Appendiсes

lrregular Verbs
Bдsв Slмpl.в Pдsт Bдsв Slмpьв Pдsт
Foвм Pдsт Pдвтlсlpl.в Foвм Pдsт PдвтIсlplв
arise arose аrisen gr ind ground ground
awake awoke awoken grow grew grown
be was/were bеen hang hung hung
beat bеat bеaten have had had
beсome beсame bесome hear heard hеard
begin began begun hide hid hidden
bеnd bеnt bent hit hit hit
bеt bet bet ho ld held held
bite bit bitten huгt hurt huгt
bleed blеd bled keep kept kept
blow blew blown kneеl knеlt knelt
break broke broken knit knit/knitted kniVknitted
bring brought brought know knew known
build bu i l t built lay laid laid
burn burned/burnt burnеd/burnt leаd led led
burst burst burst leap leapt leapt
buy bought bought lеavе left |еft
сatсh сaught сaught lend lent lеnt
сhoose сhose сhosen |еt |еt let
с|ing с| u n g с |u n g lie(liedown) Iay lain
сome сame с0me light liUlighted lit/lighted
сost сost с0st lose lost lost
сrеep сrept сrеpt make made made
сut сut сut mеan meant meant
deal dеalt dеaIt meеt mеt mеt
dig dug dug pay paid paid
dive dived/dove dived prove provеd provediproven
do did done put put put
draw drеw drаwn quit quit quit
drеam dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt rеad/rid/ readirеdl read/rеd/
drink drank drunk ride rodе ridden
drive drove driven ring rаng rung
еat аte eaten rise rose risеn
fаll fell fallen run ran run
fеed fed fed say said said
fеel felt felt sеe saw sееn
fight fought fought seek sought sought
find found found sell sold sold
fit fit fit send sеnt sent
flеe fled fled set set set
fling flung flung sew sewed sewn/sеwed
flv flew flown shakе shook shaken
forbid forbаde/forbad forbidden shave shaved shaved/shaven
forget forgot forgotten shinе shonе sho ne
forgive forgave forgiven shoot shot shot
freezе froze frozеn show showed shown
get g0t gotten/got shrink shrank/shrunk shrunk/shrunken
give gavе given shut shut shut
go Wеnt gone sing sang sung

336
Bдsв Slмpцв Pдsт Bдsв Slмpl.в Pдsт
Foвм Pдsт Pдптlсlpцв Foвм Pдsт Pдптlсlpl.в
s i nk sank sunk sWеep swept swept
sit sat sat swim swam swum
sleеp slept slеpt swing swung swung
slide slid slid take took tаken
speak spokе spoken teaсh tаught taught
speed spеd sped tear torе torn
spend spent spеnt tell told told
spi l l spilled/spilt spiIlеd/spilt think thought thought
spin spun spun throw threw thrown
spit spit/spat spat understand undеrstood understood
split split split upset upset upsеt
sprеаd spreаd spread wakе wokе woken
spring sprang sprung wear wore worn
stand stood stood weave Wovе woven
steа| stole stolen weep wept wept
stiсk stuсk stuсk w in won w0n
sting stung stung wind wound wound
stink stank/stunk stunk withdraw withdrew withdrawn
strike struсk struсk wring wrung wrung
swear swore sworn write wrote written

Gommon Non-aсtion (Stative) Verbs

Eмoтloшs Mвштдl. Sтдтвs Wдштs дшo Appвдвдшсв Possвsstoш
admi r е agrеe KnoW Pпвгвпвшcвs дшo Vдluв дшo RвцдтloNsнtP
аdore assume mean hope appеar belong
apprесiate beliеve mind nеed 0e сontаin
сare сonsider presume prеfеr сost havе
detest disagree reа|ize Wаnt equal own
dislike disbe|ieve reсognize wish feel po5sеs5
doubt еstimate rеmembеr Pввcвpтloш look
envy еxpeсt see(understand) AND тнЕ Sвшsвs matter
feаr feel(believe) suppose feе| rеpresent
hate find suspесt hеar resеmble
l i ke guess think(be/ieyе) notiсe seem
love hesitаtе understand obsеrvе signify
regret imаgine wonder perсeive smеll
respeсt see sound
trust smell tаstе
taste weigh

re
ыr
|Т
Gommon verbs Followed by the Gerund (Base Form of Verb + -ing|
aсknowledge сonsider en0ure giveup (stop) mlss quit resist
admi t delay enjoy imagine postpone reсаll risk
advise deny esсape justify praсtiсe reсommеnd suggеst
аppreсiatе dеtest explаin keep(сontinue) prevenт regret support
avoid disсontinuе fеe|like mеntion prohibit rеport tolerate
сan,thеlp disсuss finish mind(obiесtto) pr0p0se resent understаnd
сeIebrate dislikе forgive

