CCNA DEFINITIONS

100baseFX 50/125 or 62.5/125 SC/ST/MIC 412 meters

100baseT4 using 802.3 100MPS

100baseTX Category 5 RJ 45 100 meters

10base2 185 meters 50 ohms

10base5 500 meters 50 ohms

Access Lists Access lists must be created, then applied to an interface
Access lists can filter incoming or outgoing from an interface
Packets are compared only until a match is made
Packets that do not meet any criteria on the list are discarded
Wildcard masking:
Nifty, acts like a reverse subnet mask:
Example: 0.0.0.255 would wildcard all hosts on class C network
0.0.0.0 would indicate no wildcarding
Keywords:
Host: 0.0.0.0: just specified host
any: 255.255.255.255: absolutely anything
* when using keyword it comes before IP address, when using mask it comes
after!!!!

Address Resolution Protocol ARP is used to broadcast to find an IP address and what its hardware
ARP address.
advantages of segemntation manageabilty, increased funtionality, multipleactive paths
of routers
advantages of the reference 1 specialization of one layer. 2 changes with one layer doesn’t change other layers
model 3 compatability
AppleTalk Session Protocol Establishes and maintains sessions amid Appletalk client and server machines.
ASP
Application Layer Communicating aspects of an application.
Asynchrous Transfer Mode 53-byte cells high bandwidth, uses both switching and multiplexing uss fiber optic
ATM
Auxiliary Password used to set a password for auxiliary port
Backward Explict Cingestion Bit set by a frame relay network in frames traveling in opposite direction of frames
BECN encountering a cogested path. DTE receiving frames wih the BECN bit set can
request higher level protocols take flow control action.
Balanced Hybird Combines distance vector and link state algorithms.
banner motd# banners for the routers #banner motd <end Char>
yadda, yadda, yadda <end Char>

bfe For manual emergency modes settings

bridges Work at the MAC and Data layer. By segmenting a logical network into multiple
physical pieces, it ensures network reliability, availability, scalability, and
manageability. Disadvantages if unknown MAC address then It will send it
everybody
 CCNA DEFINITIONS
Bootstrap Protocol BootP Used by diskless machines. It broadcasts a BootP request on the network. A BootP
hears the requests and looks foe the MAC address and IP address.
Border Gateway Protocol Is an inter autonomous system protocol created for use on the Internet. It keeps
BGP track of all possible routes to a destination, but will advertise only what it considers
to be the best or optimal route in its update message. Can detect routing loops
Can work between AS

Carrier Sense Multiple
Access with Collision Detect
CSMA/CD
Cisco Basics
Flow Control. Token Passing: Token Ring, Fiddi, B114 Polling: SDLC, some HDLCIt
checks the cable to see if there's already another PC transmitting. Then it will
transmit.
Startup sequence
Bootstrap from ROM
Cisco IOS from Flash
From tftp
From ROM
Configuration File from NVRAM
From tftp server
From console

Configuring fallback sources #boot system flash <ios_filename>

for IOS software to boot from flash
#boot system tftp <ios_filename> <tftp_address>
to boot from remote tftp server
#boot system ROM
to boot from hard-coded ios version, this is a ‘last resort’ kind a thing to do

Console Password used to set the console password

Contention Ability to communicate with each other.
Convergence completion of packet movement
Counting to Infinity Caused by gossip and wrong information being communicated and propagated
throughout the internetwork. You can define a maximum hop account.

CTRL+A Move to the beginning of the command line

CTRL+B Move ack one character
CTRL+E Move to the end of the command line
CTRL+F Move forward one character
CTRL+F Move forward one word
CTRL+N Most recent command recall
CTRL+P Repeat previous command entry
CTRL+Z To end session
Cut Through LAN switch copies only the destination address into its onboard buffers. Reduce
latency
Data Encapsulation the information in a protocol is wrapped or contained in a packet
Data Encapsulation process 1. User information is converted to data. 2. Data is converted to segments. 3.
Segments are converted to packets. 4. Packets or datagrams are converted to
frames. 5. Frames are converted.
 CCNA DEFINITIONS
Data Link Connection Frame relay vitual circuits are identified by a logical connection between DTE
identifiers devices and data link connections identifies DLCI
Data Link layer Ensures that messages are delivered to the proper device and translates There are
two sublayers 1. Logical Link Control LLC. 2. Media Access Control MAC

