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Watermelon

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a plant species in the family

Cucurbitaceae, a vine-like flowering plant originally domesticated Watermelon
in West Africa. It is a highly cultivated fruit worldwide, having
more than 1000 varieties.

Watermelon is a scrambling and trailing vine in the flowering

plant family Cucurbitaceae. There is evidence from seeds in
Pharaoh tombs of watermelon cultivation in Ancient Egypt.
Watermelon is grown in favorable climates from tropical to
temperate regions worldwide for its large edible fruit, which is a
berry with a hard rind and no internal divisions, and is botanically
called a pepo. The sweet, juicy flesh is usually deep red to pink,
with many black seeds, although seedless varieties exist. The fruit
can be eaten raw or pickled, and the rind is edible after cooking. It
is commonly consumed as a juice or as an ingredient in mixed
beverages.

Considerable breeding effort has developed disease-resistant

varieties. Many cultivars are available that produce mature fruit
within 100 days of planting. In 2017, China produced about two-
thirds of the world total of watermelons. Watermelon

Contents
Description
Taxonomy
History
Cultivation Watermelon cross section
Cultivar groups Scientific classification
Citroides group
Lanatus group Kingdom: Plantae
Vulgaris group Clade: Tracheophytes
Varieties
Clade: Angiosperms
Variety improvement
Clade: Eudicots
Production
Clade: Rosids
Food and beverage
Nutrients Order: Cucurbitales
Gallery Family: Cucurbitaceae
See also Genus: Citrullus
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References Species: C. lanatus

External links Binomial name
Citrullus lanatus
Description (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai

Synonyms[1]
The watermelon is an annual that has a prostrate or climbing
habit. Stems are up to 3 metres (10 feet) long and new growth has List
yellow or brown hairs. Leaves are 60 to 200 millimetres (21⁄4 to 73⁄4 Anguria citrullus Mill.
inches) long and 40 to 150 mm (11⁄2 to 6 in) wide. These usually
Citrullus amarus Schrad.
have three lobes which are themselves lobed or doubly lobed.
Plants have both male and female flowers on 40-millimetre-long Citrullus anguria (Duchesne) H.Hara
(11⁄2 in) hairy stalks. These are yellow, and greenish on the back.[2]
Citrullus aquosus Schur
The watermelon is a large annual plant with long, weak, trailing or Citrullus battich Forssk.
climbing stems which are five-angled (five-sided) and up to 3 m
Citrullus caffer Schrad.
(10 ft) long. Young growth is densely woolly with yellowish-brown
hairs which disappear as the plant ages. The leaves are large, Citrullus caffrorum Schrad.
coarse, hairy pinnately-lobed and alternate; they get stiff and
rough when old. The plant has branching tendrils. The white to Citrullus chodospermus Falc. &
yellow flowers grow singly in the leaf axils and the corolla is white Dunal
or yellow inside and greenish-yellow on the outside. The flowers
Citrullus citrullus H.Karst.
are unisexual, with male and female flowers occurring on the same
plant (monoecious). The male flowers predominate at the Citrullus citrullus Small
beginning of the season; the female flowers, which develop later,
Citrullus edulis Spach
have inferior ovaries. The styles are united into a single column.
The large fruit is a kind of modified berry called a pepo with a Citrullus edulis Pangalo nom. illeg.
thick rind (exocarp) and fleshy center (mesocarp and endocarp).[3]
Citrullus mucosospermus (Fursa)
Wild plants have fruits up to 20 cm (8 in) in diameter, while
cultivated varieties may exceed 60 cm (24 in). The rind of the fruit Fursa
is mid- to dark green and usually mottled or striped, and the flesh, Citrullus pasteca Sageret
containing numerous pips spread throughout the inside, can be
red or pink (most commonly), orange, yellow, green or white.[4][5] Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.
Colocynthis amarissima Schrad.
A bitter watermelon has become naturalized in semiarid regions of
several continents, and is designated as a "pest plant" in parts of nom. inval.
Western Australia where they are called "pig melon".[6] Colocynthis amarissima Schltdl.
The species has two varieties, watermelons (Citrullus lanatus Colocynthis citrullus (L.) Kuntze
(Thunb.) var. lanatus) and citron melons (Citrullus lanatus var.
Colocynthis citrullus Fritsch
citroides (L. H. Bailey) Mansf.), originated with the erroneous
synonymization of Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai Cucumis amarissimus Schrad.
and Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. by L.H. Bailey in 1930.[7] Molecular
Cucumis citrullus (L.) Ser.
data including sequences from the original collection of Thunberg
and other relevant type material, show that the sweet watermelon Cucumis dissectus Decne.
(Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.) and the bitter wooly melon Citrullus
Cucumis edulis Steud. nom. inval.
lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai are not closely related to each
other.[8] A proposal to conserve the name, Citrullus lanatus Cucumis laciniosus Eckl. ex Steud.
(Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, was accepted by the nomenclature
Cucumis laciniosus Eckl. ex Schrad.
committee and confirmed at the International Botanical Congress
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in 2017.[9] Cucumis vulgaris (Schrad.)