337
 Gommon Verbs Followed by the lnfinitive (Тo + Base Form of Verb)
аfford afford
сan(,t) eХpeсt hurry nеgIeсt promise voIunteеr
agrее сan(,t)wait fail intend offеr refuse wait
appеаr сhoosе grow |еarn pay request Wаnt
arran9e с0nsent h е |p managе plan Seem w ish
ask deсide hesitаte mean prеparе struggle would|ikе
аttеmpt deserve hope nееd prеtеnd swear yearn

Verbs Followed by Objects and the lnfinitive

advisе сh a| |e n g e еnсourаgе get neеd* pеrsuadе rеquIre want*
a llow сhoose* expeсt* he|p* order promise* teaсh warn
a sk* сonvinсe forbid hirе pay' remind tell wish*
сause e nаb I e forсe invite permit request' urgе w o u|dI ikе*
*Тhesеverbs саn a|sobе fo||owedby the infinitivewithout an objeсt (eхаmp|е:ask to leave or ask someoneto leave)'

Gommon Verbs Followed by the Gerund or the lnfinitive

begin сontinuе hаte |ovе remember* stop'
сan,tstand forget* like prеfer start try
*Тheseverbs сan bе followed by eithеr thе gеrund or thе infinitivebut there is а big differenсein meaning.

Common Verb + Preposition Gombinations

admi t o believе
in сounton insiston plano n talkabout
advisеagainst сhoosebetwеen/ deа|with lookforwardto relyon thinkаbout
аpo|ogizеfor among dreamabout/of objeсtto resortto wonderabout
approvе of сomp|ainabout feellike/about payfor suссеed in worryabout

common Adieсtive + Preposition Gombinations

aссustomеd to boredwith/by famousfor opposеd to srсkof
afraidof сapаbleof fedupwith pIeasеdаbout slowat
amаzedat/by сarefuI
of fondof readyfor sorryfor/аbout
аngryat сonсerned about glаdabout rеsponsib|еfor surprisedat/about/by
ashamеd of сontentwith goodat sаdаbout tеrribIeаt
awareof сuriousabout happyabout safefrom tiredof
awfulat diffеrent
from interestеd
in satisfiеd
with usedto
bаdat exсitedаbout nervousabout shoсked aUby worried about

Gommon Adieсtives that Gan Be FolIowed by the lnfinitive*

afrаid аnxious deprеssed disturbеd enсouraged happy pleased re|uсtant surprised
alarmed ashamed dеterminеd eager еxсited hesitant proud sad touсhed
amazed сurious disappointed
eаsy fortunatе likеly rеаdy shoсked upset
angry de|ighted distressed еmbarrassеd
g|аd |uсky rе|ieved so r r y w illing
*Exаmp|e:l,m happу to hear that'

338
 lrregular сomparisons of Adieсtives, Adverbs' and Quantifiers
ffi
Ao.lвстlvв Aovввв Goмpдвдтlvв SupепI.дтlvв
bаd badly w0rse worst
far far farther/furthеr farthеst/furthеst
good we l l bettеr best
little Iitt|е lеss |еаst
many/a lot of morе most
muсh*/а |otof |o t
m u с h * /a m0re most

*Muсh is usuа||yon|y used in questionsand negativestatеmеnts.

ffi Gommon PaЁiсipial Adjectives

-lng -ed -ing -ed -ing
-ed
a |а rm i n g disturbed disturbing movеd moving
al аr me d
amazing embarrassed embarrassing paraIyzеd paralyzing
аmazed
aгnusing entertainеd entertaining pleased pleаsing
amused
annoying exсited exсiting relaxеd relaxing
annoyed
astonishing ехhausted exhausting sаtisfied satisfying
astonished
boring fasсinated fasсinating shoсked shoсking
bored
сonfusing frightened frightening surprised surprising
сonfusеd
dеprеssеd depressing horrified horrifying terrified terrifying
disappointing inspired inspir ing tired tir ing
disаppointеd
disgusted disgusting interested interesting touсhеd to uсhing
distressing irritatеd irritаting troubled troubling
distrеssed