Data Terminal Cisco cables

Equipment/Data
Communication Equipment
DTE/DCE
Dial on Demand Routing Allows wide area links to be used selectively and can be used as a back up system.
DDR Be sure and setup route as static, and with specified distance over 200 to make
sure it is ‘last resort’
Digital Network Architecture DECnet session Layer protocol
Session Control Protocol
DNA SCP
Distance- vector Uses second-hand info
Problems detecting /closing routing loops (counting to infinity)
Judges ‘best’ based on hop counts
Convergence can get pretty lengthy
Split horizon: enforces that inforation is not sent back in direction it came from
Route poisoning: Helps prevent incorrect updates by setting route down explicitly
Hold-downs: prevents routes from changing too quickly, to allow time for
stabilization

DOD Model Process/application ---> application, presentation, session Host-to-host --> transport
Internet --> network Network access --> Datalink / physical
 CCNA DEFINITIONS
Editing commands Editing commands
Toggle on/off: Terminal editing / terminal no editing
Control +
A move to beginning of line
E end
F forward
B back
P previous
N most recent
Show history
Terminal history size set buffer size
Arrow keys also work to edit and scroll through buffer
Passwords
Enable secret: one-way crypto password, has priority over ‘normal’ enable password

#config terminal
#enable secret <password>
Enable password: password to switch to priv mode
#config terminal
#enable password <password>
Virtual terminal password: password to allow telnet into router
#config terminal
#line vty 0 <max number of logins>
#login
#password <whatever password>

Enable Password Used when there is no enable secret password

Enable Secret It has precedence over enable password when it exists
Enhanced Interior Gateway Propertitary Cisco router. It combines the advantages of link state routing protocols
Routing Protocol EIGRP with those of distance vector protocols, so its considered a balanced hybrid routing
protocol.
Uses distance vectors, however they are triggered by changes, not timers.
Faster convergence, multiprotocol support

Encapsulation Framing is the process of taking from upper layer protocols and building frames to
transmit across the network
ESC+B Move back one word
Ethernet Cables 802.3 CSMA/CD | Ethernet_II | 802.2 10base2/thinnet: 185 meters
10base5/thicknet: 500 meters 10baseT: can run above 10Mbps 200ish meters 5-4-3
rule: 5 segments, 4 repeaters, 3 segments populated 100BaseTX: 100 meters, up to
2 repeaters. Packets between 512 and 1518.
 CCNA DEFINITIONS
Exterior Gateway Protocol Dynamic protocol and a distance vector protocol that allows AS to communicate
EGP through a core routing network that connects the AS together. Polls neighbors
exchanges info about AS with neighbors
Has three main functions 1. EGP routers establish a set of neighbors with which
they share accessibility. 2. EGP routers send polls to see if their neighbors are alive.
3. EGP routers send update messages

Fiber Distributed Data 100 MBPS is a token passing media access topology. Advantages 1.FDDI can run
Interface FDDI very long distances. 2. It can run at high speeds 3. FDDI employs a token media
access with dual counter rings. 4. FDDI uses a MAC address. Disadvantage no full
duplexing
Flash An erasable, reprogrammable ROM that holds the operating system image and
microcode.
Flash Memory Default and normally good idea
#show flash
lists all versions stored in flash, but does not specify which is running
#show version
specifies which version of IOS you are running currently

Forward Explict Congestion Bit set by a frame relay network in frame relay network to inform DTE receiving
Notification FECN frame that congestion was experienced in the path from source to destination.

Fragment Free Switch waits for the collision windows to pass before forwarding.
Frame Relay Inexpensive way to connect a large number of sites. It uses shared bandwidth. For
use of WAN protocol and operates at the physical and data layer.
Can setup a CIR (Committed Information Rate)
Assumed error-checking is handled at another, higher, layer
PVC’s are created at layer 2.

