in three dimensions; laying out a
Reversing the graphical process to synthesize shapes of constant-force
framing plan
trusses and arches
Understanding bays, decking, joists, beams, girders, slabs, columns,
Rapid assessment of truss efficiency by comparing force polygons
and framing materials
Typical forms of constant-force trusses
Load tracing for gravity and lateral loads
Bracing to resist lateral loads
11 Designing Restraints for Funicular Structures 301
Criteria influencing design of bays in very tall buildings where lateral
Tensile and compressive strategies of restraint to resist change of shape loads predominate
Effects of unbalanced loads on structures Integration with vertical transportation, life safety and egress planning,
mechanical systems
12 Designing Shell and Membrane Structures 331
Contributing Author: Michael H. Ramage 16 Bending Actions on Beams 433
Form-finding techniques applied to shell, tent, pneumatic, and Analysis of external load patterns on structures; quantifying and
membrane structures simplifying external loadings
 TABLE OF CONTENTS 䊏 VII

Bending moments and vertical forces 20 Designing a Sitecast Concrete Building 543
V and M diagrams; relationship to force polygons and funicular polygons
Composite action of steel and concrete in concrete beams, slabs,
Graphical and semigraphical constructions and columns
Selection and design criteria for reinforced concrete framing
17 How Beams Resist Bending 455 Opportunities and constraints for slab openings
Resistance mechanisms of beams Relationship of structural system to program
Lattice pattern of flow of forces Designing bays of reinforced concrete framing
Deflection calculations
Development of mathematical expressions for bending stresses and web 21 Master Lesson: Designing in Precast Concrete 569
stresses in rectangular beams Multidisciplinary project design teams
Designing bays of wood framing Medium-rise building planning and choice of framing systems
Integration with life safety and egress planning
18 Bending Resistance in Beams of Any Shape 491 Integration with mechanical and electrical services
Properties of complex cross-sectional shapes Designing with precast concrete framing elements
Moment of inertia
Composite action 22 Designing an Entrance Canopy 591
Designing bays of steel framing Designing a constant force beam
Deriving a beam profile from the bending moment diagram
19 Designing Columns, Frames, and Load-Bearing Walls 517 Assuring overall stability of an unusual structure
Combined axial and bending stress in a beam
Types of columns: short, intermediate, long; buckling and deflection
Guidelines for shaping structures
Designing column restraints; designing optimum forms for columns
Load-bearing walls Afterword: Engineers and Architects 611
Portal frames, hinges
Architectural and historical expressions of columns Index 615