ffi Some Adieсtives that Form the Gomparative and SuperIative in TWo Ways
Ao.lвстlvв Goмpдвдтlvв Supвпl.дтlvв
сommon сommOner / morесommon сommonest / mostсommon
сruel сruelеr/ morесruе| сrue|est/ mostсruе|
deadly deadlier / morеdeadly dеadliеst / mostdeadly
friendly friеndliеr/ morefriеnd|y friеndIiest/ mostfriend|y
han ds omе handsomеr / morehаndsomе handsomest / mosthandsome
hаppy happier / morеhappy happiest / mosthаppy
likely / moreIikely
Iikе|ier / mostlikely
likeliest
lively / morelively
livelier / mostlively
liveliest
lonely lonelier/ morelonely |onе|iest/ most|onе|y
lovely IoveIier/ morelovе|y loveliest/ mostIovely
narrow narrower / morenarrow narrowest / mostnarrow
pleasant pleasanter / morepleasant p|eаsantest / mostp|easant
polite po|itеr/ morеpolite politest/ mostpo|itе
qu i e t quiеter / morequiet quiеtеst / mostquiet
shа| l ow shallower / moreshallow sha||owest / mostshаllow
sinсere sinсerer / moresinсere sinсerеst / mostsinсere
stupid stupider / morеstupid stupidest / moststuPid
true truеr/ moretrue truest/ mosttruе

339
 Gommon RepoЁing Verbs
lшsтпucтloшs,coммANDs
Rвouвsтs' AND lшитдтloшs Quвsтloшs
Sтдтвмвштs
indiсatе rеply advisе invitе ask
aсknowlеdgе с|aim
ask order inquir e
аdd сomp|аin mаintain report
say сaution sаy quеstion
admit сonсlude mean
note stаte сommаnd tеll wantto know
announсe сonfess
observe suggеst dеmand urge wonder
ansWеr deсlarе
argue deny promise tell instruсt Warn
assert exсlaim remark Warn
beIiеve exp|аin repeat write

тime Word Ghanges in lndireсt Speeсh

ffiCommon
Dlпвст Spввсн lшotввст Spввсн
now -) then
today -Э that day
tomorrow -+ thе nextday oпthe followingday oпthе dаy after
yestеrday -+ thе day beforеoкthe prеviousday
ihisweek/month/yearJ that weеk/monthlyear
lastweek/month/year-+ the week/month/year beforе
nextwееk/month/year_) the followingweek/month/year

Phrases lntroduсingЕmbedded Questions

ffiCommon
I don'tknow. . . l,d|ikеto know. . . D oy o uk n o w . . ?
l don,tundеrstand .' . I wantto understand ... Doyouundеrstand...?
l w o n d e r. . l,d|ikеto findout. . . Сanyoute||mе. . . ?
l,mnotsurе' . . Wе needto findout . . . Сouldуouexp|ain...?
| сan'tremеmbеr ... Let,sаsk... Саnyouremember...?
l саn,timagine ' .' Wouldyoushowme . . . ?
|tdoеsn't say. . . Whoknows...?

and Еxpressions commonly Used Reflexively

ffiVerbs
bеhavеoneself fеelsorryforonеsеlf keеponese|f seeonesеlf
amuseoneself
in oneself
believe forgivеonеsеlf killoneself tаkeсareof onese|f
аskonesеlf
bIamеonеsеlf givеonеself lookafteroneself talkto onesеlf
availonеselfof
сutonеsеlf hеlponesеlf Iookаt onese|f teaсhoneself
be hardon onesеlf
onеsеlf
deprivе of hurtonesеlf prideoneselfon telloneself
be onesеIf
dryoneself imaginе onеse|f pushoneself treatonesеlf
withonesеlf
be pleased
еnjoyonesеlf introduсeoneself rеmind onesеlf washonеsеlf
bе proudof oneself