Frame Tagging Uniquely assigns a user defined ID to each frame. Used by catalysts 3000 and 5000

Full Duplex Requires a switch port. Both sides receiving and transmitting also
PPP
Get Nearest Server request When clients require access to a certain resource, they issue IPX broadcast a GNS
GNS
Half Duplex nodes takes turn transmitting and receiving the computer equivalent of talking on a
speaker phone
Help use ? After the command
 CCNA DEFINITIONS
High level Data Link Control For WAN data link protocols. For support of PPP and Mulitpoint configurations. It
HDLC specifies an encapsulation method for data on synchronous serial data links.
This is the default communication method for Cisco routers of sync links, and is
proprietary
This came after SDLC, and was modified into LAP and LAPB.
HDLC transfer modes:
NRM: Normal Response Mode: secondary only speak when spoken to by pri
ARM: Async Response Mode: sec. can speak on own
ABM: Async Balanced Mode: nodes can be both pri and sec
LAPB:Link Access Procedure Balanced: built into x.25

Hold Downs Help prevent routes from changing too rapidly by allowing time for either the downed
route to come back or for the network to stablize somewhat before changing to the
next best route.
Host to Host Layer To shield the upper layer applications from the complexities of the
network.
Hostname Hostname
#config t
#hostname <router hostname>
hostname resolution
#ip host <target hostname> <target host ip address>
this acts like a host file to allow static name resolution
#show hosts
displays configured hosts / ip addresses
#ip domain-lookup
#ip name-server <dns ip>
to configure DNS, use the 2 commands above. You can have up to 6 dns addresses

#no ip domain-lookup
disable dns lookup

Integrated Services Digital
Network ISDN
Interface Naming
CCNA DEFINITIONS
Analog phone lines converted to use digital signaling and can transmit both voice
and data. Terminal equipment types:
TE1: understands ISDN
TE2: predates ISDN and needs a TA (terminal adapter) to work
ISDN reference points:
R: between non-isdn device and TA
S: between terminal and NT2 device
T: point between NT1 and NT2
U: point between NT1 and carrier line termination device
ISDN protocol codes:
E: existing telephone network
I: concepts, terms, and services
Q: switching and signaling
ISDN service levels:
Connect to lines with SPIDs (service Profile Identifiers) (phone numbers..)
BRI: Basic Rate Interface: 2B + 1D
B = 64kbs, D=16Kbps = 128kbs plus control
PRI: Primary Rate Interface: 23B + 1D
Total of 1.544Mbps
Interface Naming
S Serial
E Ethernet
T Token Ring
F Fiddi
Number as card/port or for 7000 series as VIP card/port (from 0) /interface (from 0)
 CCNA DEFINITIONS
Interior Gateway Routing #router igrp <autonomous system number 1-65535>
Configuring IGRP turns on igrp and allows setting of AS number
#network <network we want to advertise>
-optional #debug ip igrp events #undebug ip igrp events
logs to console when/what events are done
-optional#debug ip igrp transactions #undebug ip igrp transactions
detailed log to console of what happens in each event
display routing info:
#show ip route
This displays all routes on the router, including how the route was ‘learned’
R = rip, C = connected, S = static, I = igrp, o = ospf, etc
#show ip route <protocol>
displays routes ‘learned’ from specified protocol only
#show ip protocol
displays protocol and detailed info on timing, sources of info, filters, etc.
#show ip interface
shows all lots of info on all interfaces
#show ip interface <interface>
shows info specific to the interface

Interior Gateway Routing Balanced distance vector interior routing protocol

IGRP Metrics and hop count from 1-255
Measures delay in units of 10 milliseconds
Measures bandwidth – on serial connection this needs to be set, default is T1
Measures reliability as 1-255 (255 optimal):
Measures load: 0-255 (0 = no-load)
Allows multi-path routing (dual links of equal bandwidth to 1 location)
Implements hold-downs, split horizons, and poison reverse updates
Update timer is 90 seconds, invalid timer is 270 seconds (3 times update)
Hold down timer is 280 (3 times update +10 seconds)
flush timer is 630 seconds (7 times update) administrative distances: (reliability of
information)
0 = direct connection, 1 = static, 100 = igrp, 110 =ospf, 120 = rip, 255 = unknown

Interior Routing Protocols RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EIGRP

