DISSERTATION AND RESEARCH TUTORIAL

MITADTUs SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

DISSERTATION AND RESEARCH TUTORIAL

NAME- PRATHAMESH R. MAMIDWAR

ROLL NO – 14

UPRN – MITU16BARC0646

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QUESTIONS
Q. 1) What is Research: Definition ................................................................................................................................... 2
Q. 2) What is the Significance of Research?..................................................................................................................... 4
Q. 3) What makes people to do Research? ....................................................................................................................... 5
Q. 4) What are the criteria of a Good Research? .............................................................................................................. 5
Q.5) What are the types of Research according to application of research study? Give one example of each. ............... 6
Q. 6) As per objectives, how Research can be classified? Explain with examples........................................................... 7
Q. 7) What do you mean by Quantitative and Qualitative Research?............................................................................... 8
Q. 8) Explain in detail the steps involved in Research Process?..................................................................................... 10

Q. 1) What is Research: Definition

A careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific

methods. According to the American Sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “Research is a
systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon.
Research involves inductive and deductive methods.”
Inductive research methods are used to analyse an observed event. Deductive methods are used
to verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research and
deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative research.

Research is conducted with a purpose to understand:

What do organizations or businesses really want to find out?
What are the processes that need to be followed to chase the idea?
What are the arguments that need to be built around a concept?
What is the evidence that will be required for people to believe in the idea or concept?

Characteristics of research

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1) A systematic approach must be followed for accurate data. Rules and procedures are an
integral part of the process that set the objective. Researchers need to practice ethics and
a code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.
2) Research is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive
methods.
3) The data or knowledge that is derived is in real time from actual observations in natural
settings.
4) There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies
associated with it.
5) Research creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more
opportunities for research.
6) Research is analytical in nature. It makes use of all the available data so that there is no
ambiguity in inference.
7) Accuracy is one of the most important aspects of research. The information that is
obtained should be accurate and true to its nature. For example, laboratories provide a
controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used,
the calibrations of instruments or tools, and the final result of the experiment.

Objectives of the Research:

1. To find out the real facts-
As we know, every type of research has its own object but the basic aim of the research is
always to find out or obtained the information from the markets and societies and their number
of respondents. A researcher evaluates or finds the real or exact information for our problem-
related questions.

2. To achieve the new thoughts-

In this objective of the research, anybody can find new thoughts from the research. Research
is the process of finding the exact information through proper observation, optimization, and
experiments.
These are the scientific methods to find out or evaluate the information which is very necessary
for evaluating the problem task.

3. To evaluate the information-

The first aim of the research is to find out the information and then evaluate them in an
appropriate or efficient manner so that they can easily design the research problem and solve
them also.
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A researcher evaluates the information through various scientific approaches and methods,
statistical analysis and procedures, and another type of tables and graphs.

4. To test a hypothesis-
In this objective of the research, the researcher does the causal relationship between the
variables (it can also be said that the hypothesis testing research studies). The hypothesis
testing study represents the number of actions like these terms:
(a) Making a formal statement,
(b) Selecting a significance level,
(c) Deciding the distribution use,
(d) Selecting a random sample and computing an appropriate value,
(e) Calculation of the probability,
(f) Comparing the probability.

5. To design or implement the research-

After the collection of all information, the researcher prepares the structure of a research design
for the company so that they can easily describe or identify the structure of a particular research
theme. The research designs can be broadcasted into two forms such as experimental designs
and non-experimental designs.
After the structure of the research design, the researcher implements them in a problem and
find out the optimum factor to solve them.

6. To improve the understanding-

In this objective of the research, the researcher helps to improve the understanding of a
particular topic by asking what else needs to be evidenced before the research is purposeful,
or what knowledge could be assembled from a more focused investigation, or scrutiny of the
existing findings.

Q. 2) What is the Significance of Research?

The research means the systematic investigation as well as the study of sources or material or
things so that the facts can be established or the conclusion can draw.
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So, it’s actually about finding the truth through experiment or investigation using the scientific
methods.
Now a research has the clear significance and important things.
1) All the previous laws and theories made regarding any subject are just the result of
research
2) Modern scientific study and experiments are purely basis on the research
3) Our science books are the result of the research
4) It also helps in the writing or research paper or publishing the research being the
scientist.
5) These are helpful in conclusion and ultimately improvement of the scientific things.