340
 Some Common Phrasal Verbs
(s.o._someonеs.t'= somethin9)
Noтв1: lnsepаrablephrasalverbsarеshownwiththeobjeсtaftеrthepaгtiсle (go afters't,)'
Separablephrasalverbsаreshownwiththeobjeсtbеtween thеvеrbandthepartiс|e(calls'o'up),
Verbswhiсhmustbe sеparated areshownwithan аsterisk (-) (dos.t.oyer).
Noтв2: Sеparablephrasalverbsсanhavethenounobjeсteitherbetweеn thеverbandthеpartiсlе
or aft e r t he par t i(сс|e
a l l J a un p 0 R с a l lu p J а n ) .Т h e sever bsmust,ho w evеLbesepar atedw henthеr e
is a pronoun objeсt(callherup N0Т
Pнвдsдl. Vввв Mвдшlшс Pнвдsдl. Yвпв Mвдшlшс
ask s.o.over inviteto one'shome drop s'o.or s.t.off tаkesomeo nelsomething someplaсe
bloсk s.t.out stopfrompassing through(light,noisе) drop out (of s.t.) quit
blow s.t.out stopburningbу blowing еat out eatin a restaurant
blow s.t.up fillsomethingwithair(aballoon, empty(s.t.)out emptусompletelу
a watertoу) еndup 1' do something uneхpeсted
blow (s.t.)up (makes.t')eхplode or unintended
break down stopfunсtioning 2' reaсha finalplaсeor сondition
breakout oссursuddenlу fall off beсomedetaсhed
brings.t.about mаkesomething happen figures.o.or s.t.out understand (afterthinking
about)
brings.o'or s.t.baсk returnsomeone or something fill s.t.in сomplete withinformation
brings.o.down dеpress fill s.t.out сomplete (aform,an application)
bring s.t.out introduсe (anewproduсt,a book) fill (s.t.)up fillсompletelу
brings'o.up raise(сhildren) find (s.t.)out learninformation
burn(s.t.)down burncompletelу follow (s.t.)through сomplete
сall (s'o.)baсk returna phonесall fool around beplaуful
сall s.t.off сanсel get s.t.aсross getpeopleto understand an idea
сall s.o'up tе/ephone 50meone get ahеad makeprogres'suссeed
сarryon s't. сontinue get along relatewell
сarrys.t.out сonduсt get bасk return
саtсhon beсome popular get by survive
сheer(s.o')up (makesomеone)feel happier get out (of s't.) leave(aсar,a taхi)
сlеan(s.o.or s.t.)up сleanсompletelу get s.t.out of s.t.* benefitfrom
сlear(s.t.)up makeor beсome сlear get together meet
сomeabout happen get up risefrom bed
сomealong aссompanу give s.t.away givewithoutсhargingmoneу
сome baсk return give s.t.baсk returnsomething
сome in enter give s.t.out distribute
сome off s't. beсomeunattaсhed givе (s.t.)up quit,abandon
сomеout appear go aftеr s.o.or s.t. pursue
сomeup arise go alongwith s.t. 1. support
сome up with s.t. invent 2.be partof
сovers.t.up сoverсompletelу go baсk return
сrosss.t.out drawa linethrough go off eхplode(agun,fireworks,
a roсket)
сut s.t.down bringdownbу сutting go on сontinue
сut s.t.off 1' stopthesupplуof something go out leave
2. removebу сutting go over suссeedwithan audienсе
сut s.t.out removebу сutting go up be built
do s.t.over do again grow up beсome an adult
dreams.t.up invent hand s't' in givesomeworkto а bossor teaсher
dressup put on speсial
or formalсlothes hands.t.out distribute
drink s.t'up drinkсompletelу hangup enda phoneсonversation
dropby/in visituneхpeсtedlу hangs.t.up puton a hookor hanger

(continшеd on nехt pagе)

