LECTURE 1 OF 5

TOPIC : 5.0 FUNCTIONS AND

GRAPHS

SUBTOPIC : 5.1 Functions

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LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, students
should be able to
a) define a function.
b) identify a function from the graph by
using vertical line test.

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a) Define a function

A relation between two sets X and Y is the

matching between the elements of set X to
the corresponding elements of set Y.

In relation, the first set is called domain and

second set is called codomain.

The element in first set is called object and

the element in second set is called image.

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The set of images in second set is called
range.
A relation can be represented by arrow
diagram, ordered pairs or graph.

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a) arrow diagram

1 2

3 6

5 10

Set X Set Y

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b) ordered pairs
{(1, 2), (3, 6), (5, 10)}

c) graph
Y
10

6
2
X
0 1 3 5

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Example 1

1 2

3 6

10

Set A Set B

The arrow diagram shows the relation between

set A and set B.
a) State
i) the image for 1.
ii) the object for image 6.
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b) List the elements for
i) domain.
ii) codomain.
iii) range.

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Solution
a i) 2
ii) 3

b i) 1, 3
ii) 2, 6, 10
iii) 2, 6

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There are four types of relation
a) one to one
b) one to many

c) many to one

d) many to many

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a) one to one relation

1 2

3 6

5 10

Set X Set Y

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b) one to many relation

1 2

3 6

5 10

Set X Set Y

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c) many to one relation

1 2

3 6

5 10

Set X Set Y

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d) many to many relation

1 2

3 6

5 10

Set X Set Y

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A function is defined as a relation where
every element in the domain has a unique
image in the range.

Only one to one and many to one relations

are functions.
If function f maps element x from set X to
element y of set Y, then it is usually written as
f : x  y or f ( x)  y .

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A function, f from X to Y is onto if for every y
in Y, there is an x in X such that f(x) = y.
For onto function, the range equals its
codomain.

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a)

1 2

3 6

5 10

Set X Set Y

One to one function and onto

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b)

1 2

3 6

10

Set X Set Y

One to one function and not onto

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c)

1 2

3 6

Set X Set Y

Many to one function and onto

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d)

1 2

3 6

5 10

Set X Set Y

Many to one function and not onto

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Example 2
The function f is given by f ( x)  3x  6 .
Find
a) f (4) .
b) the value of x which has the image 18.
c) the value of x such that f ( x)  x .

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Solution
f ( x)  3x  6
a ) f (4)  3(4)  6
6
b) f ( x)  18
3 x  6  18
3 x  24
x 8
c) f ( x)  x
3x  6  x
2x  6
x3
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b) Identify a function from the graph by
using vertical line test

The vertical line test is a graphical method

used to determine whether a graph is a
function.
a) If the vertical line cuts the graph at exactly
one point, then the graph is a function.
b) If the vertical line cuts the graph at more
than one point, then the graph is not a
function.

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Example 3
Determine which of the following graphs are
function.
a) f(x) b) f(x)

x
0
x
0

c) f(x) d) f(x)

x 0 x
0

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Solution

a) f(x)

x
0

f(x) is a function

b) f(x)

x
0

f(x) is not a function

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c) f(x)

x
0

f(x) is a function

d) f(x)

0 x

f(x) is not a function

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