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• Soft cerumen is more common in children, and hard cerumen is more common
in
adults.
• Soft cerumen is moist and sticky, whereas hard cerumen has a dry, desiccated
consistency.
• In soft cerumen, the sheets of keratin squames are small. In hard cerumen, the
sheets
are large, dense, and much more prominent.
• The corneocytes are expanded in soft cerumen, but not in hard cerumen.
• Hard cerumen is more likely to be impacted, and it is the type we usually see in
office
practice.
Causes of accumulation
The cause of cerumen accumulation is probably a failure of corneocyte separation.
Dermatologists see a number of conditions that they call corneocyte retention disorders,
and that is what cerumen accumulation appears to be.
Keratosis obturans. Some patients have a plug in the ear canal that is pearly white and
is completely made up of densely compressed keratin squames. This type of plug is
extremely difficult to remove. Left untreated, the keratin sheets will continue to
desquamate into the lumen of the external auditory canal and the mass will continue to
enlarge. Over time, the pressure of this expansion can cause erosion of the bony canal.
While doing research at the University of Toronto, we hypothesized that cerumen
impaction is not a result of overproduction in the ceruminous glands, but a failure of
individual corneocytes in the stratum corneum to separate. In normal individuals,
corneocytes separate from each other as the stratum corneum migrates laterally from the
deep external auditory canal through the deep superficial junction. As a consequence of
this failure to separate, the large keratin sheets are not carried out by normal migration.
Instead, they accumulate in the deep canal.
We postulated that patients whose corneocytes fail to separate probably lack some
substance that destroys the attachments that bind individual corneocytes to each other,
thereby maintaining the integrity of the superficial keratin layer. We called this missing
ingredient keratinocyte attachment-destroying substance (KADS). It is our theory that
KADS releases those attachments and allows the cells to break down into individual
flakes and desquamate. In patients who do not have KADS, the keratin sheet does not
break down as it reaches the superficial canal; instead, it maintains its integrity. As a
result, it tends to roll back on itself, accumulate, and become coated with cerumen.
Eventually, it forms a plug.
Our theory holds that cerumen accumulation is a medical disorder rather than a natural
phenomenon. It is probably a disorder of the migratory epithelium in the superficial
external auditory canal, and it is probably genetic.
Possible KADS. We believe that there might be more than one KADS and that one of
these substances might be steroid sulfatase, which is an aryl-sulfatase-C enzyme. Steroid
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sulfatase is normally present in epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and leukocytes. It is the only
enzyme known to be involved in the process of epidermal cell desquamation.
The cohesion of the cells of the stratum corneum is maintained by cholesterol sulfate,
which acts as an intercellular cement. Steroid sulfatase is believed to block the action of
cholesterol sulfate and allow the bonds to become free of each other. Our research
shows that in normal individuals, steroid sulfatase activity is greater in the epithelium of
the deep external auditory canal than it is in the superficial external canal. Therefore,
steroid sulfatase appears to be responsible for the separation of the keratinocytes as they
migrate outwardly. Steroid sulfatase is responsible for an X-linked recessive ichthyosis
(a corneocyte-retentive condition in which scales of keratin adhere to the skin). Over
time, these keratin scales accumulate and turn dark brown. We believe that a similar
mechanism is primarily responsible for cerumen accumulation.
Ceruminolytics
There is a great need for a better ceruminolytic. A ceruminolytic should disrupt the
structural integrity of the keratin sheets and thereby soften, loosen, liquefy, and/or
dissolve cerumen and perhaps even float it out. The integrity of the cell membrane is
thus reduced, which allows water to pass into the corneocytes along an osmotic gradient.
The hydration causes the corneocytes to swell and fragment. The aim of ceruminolysis
is to disrupt the keratinocytes on the outside of the plug, as well as those that are located
between the plug and the ear canal. Once this is accomplished, the cerumen can be
removed by curettage, aspiration, or microdebridement.
The two types of available ceruminolytics are aqueous and organic. Among the
aqueous solutions are ordinary water, 10% sodium bicarbonate, 3% hydrogen peroxide,
2% acetic acid, and a combination of 0.5% aluminum acetate and 0.03% benzethonium
chloride. Overall, aqueous solutions do a fairly good job of expanding and loosening or
dissolving cerumen plugs. Oil-based organic solutions include olive oil, glycerin,
propylene glycol, spirit of turpentine, and liquid paraffin. They basically do nothing but
lubricate. They do not dissolve or expand corneocytes, and as a result they have no
effect on the structural integrity of keratin squames.
Some ceruminolytics—particularly the organic solutions—can cause sensitivity
reactions, such as contact dermatitis. Also, a failure to remove cerumen completely can
result in a fungal superinfection. Another possible complication is ototoxicity, which
can occur if a perforation is present. In many patients, a cerumen plug blocks the view
of the tympanic membrane, so we cannot know for certain whether a perforation is
present. Nevertheless, we can make an educated guess with a reasonable degree of
reliability.
The speed of a particular ceruminolytic's action depends on the removal technique you
will use, the amount of cerumen, the hardness of the cerumen (i.e., its keratin content),
and the temperature of the ceruminolytic.
Comments
Dr. Croxson: Aside from being more comfortable for the patient, why does warming
a ceruminolytic help?
Prof. Hawke: I'm not sure why it works, I just know that it does. We know that
cerumen stays hard longer in a cold ceruminolytic. Perhaps there is some substance in
cerumen that is temperature-sensitive.
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