34r
 Pнвдsдl. Uвпв Mвдшlшс Pнвдsдl. Vввв MвдшIшс
he l p(s . 0.out
) assшt show s.o.or s.t.off displaуthebestqualities
hol don wait,nothangup thеphone showup appear
kеep(s'o.or s't.)away (сauseto)staуat a distanсe shut s.t.off stopa machineor light
kеepon сontinue signup register
keeps.t.on* notremove(a pieсeof сlothing sit down takeа seаt
orjewelrу) standup rise
keepup start(s.t.)over* startagain
(withs.o.or s.t.) go as fastas stayup rеmainawake
lay s.o.off endsomeone,s еmploуment stiсkwith/tos.o.or s.t. notquit,notleave
leaves.t.on* 1.notturnoff (alight,a radio) straighten(s.t.) up makeneat
2. notremove(a pieсeof сlothing switсhs.t.on starta maсhineor a light
orjewelrу) take s.t.away/off remove
leаvеs.t'out omit takes.t.baсk return
Iets.o.down disappoint takе off depart(a plane)
let s.o.or s.t.in allowto enter takes.o.on hire
Iеts.o.off allowto leave(abus,a train,a сar) takе s.t.out borrowfroma librarу
let s.o.or s.t.out allowto leave talk s.o.into* pеrsuade
lie down reсline talk s.t.over disсuss
light(s.t.) up illuminate teаm up with s.o. startto workwith
lo okou t be сareful tear s.t,down destroу
look s.o.or s.t.over eхamine tear s.t.up tearintosmallpieсes
lo oks . t .u p trуto findin a bookor on the lnternet thinkbaсkon s.o.or s't. remember
makes.t.up сreate thinks.t.ovеr сonsider
passs.t.out distribute thinks.t.up invent
pay s.o.or s.t.baсk repaу throw s.t.away/out disсard
pay off be worthwhilе touсhs.t.up improvebу makingsmallсhanges
piсk s'o.or s.t.out ] . se/eсt try s.t,on put сIothing on to seeif it fits
2' idеntifу try s.t.out findout if something works
piсku p improve turns.o.or s.t.down 1' rejeсt
piсks . o.or s . t .up 1. lift 2, deсrease thevolume(a radio,a TV)
2.get (anidea,a new book,an interest) turns.t.in submit
playar ound havefun turns.o.or s.t.into сhangefromoneformto another
points.o.or s.t.out indiсate turn s.o.off (s|ang) destroуintеrest
put s.t.away put something in an appropriate plaсe turn s.t.off stopa maсhineor light
put s.t.baсk returnsomething to itsoriginalplaсe turns.t.on starta maсhineor light
put s.o.or s.t.down stopholding turnout havea particularresult
put s.t.off postpone tur nup appear
put s.t.on сoverthebodуwitha pieсeof сlothing turns.t,up raisethevolume
orjewelrу usе s.т.up useсompletelу, сonsumе
put s.t.togеther аssemb/e wake up ariseaftersleeping
put s.t,up ereсt wake (s.0.) up awaken
run intos.o. meetaссidentallу watсhout be сareful
run out (ofs.t.) nothaveenoughof a supplу work s.t.off rеmovеbу workor activitу
sees . t t. hr ough * сomplete work out 1.be resolved
sеt s.t.off саuseto eхplode 2' eхеrсise
set s.t.up 1. establish(a business, work s.t.out solve
an organization) writes.t.down writeon a pieсeof paper
2.preparefor use writes.t.up writein a finishedform

342
*-.

Some Common lrregular Plural Nouns

Slшсul.дв Pluпдl. Slшсul.дп Pt.uвдl. Slшсut.дв Pluвдl. Slшсul.дв Pьuвдl.
anаlysis analyses half halves man mеn mo usе miсe
bаsis bases knifе knives woman women
сrisis сrisеs leaf leaves сhitd сhiI dr еn deer deer
hypothеsis hypothеses life lives fish fish
loaf loaves foot feet sheep sheep
shelf shelves goose geese
wife wives tooth teeth pеrson people

Spelling Rules for the Present Progressive

1. Add-lngto thebaseformof thеverb. Howeveldo notdoublеthe|astсonsonаnt
in wordsthatend
rеаd readиg in w,х, or у'
stand stаnding sеW sewino
-e,dropthefina|-е andadd-ing. fix fiхing
2' |fa verbеndsin а si|еnt enjoy enjoying
leave leavinq
tаkе taking 4. ln wordsof twoor morеsy|Iab|esthatendin a сonsonаnt-
vowe|-сonsonant сombination,doubletheIastсonsonant
word,if thе|astthreе|etters
3 . ln a one-sy||ab|е arеа on|yif thelastsy|lаb|e
is stressed.
сonsonant-Vowе|-сonsonantсombination(СVС),doub|е
admit admittlng (The|astsy||able is strеssed,
bеforeadding-iп9.
thеlastсonsonant so youdoublethe-t,)
сVс I
whisper whispering (ТhelastsylIabIe is notstressed,
JJJ soyoudon'tdoub|е thе-r.)
sit sitting
5. lf a verbеndsin -ie,сhangethеie to y bеforеadding-ing'
сVс
diе dуing
JJJ
ru n running

Spelling Rules for the Simple Present Tense:

Third-Person Singular (he, she, it)
1. Add-sfor mostverbs. 3. Сhangethey to i andadd-eswhenthebaseformendsin
work works + y.
а сonsonant
buy buys study studies
ride rides hurry hurries
rеturn returns dry dries
2. Add-esforwordsthatеndin -сh,-5,-5h,-х,or -z' Donotсhange thеy whenthebаsеformеndsin а vowel
wаtсh watсhes + y. Add-s.
pass passе5 play plays
rush rushes enjoy enjoys
rе|ax re|аxes forms'
4. A fewverbshaveirrequ|аr
buzz buzzes
be is
00 does
go goеs
nave hаs

