CE 134- Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Chapter 8
Design of Slabs

Prepared by: Richelle G. Zafra, PhD

 Chapter 8 Outline
1. Introduction
2. Design of One-Way Slabs
• Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement
• Other Design Requirements
• Analysis by the ACI Coefficient Method
3. Design of Two-Way Slabs
• Analysis by the ACI Moment Coefficient Method
• Other Design Requirements
4. Equivalent Slab Load Transferred to Supporting
Beams 2
Types of Slabs

3
 One-Way Slab

www.studyblue.com

4
http://nisee.berkeley.edu/elibrary
Two-Way Slab

5
www.buildinghow.com
Two-Way Flat Plate

6
http://nisee.berkeley.edu/elibrary
Two-Way Flat Slab with
Drop Panels

http://nisee.berkeley.edu/elibrary7
 Waffle Slab

www.studyblue.com

8
www.flickriver.com
 Framing Concepts
6m 6m
6m

Where shall we
put the beams or
girders?
6m

9
Floor Plan
 Framing Concepts (Cont.)
6m 6m
• We can first assume
girders running in
6m

one direction
• How does it bend?
6m

Slab is very wide

10
Floor Plan and long!
 Framing Concepts (Cont.)
6m 6m

• Need to shorten the

6m

slab span with

additional beams
• Need to support
load from new
beams with
6m

additional
supporting beams
11
Floor Plan
 Load Paths
Tributary Area
6m 6m Load transferred
from slab to beam
A 1 B C
Wu
6m

1 2
2
wu
D E F Pu 
2
6m

A B
G H I
12
 Load Paths (Cont.)
Tributary Area
6m 6m Load transferred
from slab to beam
A B C
Wu
6m

1 2
1 2
wu
D E F Pu 
2
6m

A D
G H I
13
 Two Load Path Options

Framing Plan 1 Framing Plan 2

14
 Framing Concepts-Considerations

For your structure:

• Look for a natural “load” path
• Identify which column lines are best suited
to having major framing members (i.e.
girders)
• CHB walls do not carry structural load

15
 Example

Condo Floor Plan Framing Plan 16

Source: Jiravacharadet, 2013
One-Way Slab
If the ratio of width S to
length L,
S
 0.50
L
• most of the load is carried
in the short direction to
the supporting beams
• one-way action is
obtained even though
supports are provided on
all sides 17
 One-Way Slab (Cont.)
• Thus, bending moments
are the same in all strip
“s” spanning in the short
direction between
Strip s
supported edges

• Whereas, there is no
Strip l bending moment in the
long strips “l” in the long
direction
18
 Analysis and Design of
One-Way Slab
For purposes of analysis and design, a unit strip may
be considered as a rectangular beam of unit width

Unit strip

Temperature bars
Main bars

19
 Minimum Thickness of One-Way Slabs

Solid Slab Ribbed Slab

20
 Table 7.1 Minimum Thickness of
One-Way Slabs (NSCP, 2010)
Simply One End Both ends Cantilever
Slab Type Supported Continuous continuous
1. Solid one-
L 20 L 24 L 28 L 10
way slabs
2. Beams or
ribbed one- L 16 L 18.5 L 21 L8
way slabs

where: L = center-to-center span length in the direction

of bending
Values given shall be used directly for members with
normal weight concrete and Grade 415 reinforcement. 21
 Minimum Thickness of
One-Way Slabs

For other conditions, the values shall be modified

as:

a) For structural lightweight concrete having unit

weight in the range 1,500-2,000 kg/m3, the
values shall be multiplied by (1.65-0.005wc) but
not less than 1.09, where wc is the unit weight
in kg/m3.
b) For fy other than 415 MPa, the values shall be
multiplied by 0.4  fy 700
22
 Shrinkage and Temperature Bars

• In one-way slabs,
reinforcement is
provided to resist the
bending moments in
the short direction.