Internet Control Message Management protocol and messaging service provider for IP.
Protocol ICMP
IP access list creation IP access list creation
#access-list <number of list> <permit | deny> <source address> [<mask>]
IP extended access list
#access-list <number> <permit |deny> <protocol> <source> <destination> <port>
source and destination can be masked
port can be ‘eq’ for equal, ‘neq’ not equal, ‘log’ logged, or assorted other things
port can also be keyword: www, smtp, finger, ftp, telnet, etc…..
 CCNA DEFINITIONS
IP Routing Process of sending data from a host on one network to a remote host on another
network through a router
IPX Connectionless protocol, and communicates via sockets
Each host runs its own internal ipx network in addition to any LAN network
Addressing:
10 byte address
First 4 bytes are network – need to be unique, otherwise whatever.
last 6 bytes are node - usually just use the MAC address

IPX Access list IPX Access list

#access-list <number> <permit|deny> <source network number> <destination
network number>
no wildcarding needed with ipx
-1 is used to indicate ‘any network address’
extended ipx access lists
#access-list <number> <permit|deny> <protocol> <source> <socket> <destination>
<socket>
-1 still indicates ‘any’ for socket or source address
IPX SAP access lists
#Access-list <number> <permit|deny> <source> <service type>
service type is numeric value
Applying Access list to Interface
#interface <interface>
#ip access-group <number of list> <in | out>

ipx access list monitoring Monitoring:

#show access-list
shows the lists and how many matches for each line
#clear access-list counters <access list number>
clears statistics
Logging:
Keyword log can be placed at the end of extended access lists, and info will be
logged to console by default, or could be re-directed to a error-log server
Logs include access list number, source and destination port/address and number
of packets.
Displaying access list info
#Show ip interface <interface>
displays which list is enabled for the interface, both incoming and outgoing
#show running-config
shows just about everything….including details of what makes up each access-list
 CCNA DEFINITIONS
IPX configuration #ipx routing
to enable ipx routing
#interface <interface>
select an interface before providing specific info for configuring ipx
#ipx network <ipx network address> [encapsulation <keyword for type>] [secondary]

- secondary indicates if more than one encapsulation type is used on 1 interface,

recommend to use sub-interfaces

IPX OSI Model Protocol Application, presentation, session --> RIP, SAP, NCP, NLSP
Stack Transport --> IPX, SPX
Network --> IPX
Data link --> ODL Open Data Link
Physical --> whatever

Line Printer Daemon LPD Printer sharing

Link Access Procedure Used to work with X.25. It defines frames as well as being capable of detecting out
Balanced LAPD of the sequence or missing frames.
Makes sure frames are error free and sequenced
Types of frames:
I information sequencing, flow control, error detect, recovery
S supervisory handles requests for, and suspension of transmission
U unnumbered link setup and disconnection’s and error reporting

Link State Uses LSP packets to build ‘personal’ copy of entire network structure to route from
LSP: link-state packets or "hello packets"
Chooses ‘best’ path based on bandwidth, congestion, metrics, etc.
Update times can be set very lengthy as change cause triggered updates.

List number scheme List number range meaning

1-99 ip standard list
100-199 ip extended access list
800-899 ipx standard
900-999 ipx extended access list
1000-1099 IPX SAP access list
 CCNA DEFINITIONS
Local Management interface Messages provide information about the current DLCI values and status of virtual
LMI circuits. These are auto detected in current IOS versions… however:
Keyword Meaning
Cisco: defined by industry group, and default
ANSI: Annex D defined by T1.617
Q933a: Defined by ITU-T Annex A Q.933A
LMI can be used to determine the global significance of the DLCI numbers.