343
 Spelling Rules for the Simple Past Tense of Regular Verbs
add-ed.
1. |ftheverbеndsin a сonsonant, Howеve1 do notdoub|e
one-sy||abIe
wordsendingin
return returned -w' -х,or -у'
help helped bow bowed
2. |fthеverbеndsin -e,add-d. mix mixed
p|ay p|аyed
|ive |ivеd
сrеatе сreated 4. ln wordsof twoor moresy|lablesthаtendin a сonsonant-
diе died vowel-сonsonant сombinаtion,doublethe|аstсonsonant
3. Inone-sy||ab|е
words, on|yif the|astsy||ab|e
is strеssed.
if thеvеrbendsin а сonsonаnt-
vowe|-сonsonаnt
сombination(сVс),doublethefinal prefdr prеfеrrеd (Тhеlastsyllablеis strеssed,
andadd-ed'
сonsonant soyoudoub|е the-r.)
сVс uli' visited (Тhe|аstsy||ab|e
is notstressed,
JTJ soyoudon'tdoublethet.)
ho p hopped 5. |fthеverbеndsin а сonsonant + y, сhangе
they to i аnd
сVс add-ed.
JJJ worry worried
rub rubbed саrry сarried
6. |fthеvеrbendsin a vowе|+ y, add-ed.(Donotсhаngе
they to i.)
p|аy p|ayed
annoy annoyed
Еxсeptions:pay-paid, Iay-|aid, say-sаid

Spelling Rules for the Gomparative (-er) and

Superlative (-est) of Adjeсtives
1. Add-erto onе-sy|Iab|e
adjeсtives
to formtheсomparative. 4. lf thеadjeсtive
endsin a сonsonant-vowe|-сonsonant
Add-estto one-syllab|е
adjeсtives
to formthesuperlative. сombination(сVС),doublethefinаlсonsonant
before
сheap сheаpеr сheapest аdding-eror -est.
bright brighter brightest сVс
еndsin -e,add.r or -st'
2. |ftheаdjeсtive JJJ
niсe n|сеr n|се5r big bigger biggest

3. |ftheadjeсtive
endsin a сonsonant Howevеr, do notdoub|e
theсonsonant
in wordsеnding
+ y, сhangеy to i
beforeyouadd-eror -est. in -w or -у'
prеtty prettier prеttiest slow slower slowest
Exсeption:shy сoy сoyer сoyest
shyer shyest

Spelling Rules for Adverbs Ending in -Iу

1. Add-/yto theсorresponding
adjeсtive. endsin ./e,dropthee аndаdd-y.
3. lf thеadjeсtive
niсe niсelу possib|е possib|y
quiet quiet/y
beаutiful bеautifu|/y Howeve1 endingin -e.
do notdropthee forotherаdjeсtives
eХtrеmе extremе/y
2. |fthеadjeсtivе
endsin а сonsonant
+ y, сhаngе
they to i Exсeption:truе trulу
beforeadding-/y.
easy easilу endsin -iс,add-allу,
4. lf theadjесtive
basiс basiсallу
fantastiс fantastiсa//y

344
 Gontraсtions with Verb Forms
Pпвsгшт
1. SlмpI-в Tвшsв,
Pпвsвшт
PпoспвsslvЕ,
ANDlмpвпдтlvг
with Be
Contrасtions
Slмpl.вPпвsвшт PпвsвштPпoсввsslvв
lam l'm l'm a student. l,nrstudуing her е.
youare you're Hе,smyteaсhеr' Hе,stе.rсhirig verbs'
hei s he's We,rеfromСanаda. W e,r еlivitr gher e.
sheis she's
it is it's
Wearе Wе,re
youarе you'rе
thеyare thеy,re
SlмpI.вPввsвшт Pпвsвшт Pпoсввsslvв
l аm not l'mnot She,snot siсk. S h e , sn с r tr е а d i l r q .
youarenot you'renot or you aren't H eisn,t|аte. H e i s n , tс о m i i . . i : .
he is not he'snot or he isn't Weаren,ttwins' W e a r е n , t| е а i l i г r п .
sheis not shе,snot or she isn't They'renot here. T h e y , r еn о t р i а ' ; i t l i : .
it is not it's not or it isn't
we arenot we'renot or wе аren,t
youarеnot you'renot or you aren't
thеyarenot they,rеnot or theyaren't
with Do
Contraсtions Slмpl.вPпвsвшт Iмpвпдтlvв
do not don't Тheydo n,tlive her e. D о n'tr uп !
doesnot doesn't |tdo esn'tsno wmuсh.