• However, contraction
Temperature
takes place equally bars
in all directions. Main bars

23
 Shrinkage and Temperature Bars

• It is necessary to provide
reinforcement for
shrinkage and
temperature contraction
in the direction
perpendicular to the
main reinforcement.
• This added steel is known Temperature
bars
as temperature or Main bars
shrinkage reinforcement
or distribution steel. 24
 Other Design Requirements

1. Slab thickness, t : 100 mm to 250 mm

2. Clear bar cover: 20 mm

3. Main reinforcing bars: 10mm ø or 12mm ø bars

4. Temperature bars: 10 mm ø

25
 Other Design Requirements (Cont.)

5. Main bar spacing:

s  smax = smaller of 3t or 450 mm
6. Temperature bar spacing
s  smax = smaller of 5t or 450 mm
7. Minimum ratio of main bars = minimum ratio of
shrinkage and temperature bars
8. Minimum ratio of shrinkage and temperature bars
Given in Table 7.2 but should not be less than
0.0014. 26
 Table 7.2 Minimum Ratio of Shrinkage and
Temperature Reinforcement (NSCP, 2010)

Slab Type Ratio, r

Slabs where Grade 230 or 275
deformed bars are used 0.0020

Slabs where Grade 415 deformed bars

or welded wire fabric (smooth or 0.0018
deformed) are used
Slabs where reinforcement with yield
strength exceeding 415 MPa 0.0018  415
measured at yield strain of 0.35 fy
percent is used 27
 Design of Continuous Beams and
One-Way Slabs

ACI Coefficient Method

• An alternate to frame analysis for computing

bending moments and shears
• Can be used for continuous beams and one-
way slabs

28
 ACI Coefficient Method
Conditions:
1) There are two or more spans;
2) Spans are approximately equal, with the larger
of two adjacent spans not greater than the
shorter by more than 20 percent;
3) Loads are uniformly distributed;
4) Unit live load does not exceed three times unit
dead load; and
5) Members are prismatic.
29
 ACI Coefficients
POSITIVE MOMENT
End Spans
Discontinuous end unrestrained wu Ln 2 11

Discontinuous end integral with support wu Ln 2 14

Interior Spans wu Ln 2 16
where: wu = total factored load per unit length of beam/per
unit area of slab
Ln = clear span for positive moment and shear, ave.
of two adjacent clear spans for negative moment 30
 ACI Coefficients (Cont.)
NEGATIVE MOMENT
At exterior face of first interior support
2
Two spans wu Ln 9
2
More than two spans wu Ln 10
2
At other faces of interior supports wu Ln 11
At face of all supports for slabs with
spans not exceeding 3 meters, and 2
beams where ratio of sum of column wu Ln 12
stiffness to beam stiffness exceeds eight
at each end of span 31
 ACI Coefficients (Cont.)

NEGATIVE MOMENT (Cont.)

At interior face of exterior support for
members built integrally with supports:
where support is a spandrel beam wu Ln 2 24

where support is a column wu Ln 2 16

32
 ACI Coefficients (Cont.)

SHEAR
At face of first interior support 1.5 wuLn 2

At face of all other supports wu Ln 2

33
 ACI Coefficients (Cont.)

34
https://courses.cit.cornell.edu/arch264/calculators/conc-system/index.html
 One-Way Slab Design Procedure

1. Identify the uniform floor pressure (Pa) to be

carried by the slab. This load may consist of
a) Dead load, DL (Pa) including attachments
below the slab (i.e ceiling, utilities)
b) Live load, LL (Pa)

2. Determine the minimum slab thickness, t

based on Table 7.1 (NSCP, 2010).

3. Compute the weight of slab.

wslab   concrete x t 35
 One-Way Slab Design Procedure

4. Compute the effective depth, d

d  t  concrete cov er  db 2

5. Compute Mu

6. Set the required strength Mu equal to the design

strength  Mn. Then calculate the required R.
Consider 1-m strip width (b = 1000 mm).
where: R = flexural resistance factor

36
 One-Way Slab Design Procedure

7. For the specified material strengths, find the

steel ratio r that will provide that R.
0.85fc'  2R 
r 1  1  '
fy  0.85fc 

8. Solve for rmin and rmax

• If rmin < r < rmax, use r
• If r > rmax, increase slab thickness to ensure
ductile failure
• If r < rmin, use r = rmin 37
 One-Way Slab Design Procedure