E.H.L.Krause
Taxonomy Cucurbita anguria Duchesne

The sweet watermelon was formally described by Carl Linnaeus in Cucurbita caffra Eckl. & Zeyh.
1753 and given the name Cucurbita citrullus. It was reassigned to Cucurbita citrullus L.
the genus Citrullus in 1836, under the replacement name Citrullus
vulgaris, by the German botanist Heinrich Adolf Schrader.[10] Cucurbita gigantea Salisb.
(The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and Cucurbita pinnatifida Schrank
plants does not allow names like "Citrullus citrullus".)
Momordica lanata Thunb.
The bitter wooly melon is the sister species of Citrullus ecirrhosus
Cogn. from South African arid regions, while the sweet
watermelon is closer to Citrullus mucosospermus (Fursa) Fursa
from West Africa and populations from Sudan.[11] The bitter wooly
melon was formally described by Carl Peter Thunberg in 1794 and
given the name Momordica lanata.[12] It was reassigned to the
genus Citrullus in 1916 by Japanese botanists Jinzō Matsumura and
Takenoshin Nakai.[13]

History
The watermelon is a flowering plant that originated in West Africa,
where it can also be found growing in the wild.[14] Citrullus A tsamma in the Kalahari Desert
colocynthis may be a wild ancestor of the watermelon; its native
range extends from north and west Africa to west India, and was
observed growing wild in central Africa.[15]

Evidence of the cultivation of both C. lanatus and C. colocynthis in

the Nile Valley has been found from the second millennium BC
onward, and seeds of both species have been found at Twelfth
Dynasty sites and in the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun.[16]
Watermelon seeds were found in the Dead Sea region at the ancient Naturalized in Australia
settlements of Bab edh-Dhra and Tel Arad.[17]

In the 7th century, watermelons were being cultivated in India, and by the 10th century had reached
China, which is today the world's single largest watermelon producer. The Moors introduced the fruit
into the Iberian Peninsula and there is evidence of it being cultivated in Córdoba in 961 and also in
Seville in 1158. It spread northwards through southern Europe, perhaps limited in its advance by
summer temperatures being insufficient for good yields. The fruit had begun appearing in European
herbals by 1600, and was widely planted in Europe in the 17th century as a minor garden crop.[4]

European colonists and slaves from Africa introduced the watermelon to the New World. Spanish
settlers were growing it in Florida in 1576, and it was being grown in Massachusetts by 1629, and by 1650
was being cultivated in Peru, Brazil and Panama, as well as in many British and Dutch colonies. Around
the same time, Native Americans were cultivating the crop in the Mississippi valley and Florida.
Watermelons were rapidly accepted in Hawaii and other Pacific islands when they were introduced there
by explorers such as Captain James Cook.[4] In the Civil War era United States, watermelons were
commonly grown by free black people and became one symbol for the abolition of slavery.[18] After the
Civil War, black people were maligned for their association with watermelon. The sentiment evolved into
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a racist stereotype where black people shared a supposed

voracious appetite for watermelon, a fruit long correlated with
laziness and uncleanliness.[19]