2 . Slмpt.гPдsтTвшsв
ANDPAsтPпoспвsslvг
with Be
Contraсtions Slшplв Pдsт Pдsт PвoсREsslvE
wasnot = Wasn't H е w а s n , ta p o e t . H e w a s г l . ls i n q i n q .
Wеrеnot = Werеn,t T h e yw e r e n , tt w i n s . Т h e yw е r e n t s l e е р i l ; r : .
We didn't see her.
with Do
Contraсtions
didnot = didn't

3 . Fuтuпг
Contraсtions with VУil/ Fuтuвв wlтн Wtt.t
Iwill = l'll |,||tаkethеtr аin.
youw i l l = y o u ' l l It'llbe fasterthatwav.
h ew i l l = h e ' l l We'llgo together.
shew i l l = s h e ' l l H еw o n'tсo mew ithus.
itwill = i t' l l Theywon't missthetrain.
w ew i l l = w e ' l l
youw i l l = y o u ' l l
thеywiIl = thеy,ll
willnot = won't

(continuеd on nехt pagе)

345
,.liЁ.]н*ii'fiiЦnlti

у'

Contraсtions with Be going to Fuтuпв wlтн 8g GoINGтo

l аmgoi n gt o = l ,m g o i n gto |,mgoingto buytiсkets tomorrow.
youaregoingto = you'regoingto S hе,sgo ingto сalIyo u.
hе is goingto = he,sgoingto I t'sgo ingto r ainso o n,
shеis goingto = she,sgoingto We'regoingto driveto Boston.
it is goingto = it's goingto Тhey,re goingto сrash!
Wearegoingto = Wе,rеgoingto
youaregoingto = you'regoingto
theyaregoingto = they'regoingto

4 . Pпгsншт
PгпгrстANDPRЕsЕNт
PЕRFEст
Pпoспвsslvв
contraсtionswith Haye
I hаvе = l,ve You'vealreadyreadthatpage.
youhave = you've We'vebeenwritingforan hour.
he has = he's She,sbeento Afriсаthreetimеs.
shehas = she's lt,sbeеnrainingsinсeyesterday.
it has = it's We haven,tseenanye|еphants yet.
wе have = We,vе Тheyhaven,tbeenIivinghеre|ong.
youhave = you've Shehasn'ttakenanyphotos today.
theyhave = they've
hаvenot = haven,t
hasnot = hasn't

5. MooдI-s
ANDMoDAL.LIкЕ
Expпвssloшs
сannotor саnnot = сan,t Shесan,tdanсe.
сou|dnot = сouldn,t W esho uldn'tgo .
shouldnot = shouldn't Тhey,d betterdeсide.
hаdbetter = ,d
better |,dpreferсoffee.
wou|dprefer = ,d prеfer
Shew o uldn't.
wouldnot = wouldn't l'd rathertakethebus.
wouldrather = 'd
rather

сou|dhave = сould,ve
shou|dhavе = should,vе W есo uld,ve
w aI ked.
wouldhаvе = would,ve We might,vearrived|аte.
musthave = must've
mighthave = might've

6. CoшolтloNAls
Wlт}lWouto
lwould = l'd |fI hadtimе,l,dtravel'
youwould = you'd lf youmovedhere,you'dbe happy.
hewould = he'd |fsheknewtheanswе1 she,dtell you.
shewould = she'd We,dbuya nеWсarif we hadthemoney.
we would = we'd |fyouinvitedthem,they,dсome.
youwould = you'd lf I hadknown,I would'vetoldyou.
theywould = they'd l wouldn,tdo thаtif I wereyou'
wouldhavе = would,ve
wouldnot = wouldn't

346
 Punсtuation Rules for Direсt Speech
Direсtspeeсhmayеitherfol|owor сomеbeforеthereporting Whendireсtspeeсhсomesbeforethereporting verb,
vеrb.Whеndirесtspeесhfollowsthеreporting verb, a. Beginthesеntenсе withopening marks(,,).
quotаtion
а. Puta сOmmа afterthеrеporting vеrb. b' Usеtheappropriаtе endpunсtuationforthеdirесtspeeсh.
b. Useopening quotation marks(..)bеforethefirstwordof lf thеdirесtspeeсhis a statеmеnt,
usеa сomma(,).
thedireсtspeесh. lf thеdirесtspeeсhis a question,
useа question
mark(?).
с. Beginthequotation witha сapital|еttеr. lf thedireсtspeeсhis аn exсlаmation,
usean exсlamation
d. Usetheappropriatе еndpunсtuation forthedirесtspeeсh. po int(! ).
lt maybe a period(.),a quеstion
mark(?),or an exс|аmа. с. Usесlosingquotation marksaftertheеndpunсtuation
for
j
tionpoint(!). thеdireсtspеeсh(,,).
е. Putсlosingquotation marks(,,)afterthеendpunсtuation d. Beginthereportingсlausewitha lower-саse
|еttеr.
of thequotаtion. e. Usеа periodat thееndof thеmainsentеnсe (.).
Еxamples: Hesaid,,,Ihаdа goodtimе.,, ,,I
Еxamples: hаda goodtime,,, he sаid.
5heаskеd,,,Wherе,s theparty?,, ,,Where,s
thеparty?,,
sheaskеd.
,,Be ,,Be
Тheyshoutеd, сarеful!,, саrеfu|!,,
theyshouted.