9. Calculate the required steel area As

As  rbd where: b  1000 mm
10.Select the size and number of bars
11.Compute the required main bar spacing
Abar
smain   3t , 450 mm
As
1000
12.Compute the required temperature bar spacing
Abar
stemp   5t , 450 mm
As temp 38
1000
 Example 1
A reinforced concrete building floor system is to be
designed for the following service loads:

Dead Load:
Self-weight - 23.544 KN/m3
Topping and finishes - 1.10 KPa
Utilities - 0.50 KPa
Partition loads - 1.00 KPa

Live Load - 2.40 KPa

39
 Example (Cont.)
The floor system

7.00m 4.25m 4.375m

consists of a
continuous slab
built monolithically
with its supporting
beams, as shown in
plan in the figure.
A A

3.375m 4@3.25 = 13.0m 3.375m

40
Section A-A
 Example (Cont.)
Design the shaded slab. Round-up slab thickness
to the nearest 25 mm.
Use material strengths f’c = 28 MPa, fy = 275 MPa
(12 mm diameter for main bars, 10 mm diameter
for temperature bars if needed). Assume all
beams to have dimensions of b = 250 mm (width)
and d = 500 mm (effective depth).
Draw a sketch showing all concrete dimensions,
and size, spacing of reinforcements. Express
reinforcement spacing in multiples of 25 mm.
41
Two-Way Slab

If the ratio of width S to

length L,
S
 0.50
L
The slab is classified as
two-way slab.

42
 Two-Way Slab (Cont.)
• When loaded, the
slab bends into a
dished surface rather
than a cylindrical one.
• The slab is curved in
both directions; hence
moment exists in both
directions.
• The slab must be reinforced in both directions, by at
least two layers of bars perpendicular, respectively,
to two pairs of edges. 43
 Thickness of Two-Way Slabs

Minimum slab thickness

S Perimeter 2S  L 
tmin  
180 180
where:
L
S, L = center-to-center
span length

44
 Design of Continuous
Two-Way Slabs

ACI Coefficient Method

• Determination of moment in two-way slabs with

various conditions of continuity at the supported
edges is mathematically formidable and not
suited to design practice.
• For a variety of edge conditions, the method
makes use of tables of moment coefficients.

45
 ACI Moment Coefficient Method
Design Regions
Column Middle Column
strip strip strip
Column
strip
- MS Sn 4

Middle - ML + MS - ML Sn 2
strip + ML
Column
strip
- MS Sn 4

Ln 4 Ln 2 Ln 4
Middle strip moment: MMS  C wu l n 2
2
Column strip moment: MCS  MMS 46

3
 ACI Moment Coefficient Method
Design Moments
The moments in the middle strip in the two
directions are computed from

Ma  Cawl a2 Short Direction

Mb  Cbwl b2 Long Direction

where:
Ca, Cb = tabulated moment coefficients
wu = uniform load
la , lb = length of clear span in short and long
47
directions, respectively
Table 7.3
Coefficients
for negative
moment in
slabsa

48
Table 7.4
Coefficients
for dead load
positive
moments in
slabsa

49
Table 7.5
Coefficients
for live load
positive
moments in
slabsa

50
 Various Edges of Continuity
1
4 9 9 9 9 4
2

3
8 2 2 2 2 8
4

5 4 9 9 9 9 4

6
Building Floor Plan
7 8 9 51
 Other Design Requirements
1. Slab thickness, t : 100 mm to 250 mm

2. Clear bar cover: 20 mm

3. Main reinforcing bars: 10mm ø or 12mm ø bars

4. No temperature bars
5. Main bar spacing:
s  smax = 2t
6. Minimum ratio of main bars = minimum ratio of
shrinkage and temperature bars (see Table 7.2) 52
 Example 2
Design Slab B of the floor system of Example 1.

7.00m 4.25m 4.375m

A A
Slab
B

Slab
A

3.375m 4@3.25 = 13.0m 3.375m

53
Section A-A