Seedless watermelons were initially developed in 1939 by

Japanese scientists who were able to create seedless triploid
hybrids which remained rare initially because they did not have
sufficient disease resistance.[20] Seedless watermelons became
more popular in the 21st century, rising to nearly 85% of total
watermelon sales in the United States in 2014.[21]

Cultivation
Watermelons are plants grown in climates from tropical to Still Life with Watermelons, Pineapple
temperate, needing temperatures higher than about 25 °C and Other Fruit by Albert Eckhout, a
(77 °F) to thrive. On a garden scale, seeds are usually sown in Dutch painter active in 17th-century
pots under cover and transplanted into well-drained sandy loam Brazil
with a pH between 5.5 and 7, and medium levels of nitrogen.

Major pests of the watermelon include aphids, fruit flies and root-
knot nematodes. In conditions of high humidity, the plants are
prone to plant diseases such as powdery mildew and mosaic
virus.[22] Some varieties often grown in Japan and other parts of the
Far East are susceptible to fusarium wilt. Grafting such varieties
onto disease-resistant rootstocks offers protection.[4]

The US Department of Agriculture recommends using at least one

beehive per acre (4,000 m2 per hive) for pollination of conventional,
seeded varieties for commercial plantings. Seedless hybrids have
sterile pollen. This requires planting pollinizer rows of varieties with Illustration from the Japanese
viable pollen. Since the supply of viable pollen is reduced and agricultural encyclopedia Seikei
Zusetsu (1804)
pollination is much more critical in producing the seedless variety,
the recommended number of hives per acre (pollinator density)
increases to three hives per acre (1,300 m2 per hive). Watermelons
have a longer growing period than other melons, and can often take
85 days or more from the time of transplanting for the fruit to
mature.[23] Lack of pollen is thought to contribute to "hollow heart"
which causes the flesh of the watermelon to devleop a large hole,
sometimes in an intricate, symmetric shape. Watermelons suffering
from hollow heart are safe to consume.[24][25]

Farmers of the Zentsuji region of Japan found a way to grow cubic Seedless watermelon
watermelons by growing the fruits in metal and glass boxes and
making them assume the shape of the receptacle.[26] The cubic
shape was originally designed to make the melons easier to stack and store, but these "square
watermelons" may be triple the price of normal ones, so appeal mainly to wealthy urban consumers.[26]
Pyramid-shaped watermelons have also been developed and any polyhedral shape may potentially be
used.[27]

Cultivar groups
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A number of cultivar groups have been identified:[28]

Citroides group

(syn. C. lanatus subsp. lanatus var. citroides; C. lanatus var. citroides; C. vulgaris var. citroides)[28]

DNA data reveal that C. lanatus var. citroides Bailey is the same as Thunberg's bitter wooly melon, C.
lanatus and also the same as C. amarus Schrad. It is not a form of the sweet watermelon C. vulgaris and
not closely related to that species.

The citron melon or makataan - a variety with sweet yellow flesh that is cultivated around the world for
fodder, and the production of citron peel and pectin.[2]

Lanatus group

(syn. C. lanatus var. caffer)[28]

C. caffer Schrad. is a synonym of C. amarus Schrad.

The variety known as tsamma is grown for its juicy white flesh. The variety was an important food
source for travellers in the Kalahari Desert.[2]

Another variety known as karkoer or bitterboela is unpalatable to humans, but the seeds may be
eaten.[2]

A small-fruited form with a bumpy skin has caused poisoning in sheep.[2]

Vulgaris group

This is Linnaeus's sweet watermelon; it has been grown for human consumption for thousands of
years.[2]

C. lanatus mucosospermus (Fursa) Fursa

This West African species is the closest wild relative of the watermelon. It is cultivated for cattle feed.[2]

Additionally, other wild species have bitter fruit containing cucurbitacin.[29] C. colocynthis (L.) Schrad.
ex Eckl. & Zeyh., C. rehmii De Winter, and C. naudinianus (Sond.) Hook.f.