Lock Lock the terminal

Logical Link Control LLC Error correction. Provides flexibility to the protocols running in the upper and lower
layers.
mbranch Trace multicast route down tree branch
Media Access Control MAC Error Detection. Responsible for framing and media access
Media Access three types Contention, Token passing, and polling
mrbranch Trace reverse multicast route up the tree
mrinfo Request neighbor and version information from a multicast router
mstat Show statistics after multiple multicast traceroutes
mtrace Trace reverse multicast path from destination to source
name-connection Name an existing network connection
NetWare Core Protocol NCP Provides clients with access to server resources. EX file access, printing,
synchronization, and security.
NetWare in a nutshell Strict client-server model (nobody is both) Servers provide files, printing, messaing,
applications, and databases Every netware server (or cisco router) creates a SAP
table of all services offered by all servers A client issues a GNS (GetNearestServer
request) broadcast to find out what is on the local SAP Netware frame types
Features
802.3 802.3 default on NetWare 3.11 802.2 802.2 default on NetWare 3.12
ethernet_ii supports tcp/ip and ipx
ethernet_SNAP appletalk, tcp/ip, and ipx

Netware Link Services Advanced Link-state protcol to replace RIP and SAP someday
Protocol NLSP
Network File System NFS Specializiation in file sharing. Allows transparent access to remote resources.

Network Layer Sending packets from the source network to the destination network.
no Disable debugging functions
NVRAM nonvoltile RAM that stores the routers startup configuration file.
Open Shortest Path First Link state algorithums, its known as a link state routing protocol and used as an
OSPF autonomous system a group of routers that share a routing protocol.Link-state
routing
Very infrequent broadcast updates
Extremely granular metrics
 CCNA DEFINITIONS
OSI Model Application: File, print, message, database, and applications Determines availability of
the target host. www, email, ftp, telnet, edi, quake
Presentation: Data Encryption, compression, and translation services Determines the syntax
of the data transfer. Pict, tiff, jpet, midi, mpeg, quicktime, etc
Session: Dialog control, coordinates the comunications Nfs, sql, rpc, x windows, asp
(appletalk session protocol), DNA SCP (digital whatzit)
Transport: End-to-end communication. Responsible for hiding the communications from
the higher layers. TCP / UDP
Network: Routing IP / ICMP, BootP, ARP, RARP Routers
Data Link: Framing Ethernet II, 802.5 (token ring), 802.3, 802.2 (802.3 with dsap and ssap
logical link control fields) Media access control: MAC: 48 bits, 3 bytes vendor + 3 bytes
serial number
Pysical: Bits
WAN: High-level datalink control HDLC (cisco default for serial links) Synchronous Data
Link Control SDLC (uses

OSI MODEL for IPX Upper layers: RIP, SAP, NCP, NLSP Transport: IPX, SPX Network: IPX Data Link:
Open Data Link ODL Physical: Median Access Protocols, Ethernet, Token Ring

Other Random Cisco CDP: Cisco Discovery Protocol

protocols Runs SNAP: SubNetwork Access Protocol at the datalink layer.
- this allows routers running different protocols to still communicate
- 60 second updates, 180 second hold time default
#show cdp interface
interface information, encapsulation info, and timing information
#show cdp entry <name or * for all>
shows detailed information about other routers on network
#show cdp neighbors
shows summary information that is being exchanged
#show cdp neighbor detail
extended listing of info for all routers
#show cdp traffic
shows packets sent / received amount neighbors

Packet layer protocol PLP Packet layer protocol

x.25’s network layer protocol
modes: call setup, data transfer, idle, call clearing, restarting
 CCNA DEFINITIONS
pad Open a X.29 PAD connection
Point to Point Protocol Userfull for dial-up or sync links (ISDN)
Authenticate using PAP: password authentication protocol or
CHAP: Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol

Polling used in large mainframes. Where hosts are polled together

Port numbers: TCP: protocol number 6
ftp: 21
telnet: 23
smtp: 25
UDP: protocol number 17
Dns: 53
Tftp: 69
Snmp 161
0-255: public assigned
256 – 1023: assigned to companies
1023+ user defined / source addresses
IP Addressing:
Class leading bits decimal range of first byte
A 0 1-127
B 10 128-191
C 100 192-223

POTS Plain Old Telephone Service. (politely is: pstn: public switched telephone network)
Demarc: end of responsbility for provider, start for customer CPE: customer premise
equipment
Local loop: wire from CO to demarc
CO: Central Office: provider POP : point of presence
Presentation layer How data should be formatted. Data compression, decompression, encryption,
decryption. EX. PICT, TIFF, JPEG, MIDI, MPEG, AND QUICKTIME