Q. 3) What makes people to do Research?

 Following are the reasons of doing research:

The main purpose of research is to inform action, to prove a theory, and contribute to
developing knowledge in a field or study. Following points will highlight the
significance of research:
1. A tool for building knowledge and for facilitating learning.
2. Means to understand various issues and increase Public Awareness.
3. An aid to business success.
4. A way to prove Lies and to support Truths.
5. Means to Find, Gauge and Seize opportunities.
6. It seeds to love reading, writing, analysing and sharing valuable information.
7. Nourishment and exercise for the mind.

Q. 4) What are the criteria of a Good Research?

1) A good research design often possesses the qualities of being flexible, suitable, efficient,
economical and so on. Generally, a research design which minimizes bias and maximizes the
reliability of the data collected and analysed is considered a good design (Kothari 1988).
2) A research design which does not allow even the smallest experimental error is said to be
the best design for investigation.
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3) Further, a research design that yields maximum information and provides an opportunity
of viewing the various dimensions of a research problem is considered to be the most
appropriate and efficient design.
4) Thus, the question of a good design relates to the purpose or objective and nature of the
research problem studied.
5) While a research design may be good, it may not be equally suitable to all studies. In other
words, it may be lacking in one aspect or the other in the case of some other research problems.
Therefore, no single research design can be applied to all types of research problems.
6) A research design suitable for a specific research problem would usually involve the
following considerations:
i. The methods of gathering the information;
ii. The skills and availability of the researcher and his/her staff, if any;
iii. The objectives of the research problem being studied;
iv. The nature of the research problem being studied; and
v. The available monetary support and duration of time for the research work.

Q.5) What are the types of Research according to application of research study?
Give one example of each.

Following are the types of research –

 Basic research: A basic research definition is data collected to enhance knowledge. The
main motivation is knowledge expansion. It is a non-commercial research that doesn’t
facilitate in creating or inventing anything. For example: an experiment to determine a
simple fact.

 Applied research: Applied research focuses on analysing and solving real-life

problems. This type refers to the study that helps solve practical problems using
scientific methods. Studies play an important role in solving issues that impact the
overall well-being of humans. For example: finding a specific cure for a disease.

 Problem oriented research: As the name suggests, problem-oriented research is

conducted to understand the exact nature of a problem to find out relevant solutions.
The term “problem” refers to multiple choices or issues when analysing a situation.
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For example, revenue of a car company has decreased by 12% in the last year. The
following could be the probable causes: there is no optimum production, poor quality
of a product, no advertising, or economic conditions.

 Problem solving research: This type of research is conducted by companies to

understand and resolve their own problems. The problem-solving method uses applied
research to find solutions to the existing problems.

 Qualitative research: Qualitative research is a process that is about inquiry. It helps

create in-depth understanding of problems or issues in their natural settings. This is a
non-statistical method.

Qualitative research is heavily dependent on the experience of the researchers and the
questions used to probe the sample. The sample size is usually restricted to 6-10 people.
Open-ended questions are asked in a manner that encourages answers that lead to
another question or group of questions. The purpose of asking open-ended questions is
to gather as much information as possible from the sample.

 Quantitative research: Qualitative research is a structured way of collecting data and

analysing it to draw conclusions. Unlike qualitative methods, this method uses a
computational and statistical process to collect and analyse data. Quantitative data is all
about numbers.

Quantitative research involves a larger population — more people means more data.
With more data to analyse, you can obtain more accurate results. This method uses
close-ended questions because the researchers are typically looking to gather statistical
data.

Q. 6) As per objectives, how Research can be classified? Explain with examples.

Research requires the collection of data in order to understand a phenomenon. This can be
done in a number of ways, and will depend on the state of existing knowledge of the topic
area. The researcher can:
 Explore a little-known issue. The researcher has an idea or has observed
something and seeks to understand more about it (exploratory research).
 Connect ideas to understand the relationships between the different aspects of an
issue, i.e. explain what is going on (explanatory research).

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 Describe what is happening in more detail and expand the initial understanding
(explicatory or descriptive research).

