Elpidio Jr P.

Cadalzo
Instructor I

Mariano Marcos State University

College Of Arts And Sciences
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
City of Batac 2906 Ilocos Norte
 Biodiversity

 Variety of life forms in

our natural environment
(species and ecosystems)

 “provides basis for LIFE

on earth”
 Levels of
Biodiversity

1. Genetic Diversity
2. Species Diversity
3. Ecosystem Diversity
Genetic diversity – refers to variety of genes within
individual species
Species diversity- refers to the number of
different species within ecosystems
 Species By the Number of Described Species of all Living
Numbers Organisms Currently Known

Of all the 1.73 million species 4%

described, 3%
18%
VERTEBRATES
 52,280 are fungi and protists
INVERTEBRATES
 69, 963are vertebrates
 310, 503 are plants PLANTS
 1,300, 575 are Invertebrates 75%
FUNGI AND
PROTISTS

MANY ARE STILL UNKNOWN!

Source: https://www.iucn.org/
Ecological Diversity – refers to the variety of
ecosystems in the biosphere
 Biodiversity and Balance of Nature
• Trophic Level: Elimination of species from trophic level can cause
destruction of ecosystem as well as biodiversity
 Biodiversity and Balance of Nature

• Complex ecosystem: Has several

trophic levels, loss of one or more
species do not cause any serious
problem
• Keystone species: Loss of this species
causes detectable changes in
ecosystem rates
 Distribution of Biodiversity in the World
• Flora and Fauna diversity
depends on:
• Climate
• Altitude
• Soils
 Tropical regions (most diverse)

Biodiversity Hotspots
• Regions with high biodiversity with
most species being endemic
• Impact by human activities
Philippine Biodiversity
 The Philippines is a
mega-biodiversity center
of the world

 Geographic isolation

 Diverse habitats

 High rates of Endemism

Philippines: one of the 17 Megadiverse Countries
Biodiversity and Why Biodiversity
Ecosystem Services Matters

 Biodiversity and ecosystems are key to lifting

people out of poverty, contributing to our
economy, and strengthening our resilience to
climate change.
 Rice
 Root Crops
 Fish
 Forest and mountains provide
aquifers – sources of water
we drink

 Freshwater lakes and River

Basins as sources
Livelihood
Biomass Fuels, Agriculture and
Fisheries
Biotechnology, Pharmaceuticals
Ecotourism
Philippines in Peril
The Philippines is one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots with at least
more than 1000 threatened species, thus making it one of the top global
conservation areas. (Biodiversity Management Bureau, 2017)
Principal Pressures of
Threats to Biodiversity
Biodiversity Loss
Invasive Alien
Species
Climate Change Habitat Loss

Pollution Overexploitation

Main pressures of Biodiversity loss in the Philippines

 Habitat Loss and Degradation

• Most notorious cause of biodiversity

loss
• Logging, conversion to other uses,
kaingin, forest fires and other
natural phenomena
• Mining (forest degradation)
Habitat Loss and Degradation
PRIMARY CAUSE OF SPECIES
EXTINCTION WORLDWIDE!!!
 Habitat Loss and Degradation

Degradation of Marine ecosystems

• Industrial developments, ports and
recreation in the last 50 years

• Destructive fishing practices,

unsustainable coastal development
and pollution
 Pollution

 Intensive use of agrochemicals has

been known to create and result to both
environmental problems and diseases.

 Agricultural, Domestic, Industrial

wastes
 Overexploitation

Overpopulation increases
resource demands
• Excessive forestry, fishing and
hunting

• Extinction of species
Overexploitation
Poaching
 Invasive Alien Species

Invasive alien species (IAS) includes

exotic or non-native species
introduced, accidentally or intentionally,
to a place that is not part of their
natural habitat or distributional range,
and have adverse ecological and
economic impacts.
 Invasive Alien Species

 IAS poses one of the greatest threats to

aquatic biodiversity.

 IAS can hasten the extinction of threatened

species and reduce the diversity of
indigenous and endemic species through
predation, competition, parasitism, diseases,
and species displacement caused by
environmental and habitat change.
 Climate Change
Climate Change impacts
beginning to be felt in PH
• Ocean acidification
• Sea level rise
• Extreme weather conditions
• Elevated sea surface temperature

 Climate change is likely to become the

dominant direct driver of biodiversity loss
by the end of the century.
 What is Climate?
Climate is the aggregated pattern of weather, meaning averages,
extremes, timing, spatial distribution of…
• hot & cold
• cloudy & clear
• humid & dry
• drizzles & downpours
• snowfall, snowpack, & snowmelt
• blizzards, tornadoes, & typhoons

Climate change means altered patterns.

• Small temperature changes  big changes in the patterns.
What is an extreme event?

(CCSP SAP 3.3)

 WHAT IS TEMPERATURE?

• It is the hotness/coldness of an object/environment.

• It is the average translational kinetic energy of a
molecule.
ENSO - What is it?
It is periodic fluctuation in sea surface
temperature (El Niño) and the air pressure of
the overlying atmosphere (Southern Oscillation)
across the equatorial Pacific Ocean.(NOAA)
ENSO - What is it?
EL NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION
EL NINO (warm phase) LA NINA (cold phase)
• Lasts 8 - 12 months • Lasts 1 - 3 years
• Occurs every 2 - 7 • Occurs every 3 - 4
years years
• Strongest occurs
every 10-15 years
IS GLOBAL TEMPERATURE INCREASING?
IS GLOBAL TEMPERATURE INCREASING?
OBSERVED TEMPERATURE TRENDS IN THE PHILIPPINES
OBSERVED TEMPERATURE TRENDS IN THE PHILIPPINES
PROJECTED TEMPERATURE IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Observed
Rainfall and Typhoon Trends
and Projections
in the Philippines
From the Presentation of
Thelma A. Cinco
Assistant Weather Services Chief
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
What are the Observed
Typhoon Trends in the
Philippines ?
Some of the Impacts of El Niño
in the Philippines
Some of the Impacts of La Niña in the Philippines

ST. BERNARD
LANDSLIDE
Feb 2006

Landslide :Ginsaugon, Feb 2006

Possible risk
associated
with
increased/
enhanced
rainfall in
the future
Possible risk
associated
with drier
condition in
the future
 Conservation of Biodiversity
Conservation: Management of nature
with the aim of protecting species,
their habitats, and ecosystems from
excessive rates of extinction.

Approaches:
• Education
• In situ/Ex situ conservation
 In-situ Conservation

• In-situ: Conservation of species

in its natural habitat

• Protected Areas
• To facilitate growth and
reproduction of plants and animals
in their habitat.
• Restricted human activities
 Ex-situ Conservation

• Ex-situ: Conservation of species

outside their natural habitat
• Approaches:
Gene banks, seed banks
Zoos, botanical gardens, Aquaria