Varieties

The more than 1200[30] cultivars of watermelon range in weight from less than 1 kilogram (21⁄4 pounds)
to more than 90 kg (200 lb); the flesh can be red, pink, orange, yellow or white.[23]

The 'Carolina Cross' produced the current world record for heaviest watermelon, weighing 159 kg
(351 lb).[31] It has green skin, red flesh and commonly produces fruit between 29 and 68 kg (65 and
150 lb). It takes about 90 days from planting to harvest.[32]

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The 'Golden Midget' has a golden rind and pink flesh when ripe, and takes 70 days from planting to
harvest.[33]
The 'Orangeglo' has a very sweet orange flesh, and is a large, oblong fruit weighing 9–14 kg (20–
31 lb). It has a light green rind with jagged dark green stripes. It takes about 90–100 days from
planting to harvest.[34]
The 'Moon and Stars' variety was created in 1926.[35] The rind is purple/black and has many small
yellow circles (stars) and one or two large yellow circles (moon). The melon weighs 9–23 kg (20–
51 lb).[36] The flesh is pink or red and has brown seeds. The foliage is also spotted. The time from
planting to harvest is about 90 days.[37]
The 'Cream of Saskatchewan' has small, round fruits about 25 cm (10 in) in diameter. It has a thin,
light and dark green striped rind, and sweet white flesh with black seeds. It can grow well in cool
climates. It was originally brought to Saskatchewan, Canada, by Russian immigrants. The melon
takes 80–85 days from planting to harvest.[38]
The 'Melitopolski' has small, round fruits roughly 28–30 cm (11–12 in) in diameter. It is an early
ripening variety that originated from the Astrakhan region of Russia, an area known for cultivation of
watermelons. The Melitopolski watermelons are seen piled high by vendors in Moscow in the
summer. This variety takes around 95 days from planting to harvest.[39]
The 'Densuke' watermelon has round fruit up to 11 kg (24 lb). The rind is black with no stripes or
spots. It is grown only on the island of Hokkaido, Japan, where up to 10,000 watermelons are
produced every year. In June 2008, one of the first harvested watermelons was sold at an auction for
650,000 yen (US$6,300), making it the most expensive watermelon ever sold. The average selling
price is generally around 25,000 yen ($250).[40]

Many cultivars are no longer grown commercially because of their thick rind, but seeds may be
available among home gardeners and specialty seed companies. This thick rind is desirable for
making watermelon pickles, and some old cultivars favoured for this purpose include 'Tom Watson',
'Georgia Rattlesnake', and 'Black Diamond'.[41]

Variety improvement

Charles Fredrick Andrus, a horticulturist at the USDA Vegetable

Breeding Laboratory in Charleston, South Carolina, set out to
produce a disease-resistant and wilt-resistant watermelon. The
result, in 1954, was "that gray melon from Charleston". Its oblong
shape and hard rind made it easy to stack and ship. Its adaptability Watermelon (an old cultivar) as
meant it could be grown over a wide geographical area. It produced depicted in a 17th-century painting,
oil on canvas, by Giovanni Stanchi
high yields and was resistant to the most serious watermelon
diseases: anthracnose and fusarium wilt.[42]

Others were also working on disease-resistant cultivars; J. M. Crall at the University of Florida produced
'Jubilee' in 1963 and C. V. Hall of Kansas State University produced 'Crimson Sweet' the following year.
These are no longer grown to any great extent, but their lineage has been further developed into hybrid
varieties with higher yields, better flesh quality and attractive appearance.[4] Another objective of plant
breeders has been the elimination of the seeds which occur scattered throughout the flesh. This has been
achieved through the use of triploid varieties, but these are sterile, and the cost of producing the seed by
crossing a tetraploid parent with a normal diploid parent is high.[4]

Today, farmers in approximately 44 states in the United States grow watermelon commercially. Georgia,
Florida, Texas, California and Arizona are the United States' largest watermelon producers, with Florida
producing more watermelon than any other state.[43] This now-common fruit is often large enough that
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groceries often sell half or quarter melons. Some smaller, spherical varieties of watermelon—both red-
and yellow-fleshed—are sometimes called "icebox melons".[44] The largest recorded fruit was grown in
Tennessee in 2013 and weighed 159 kilograms (351 pounds).[31]

Production Watermelon production, 2017

(millions of tonnes)