Q. 7) What do you mean by Quantitative and Qualitative Research?

Quantitative research: Qualitative research is a structured way of collecting data and

analysing it to draw conclusions. Unlike qualitative methods, this method uses a computational
and statistical process to collect and analyse data. Quantitative data is all about numbers.
Quantitative research involves a larger population — more people means more data. With
more data to analyse, you can obtain more accurate results. This method uses close-ended
questions because the researchers are typically looking to gather statistical data.

Online surveys, questionnaires, and polls are preferable data collection tools used in
quantitative research. There are various methods of deploying surveys or questionnaires.
Online surveys allow survey creators to reach large amounts of people or smaller focus groups
for different types of research that meet different goals. Survey respondents can receive
surveys on mobile phones, in emails, or can simply use the internet to access surveys.

Quantitative Research Methods: Types with Examples

As mentioned above, quantitative research is data-oriented. There are two methods to conduct
quantitative research. They are:

Primary Quantitative Research Methods

There are four different types of quantitative research methods:
Primary quantitative research is the most widely used method of conducting market research.
The distinct feature of primary research is that the researcher focuses on collecting data
directly rather than depending on data collected from previously done research. Primary
quantitative research can be broken down into three further distinctive tracks, as well as the
process flow. They are:

A. Techniques and Types of Studies

There are multiple types of primary quantitative research. They can be distinguished
into the four following distinctive methods, which are:

Survey Research:
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Survey Research is the most fundamental tool for all quantitative research
methodologies and studies. Surveys used to ask questions to a sample of respondents,
using various types such as online polls, online surveys, paper questionnaires, web-
intercept surveys, etc. Every small and big organization intends to understand what their
customers think about their products and services, how well are new features faring in
the market and other such details.

Cross-sectional surveys: Cross-sectional surveys are observational surveys conducted

in situations where the researcher intends to collect data from a sample of the target
population at a given point in time. Researchers can evaluate various variables at a
particular time. Data gathered using this type of survey is from people who depict
similarity in all variables except the variables which is considered for research.
Throughout the survey, this one variable will stay constant.

Qualitative research: Qualitative research is a process that is about inquiry. It helps

create in-depth understanding of problems or issues in their natural settings. This is a
non-statistical method.

Qualitative research is heavily dependent on the experience of the researchers and

the questions used to probe the sample. The sample size is usually restricted to 6-10
people. Open-ended questions are asked in a manner that encourages answers that lead
to another question or group of questions. The purpose of asking open-ended questions
is to gather as much information as possible from the sample.

Qualitative Research Methods with Examples

Qualitative research methods are designed in a manner that they help reveal the
behaviour and perception of a target audience with reference to a particular topic. There
are different types of qualitative research methods like an in-depth interview, focus
groups, ethnographic research, content analysis, case study research that are usually
used.

The results of qualitative methods are more descriptive and the inferences can be drawn
quite easily from the data that is obtained.

Qualitative research methods originated in the social and behavioural sciences. Today
our world is more complicated and it is difficult to understand what people think and
perceive. Qualitative research methods make it easier to understand that as it is more
communicative and descriptive.

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The following are the methods used for qualitative research:

1) One-to-one interview
2) Focus groups
3) Ethnographic research
4) Content/Text Analysis
5) Case study research

1. One-on-One Interview: Conducting in-depth interviews is one of the most common

qualitative research methods. It is a personal interview that is carried out with one
respondent at a time. This is purely a conversational method and invites opportunities
to get details in depth from the respondent.
2. Focus groups: A focus group is also one of the commonly used qualitative research
methods, used in data collection. A focus group usually includes a limited number of
respondents (6-10) from within your target market.
3. Ethnographic research: Ethnographic research is the most in-depth observational
method that studies people in their naturally occurring environment.
4. Case study research: The case study method has evolved over the past few years and
developed as into a valuable qualitative research method. As the name suggests it is
used for explaining an organization or an entity.
5. Record keeping: This method makes use of the already existing reliable documents and
similar sources of information as the data source. This data can be used in a new
research. This is similar to going to a library. There one can go over books and other
reference material to collect relevant data that can likely be used in the research.