Privileged mode Used to to change the configuration of the router

Pysical layer has two responsibilties 1. It sends bits and recieves bits. Comes 1 or 0 2
communicates directly with communication media.
reload reloads the itial configuration into memory
Remote Procedure Call RPC Broad client/server redirection tool used for disparate service
envionments.
Reverse Address The machine is a diskless machine and does not know its IP address but does know
Resoulution Protocol RARP its MAC address. It sounds out a packet that its includes it MAC address to a RARP
Server.
rlogin Open rlogin connection
Route Poisoning by telling the router wrong information. It will update its self with correct information

Routed Protocols Used between routers to direct user traffic such as IP or IPX
Router> Show history Show Command buffer
Router> terminal editing Re enable advanced editing
Router> Terminal history Set command buffer size
 CCNA DEFINITIONS
size
Router> terminal no editing Disable editing features
Routing for IP Dynamic Configuring Dynamic Routing for IP
Configuring RIP:
#router rip
#network <network we want to advertise>
-optional #passive <interface>
lets you run rip without advertising connection
-optional #neighbor <specific neighbor router>
lets info go over non-broadcast media (like WAN links)
-optional #debug ip rip or undebug ip rip
This shows all updates to the console (sent or received advertisements)
-optional #no router rip
Disables rip routing

Routing Information Protocol distance vector routing protocol used to dicover IPX routes through internetworks.
RIP Does not support prefix routing. It practices classful routing which is used to
discover the cost of a given route in terms of hops and store that information in the
routing table. Judges based on ticks (1/18 second units) and hops
Updates every 30 seconds Broadcast every 60 seconds
Route invalid timer 90 seconds: time before route considered invalid.
Used to provide each server with a complete network map Route flush timer: 240
seconds: route removed from table Can use metrics (1-15) to weight against some
interfaces 15 hop limit
Routing Loops A problem with distance vector is routing loops. These occur because every router
is not updated at close to the same time.
rsh Execute a remote command
Sequenced Packet Exchange Adds connection oriented communications to the otherwise connectionless IPX.
SPX Creates virtual circuits, with specific connection IDs

Service Advertising Protocol Servers use it to advertise, clients use it to locate services
Broadcast every 60 seconds

Session Layer For coordinating communication between systems, it servers to organize their
communication by offering three different nodes --Simplex, half duplex, and full
duplex. The prococols are used NFS, SQL, RPC, X Window, ASP, and DNA SCP

Setup this starts up the intial configuration dialog

show config show startup config
Show running-config shows the cofiguration that’s currently loaded into RAM and running
Show startup-config shows the cofiguration that'll be loaded when the router boots
Simplex Mode communication is actually a monologue with one device transmitting and another
receiving
Spanning Tree Protocol STP Prevent routing loops in a network. Reduce redundant network paths. 802.1d
Spanning-Tree Protocol STP detect and eliminates loops in routed network
STA: Spanning Tree Algorithm Sends out BPDUs: Bridge protocol data unit
 CCNA DEFINITIONS
Split Horizon It reduces incorrect routing information and routing overhead in a distance vector
network by enforcing the rule that information cannot be sent back in the direction
from which that information was received.

start-chat Start a chat-script on a line

Static Routing for IP Static Routing for IP
Config with:
#Ip route <network> <mask> <address|interface> [distance]
Display with:
#Show ip route
#Show ip route static
Remove ip routes with:
#No ip route <network>
Default route / route of last resort : (set network and mask to all 0s)
#Ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 <address>
IP classless:
With IP classless ‘on’ packets are forward on a best-guess directly connected
network instead of having them dropped.
- this is used with default routes

Store and Forward copies the entire frame into its onboard buffers and computes cyclic redundancy
check
Subinterface You can assign different network layer characteristics to each subinterface and
virtual circuit, such as Ip routing on one virtual circuit and IPX
Subinterfaces: Subinterfaces:
How to bind multiple conflicting commands to 1 interface… use subinterfaces.
Syntax is to place a period, then a integer after the device name.
Example: #int e0.100

Switching modes Store – and – forward: Buffers whole frame before forwarding
Cut-Through: Forward frame as soon as destination address is available
Fragment Free: Does Cut-Through after 64 bytes are received to stop collision packets
from being forwarded

