Ideal Gas 

 
It is a gas that obeys equation p.v= constant.T for all values of p, V, T.

p= pressure
V=volume
T= temperature in kelvin, 273.15 + celsius

Equation of state

pV=nRT
n= 8.314

p1.V 1 p2.V 2
T1 = T2

Boyle’s law: V∝ 1/p (constant n, T)

Charle’s law: V∝ T (constant n, P)

Boyle's law and charle’s law come together to make ideal gas equation.

V∝ T/p
V=KT/P
pV/T=K

p​1​V​1​/T​1 =
​ p​2​V​2​/T​2

Internal energy of the system:

It is the ​sum of potential and kinetic energies​ of molecules/atoms/particles
in random motion
The mole and avogadro's constant:
One​ ​mole​ is defined as the amount of substance that has the same
number of particles as there are atoms in 12g of carbon 12 isotope.

So one mole of carbon 12 isotope contains 6.02x10​23​ carbon 12 atoms and

has a mass of 12g.

Avogadro's constant​ is the number of particles/atoms/molecules in one

mole= 6.02x10​23

Ideal gas laws​:

Forces between molecules are negligible(except in collisions)

Volume of the molecules is negligible compared with the total volume

occupied by the gas.

All collisions between molecules and the contained walls are perfectly
elastic.

The time spent in colliding is negligible compared with the time between
collisions

There are many identical molecules that move at random.

 pV=⅓.mN<C>​2
m= mass of 1 molecule
N= no of molecules
N​A​= avogadro’s no

Derivation​:
Consider a collision in which the
molecule strikes side ABCD of the cube.
It rebounds elastically in the opposite
direction, so that its velocity is -c. Its
momentum changes from mc to-mc. The change in momentum arising from
this single collision is thus:
Change in momentum= -mc - (+mc)
=-mc -mc = -2mc

Between consecutive collisions with side ABCD, th molecule travels a

distance of 2l at speed c. hence: time between collisions with side
ABCD=2l/c

force= change in momentum/time taken= 2mc/(2l/c)= ​mc​2​x​/l

The area of side ABCD is l​2​ , therefore

pressure= F/A= (mc​2​/l)/l​2​= ​mc​x​2​/l​3

As particles are moving in all directions, ​c​x​= c​y​ = c​z

For 3 dimensional movements, ​<c​2​>= c​2​x + 2​ 2​
​ c​ y​ + c​ z
But, as c​x​= c​y​ = c​z ;​ ​<c>​2​= 3c​x​2
<c>​2​= mean square speed
therefore, F= mc​2​/3l, from mc​x​2​/l
And also, p= m<c>​2​/3l​3​ from p=mc​x​2​/l​3
Which means as l​3​=V , p=m<c>​2​/3V or pV=⅓ m<c>​2​ (for one molecule)
For one mole, pV=⅓ mN<c>​2​ , N is avogadro's no.
Relation between pressure and density:
pV=⅓ mN<c>​2
mN= total mass
pV=⅓ M<c>​2
Rearranging, p=⅓ ⍴<c>​2​ , where ​ρ= density, M/V

Temperature and molecular kinetic energy:

(derivation)
pV=⅓ mN<c>​2
pV=nRT

Taking pV common,
⅓ mN<c>​2​= nRT

m<c>​2​= 3nRT/N
as N/n=N​A
m<c>​2​= 3RT/N​A

And R/N​A​=k .. k= boltzmann constant.

Therefore FINALLY, m<c>​2​=3kT

m<c>​2​= 3RT/N​A
If we divide by 2, we get an expression for kinetic energy,
½ m<c>​2​= 3/2*RT/N​A

R/N​A​= k
Therefore,
½ m<c​2​>=3/2.KT

The mean translational kinetic energy of an atom(or molecule) of an ideal

gas is proportional to the thermodynamic temperature.