Q. 8) Explain in detail the steps involved in Research Process?

1. Selection of topic
2. Reviewing the literature
3. Development of theoretical and conceptual frameworks
4. Clarification of research question/hypothesis
S. Research design
6. Data collection
7. Data analysis
8. Drawing conclusions

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Step 1.
Selection of topic
The stage that will take up most, if not all of your time at the beginning is that
of selecting a topic, and developing a preliminary research question and set of
objectives. The selection of your research question is a crucial stage, a san inappropriate
topic or question will often lead to irretrievable difficulties later in the
research, so it is worth dealing with this stage carefully. It is unlikely that you will
develop a final question and set of objectives at this stage of the research process,
and the following two stages are important in developing and assessing your
question more fully
Step 2.
Reviewing the literature
A literature review essentially consists of critically reading, evaluating and organising
existing literature on the topic to assess the state of knowledge in the area. During this stage
you should
aim to become an 'expert' in your field of research. The literature review I generally done
alongside the development of the theoretical and conceptual
frameworks (stage3 of the research process). Reading widely may also alert you
to other helpful factors, such as whether similar research has already been carried
out, show you the types of findings that you could expect, or provide descriptions
of the theoretical frameworks and previous methodologies adopted by others
doing similar research.

Step 3.
Development of theoretical and conceptual frameworks
As you read the literature, you should be continually developing and refining
your theoretical and conceptual frameworks. This is a stage that can often be
overlooked in the haste to collect data. It is, however, a vital part of the research
process, and is important in alerting you to potential problems before they
occur. Your theoretical framework refers to the underlying theoretical approach
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that you adopt to underpin your study, for example social learning theory, or
theories of self-efficacy. The conceptual framework defines and organises the
concepts important within the study.

Step 4.
Clarification of the research question
Stages1, 2 and 3 of the research process will initially, in many cases,become a
circular process, whereby initial research questions are chosen, investigated and
often rejected for a number of reasons, for example:
The question lacks sufficient focus.
The conceptual framework has identified problems in either defining and/or
measuring the appropriate concepts.
There are too many moderating or intervening variables.
The project is unfeasible in terms of complexity, access, facilities or resources.
Stages1 to 3 can take longer than initially anticipated, and you may well become
discouraged by a lack of success in identifying a good research question or
hypothesis. There are no easy methods to come up with an appropriate question,
and it can be very much a case of perseverance. Once you have developed a
good, focused research question, then the rest of the research process is based
upon answering that specific question. The importance of developing a clearly
focused question and set of research objectives at this stage cannot be overstated.
A common fault is the lack of clarity over the overall aim of the research. Without
this, it is difficult to maintain your vertical thread.

Step 5.
Research design
Once the focused research question has been ascertained, the next stage is to
consider “two questions:
1) What data do I need to collect to answer this question?
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2) What is the best way to collect this data?

Breaking this down into more detail, the issues faced by the researcher are:
1) What overall research design should I use? Willi, for example, use a cross-sectional,
experimental or longitudinal design?
2) Will I need to collect primary data, or will there be suitable secondary data
to use?
3) What methods, for example interviews, questionnaire surveys and so on, will
be the best ones to collect the primary data?
4) Who should participate in the research, and how Willi gain access to them?
5) What are the exact procedures that I should adopt in my data collection to
ensure reliability and validity?
Step 6.
Data collection
Once the issues identified in stages4 and 5 of the research process have been
addressed, then you should have a clear idea of what data to collect, and how
to collect it. You have to consider which methodology to choose, and which
methods to utilise within the methodology.

Step 7.
Data analysis and discussion of the findings
The data you collect in stage 6 needs to be analysed to provide answers to your
research question. Methods of data analysis should always be related to the
objectives of the research, that is your analysis should answer the research
question or hypothesis. In your discussion of the results, reference should also be
made back to the literature reviewed in stage 2; for example, how do the findings
add to this literature? Do they support the literature? If not, what are the possible
reasons why? A common fault is to discuss the findings with no reference back to

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the literature reviewed as part of stage 2 of the development of the conceptual

framework.

Step 8.
Drawing conclusions
This should relate back to the focused research question. Here, the answer to the
research question(s) should be clearly stated. You can evaluate how successful you
have been in achieving your research objectives, and highlight the strengths and
weaknesses of the research. You may also want to make recommendations for
further research.

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