Sychrounous Data Link For remote offices to connect through a WAN Synchronous Data-Link Control
Control SDLC Used originally for SNA
Point –to-point or multipoint
Bounded or unbounded media, half or full duplex
Circuit or packet-switched networks
2 node types. Primay or Secondary (controlled by primary)
 CCNA DEFINITIONS
systat Display information about terminal lines
TAB Completes entry for you
Tftp server Somewhat menu driven way to store and retrieve information to/from
tftp server
transmission Control Reliable WAN connection. Vitual circuit, Sequenced,
Protocol TCP Acknowldgements
Transport Layer Data Intergertity is ensured at this layer by maintaining flow control and by allowing
users the option of requesting reliable data transportbetween systems.It is
responsible for providing mechanisms for multiplexing upper layer application,
session establishment, tear down of virtual circuits.
Trivial File Transfer Protocol Striped down version of FTP
TFTP
tunnel Open a tunnel connection
User Datagram Protcol UDP Is a unreliable network. Example: Unsequence, unreliable, connectionlesss, low
overhead
User mode used for ordinary tasks like checking the routers status, connecting to remote
devices
verify Verify checksum of a Flash file
Virtual Local Area Networks Logical grouping of networks users and resources connected to define ports on the
VLANS switch.Create ‘logical’ networks by location, function or department.. or protocol
Done with a switch using Frame-Tagging (can be used between switches if you
have ISL inter-switch link) Frame-Tagging uses unique user-defined identifiers while
within the switch fabric, and is very scalable.

Vitual Terminal Connectons Teminal emualtion. Allows remote clients to access the telnet server. For file
Telnet sharing. Supports up to 5 connections at one time. B106
Vitual Terminal Password Used for Telnet sessions into the router
where List active connections
write Write running configuration to memory, network, or terminal
write erase Same as erase stratup config
Write mem Same as copy running configuration
write term Show running config
X Window Intelligent dump terminals for communicating with remote Unix
computers.
X.25 The first packet switching network. Goal of establishing vitual circuits between PVC
and SWC. Also establishing point to point communication between DTE and DCE.
Point-to-point communication between DTE and DCE
DTE: Data Terminal Equipment (router or terminal, or whatever)
DCE: Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment (csu/dsi or modem)
PSE: Packet Switching Exchange: switches inside carriers network
Addresses defined by x.121 as a 14 digit number
DNIC:Data Network Identified Code is first 4 bits of address
Rest of address is assigned by the administrator
Full-duplex protocol
‘overbuilt’ with lots of error checking
Created SVC or PVC connections (switched or Permanent virtual circuits)

x3 Set X.3 parameters on PAD

 CCNA DEFINITIONS
Access list
1-99 IP standard
100-199 IP extended
200-299 Protocol type code
300-399 DECnet access list
400-499 XNS Standard Access
500-599 XNS Extended Access
600-699 AppleTalk
700-799 48 bit MAC address
800-899 IPX
900-999 IPX Extended
1000-1099 IPX SAP
1100-1199 Extended 48 bit MAC address
1200-1299 IPX summary address
Port numbers
TCP=6
UDP=17
FTP=21
TELNET=23
SMTP=25
DNS=53
TFTP=69
SNMP=161

NOVEL IPX Frame Type

Interface Novell Frame Type Cisco Keyword
Ethernet Ethernet 802.3 and Novell Ether
NetWare 3.11
Ethernet 802.2 and SAP
NetWare 3.12
Ethernet II ARPA and supports TCP/IP, IPX and
upper layers
Ethernet snap SNAP, AppleTalk, IPX, and TCP/IP
Token Token Ring SAP
Ring
Token Ring_SNAP SNAP
FDDI FDDI SNAP SNAP
FDDI 802.2 SAP
FDDI RAW NOVELL-FDDI
ISDN protocol codes:
E: existing telephone line
I: concepts, terms, and services
Q: switching and signaling
DOD model
IP DOD Protocol
Application, Presentation, Process Application Telnet, FTP, LPD, SNMP, TFTP,
Session SMTP, NFS, X WINDOW
Transport Host to Host TCP, UDP
Network Internet ICMP, BOOTP, ARP, RARP, IP
Data Link Network Access Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Token
Ring, FDDI
CCNA DEFINITIONS