In 2017, global production of watermelons was 118 million tonnes, China 79.3
with China alone accounting for 67% of the total.[45] Secondary
Iran 4.0
producers included Iran, Turkey, and Brazil.[45]
Turkey 3.9

Food and beverage Brazil 2.3

World 118.4
Watermelon is a sweet, commonly consumed fruit of summer, [45]
usually as fresh slices, diced in mixed fruit salads, or as juice.[46][47] Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations
Watermelon juice can be blended with
other fruit juices or made into wine.[48] Watermelon flesh, raw
The seeds have a nutty flavor and can Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
be dried and roasted, or ground into Energy 127 kJ (30 kcal)
[5]
flour. In China, the seeds are eaten at
Carbohydrates 7.55 g
Chinese New Year celebrations.[49] In
Sugars 6.2 g
Vietnamese culture, watermelon seeds
Dietary fiber 0.4 g
are consumed during the Vietnamese
New Year's holiday, Tết, as a Fat 0.15 g
snack. [50]
Protein 0.61 g

Watermelon rinds may be eaten, but Vitamins Quantity %DV†

their unappealing flavor may be Vitamin A equiv. 28 μg 4%
overcome by pickling,[41] sometimes beta-Carotene 303 μg 3%
eaten as a vegetable, stir-fried or Thiamine (B1) 0.033 mg 3%
stewed. [5][51] Riboflavin (B2) 0.021 mg 2%
Niacin (B3) 0.178 mg 1%
The Oklahoma State Senate passed a Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.221 mg 4%
bill in 2007 declaring watermelon as Vitamin B6 0.045 mg 3%
the official state vegetable, with some Choline 4.1 mg 1%
controversy about whether it is a Vitamin C 8.1 mg 10%
vegetable or a fruit.[52] Minerals Quantity %DV†
Citrullis lanatus, variety caffer, grows Calcium 7 mg 1%
wild in the Kalahari Desert, where it is Iron 0.24 mg 2%
known as tsamma.[5] The fruits are Magnesium 10 mg 3%
used by the San people and wild Manganese 0.038 mg 2%
animals for both water and Phosphorus 11 mg 2%
nourishment, allowing survival on a Potassium 112 mg 2%
diet of tsamma for six weeks.[5] Sodium 1 mg 0%
Zinc 0.1 mg 1%
Other constituents Quantity
Nutrients
Water 91.45 g
Lycopene 4532 µg

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Watermelon fruit is 91% water, Link to USDA Database entry (http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/li

contains 6% sugars, and is low in fat st?qlookup=09326&format=Full)
(table).[53]
Units
In a 100-gram (31⁄2-ounce) serving, μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
watermelon fruit supplies 125 IU = International units
kilojoules (30 kilocalories) of food †Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations
energy and low amounts of essential for adults.
nutrients (see table). Only vitamin C is
Source: USDA Nutrient Database (https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/index.html)
present in appreciable content at 10%
of the Daily Value (table). Watermelon
pulp contains carotenoids, including lycopene.[54]

The amino acid citrulline is produced in watermelon rind.[55][56]

Gallery

Watermelon cubes Watermelons with Watermelon flowers Watermelon leaf

dark green rind,
India

Flower stems of Watermelon plant Watermelon baller Watermelon with

male and female close-up yellow flesh
watermelon
blossoms, showing
ovary on the female

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'Moon and stars' Watermelon and Watermelon for sale Watermelon out for
watermelon cultivar other fruit in Boris sale in Maa Kochilei
Kustodiev's Market, Rasulgarh,
Merchant's Wife Odisha, India

Watermelon grown Watermelon rind Roasted and salted Watermelon seed

in Buryatia, Siberia curry watermelon seeds under a microscope

See also
List of fruits

References
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ps://semanticscholar.org/paper/e5b5609283ba7011ec2e16623b438e14faff1405). Taxon. 63 (4):
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k-people). Vox. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
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24. Johnson, Gordon C.; Ernest, Emmalea Garver (September 2011). Conditions Influencing Hollow
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External links
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermelon 12/13
8/6/2020 Watermelon - Wikipedia

Watermelon.org (https://www.watermelon.org/) from the US National Watermelon Promotion Board

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