Pronunсiation Table
VowвI.s coшsoшдштs
Symbol KeyWord Symbol KeyWord Symbol КeyWord Symbol КeyWord
i beat,fеed а b a n a n aa,m o ng p paсk,happy ! ship,maсhine,
stаtion,
r bit,did т shirt,murder b baсk,rubber speсiaI,
disсussion
еI date,paid aI bite,сry,buy, t tie 3 mеasurе,
vision
е bet,bed eye d die h hot,who
& bat,bad au about,how k сame,key,quiсk m men
o box,odd,father JI voiсe,boy g gamе,guеst n sun,knoщpnеumonia
э bought,dog rr beer tI сhurсh,nature,
watсh Ц sung,r inging
ou boat,road tr bare d3 judge,genеrаI,
major w wet,white
u book,good or bar f fan,photograph I light,lo ng
u boot,food, )r door v van r right,wrong
student ur tour 0 thing,breath y yes,use,musiс
A but,mud, б thеn,breаthе t. buttеr,bottlе
mothеr
Sтввss s sip,сity,psyсhology
' showsmain stress.
Z zip,p|eаse,
goes

347
 Pronunciation Rules for the Simple Present Tense:
Third-Person Singular (he, she, it)
1. Тhethirdpersonsingular present
in thesimp|е tеnsealways 4. Thefina|soundis pronounсеd
/z/aftеral|vowelsounds,
еndsin thelettеr.s.Тhereаre,howеver, pro-
threеdifferent agree agreеs
forthefinalsoundof thethirdperson
nunсiations singular. try triеs
lsl lzl ltzl stay stays
tаlks |ovеs dаnсes know knows
2. ThefinaIsoundis pronounсed
/s/afterthevoiсeIess
sounds 5. ТhefinaIsoundis pronounсed |п|aftеrthеsounds Is|,Iz|,
lpl, lll, lkl,andlfL It|,$|' /f/, andlфl' llzl addsa syllable
to thеvеrb.
top tops rе|aх rе|aхеs
get gets freеzе frеezеs
tаke tаkes rush rushes
| аugh | аu g h s massаgе massages
watсh wаtсhes
3. Thefina|soundis pronounсed |zl afterthevoiсеdsounds j udge j udges
lbl,ldl,lgl,lvl, 16l,lml,lnl,lr1l,lll,andlrl.
desсribе dеsсribеs 6. Do andsаyhavеа сhangе
in vowеlsound.
spend spends say Isttl says |sеz|
hug hugs do ldul does ldьzl
live lives
bаthe bathеs
seem seеms
r e mai n remains
sing sings
tell t e l ls
lower lowers

] Pronunсiation Rules for the Simple Past Tense of Regular Verbs

1 . Therеgu|аrsimp|еpastaIwаys -d.Тhere
endsin thе|ettеr massаge massaged
аrе,howevеr, pronunсiations
thrеediffеrent forthefinа| сhange сhanged
soundof thеregularsimp|epast. rhymе rhymed
Itl ldl ltdl return returned
rасed |ived attendеd bаng banged
enr o ll enr o lled
2. Thefinalsoundis pronounсed /t/afterthеvoiсe|ess
sounds аppеar appеared
lpl, lkl,lfl,lsl,l[], andI{1. bathе bathеd
hop hopped
4. Thefina|soundis pronounсеd
/d/afterаlIvowe|sounds.
work worked
l au gh l aug h e d agree agreеd
address аddrеssed p|ay p|аyed
pu bl i s h pu b l i s h e d die died
watсh watсhed еnjoy еnjoyed
row rowеd
3 . Тhefinalsoundis pronounсеd /d/afterthevoiсedsounds
|b|'|g|,|v|,|z|,|3|,|ф|,|m|,|n|,|цl,||l,|r|,and|6l' 5. Тhefina|soundis pronounсed/rd/after|tlаnd/d/.
/td/addsa syllаble
to thevеrb.
rub rubbеd
hug huggеd start stаrted
l i ve lived deсide deсided
surprise surprised

348