Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
The importance of the Aquaporin water channels was underscored by awarding the
2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Peter Agre “for the discovery of water channels”. Many
scientific articles have been published describing the Aquaporins’ structure, function
and tissue distribution. Among the many methods that were used and contributed to
the enormous progress in the field, antibodies played an important role. This article
describes the use of Alomone Labs antibodies serving as a powerful tool in the ongoing
research.
4
Modulator No.24 Summer 2010 www.alomone.com
expression following different treatments or Figure 1. Expression of AQP1, AQP2 and AQP3 in the Outer Medulla from Control and
in different pathological statuses. Analysis
of kidneys from deoxycorticosterone acetate Cisplatin-Treated Rats.
(Doca)-salt hypertensive rats demonstrated
a significantly enhanced expression of AQP2
in the cortex and outer medulla compared to
control groups as well as enhanced shuttling
as was demonstrated by western blot analysis
of cortex, outer medulla and inner medulla
of DOCA-salt kidneys using Anti-Aquaporin 2
antibody10. Increased expression of medullary
AQP1, AQP2 and AQP3 was also demonstrated
in spontaneously hypertensive rats using Anti-
Aquaporin 2 and Anti-Aquaporin 3 antibodies11.
However, similar work with DOCA-salt
hypertensive rats done by Bae et al. resulted with
opposite results, demonstrating a decrease in
AQP1-3 expression4.The discrepancies between
the two experiments, might have been a result
of methodological differences, Na+ and water
balance differences and the different sensitivity to
Na+ and water intake.
5
Modulator No.24 Summer 2010 www.alomone.com
Figure 2. Expression of AQP2 in Control, Denervated and Contralateral Kidneys. Aquaporin 6
A B Aquaporin 4
6
Modulator No.24 Summer 2010 www.alomone.com
ischemia have reduced edema formation and numerous cell types and is involved in a wide (tight junction-associated protein) expression
survive better than wild-type mice in a model of range of disease processes such as lung was tested along with the protective effect of
brain edema caused by acute water intoxication14. inflammation and edema6,16. MLE-12 cells were ascorbic acid (AA). Immunohistochemical staining
treated with NOC-18 (a nitric oxide donor) for 2 using Anti-Aquaporin 1 antibody, showed that the
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), is an autoimmune hours and stained with Anti-Aquaporin 5 antibody expression of AQP1 in the AA group was similar to
inflammatory disorder in which a person's (#AQP-005)16, (Figure 4). While most of the AQP5 that in the control21.
own immune system attacks the optic nerves signal was associated with the plasma membrane
and spinal cord. The targeted protein, in some (Figure 4A), staining on cell membrane was In the retina, AQP4 is expressed in Müller cells
patients with NMO has been identified as AQP4. markedly decreased, and increased intracellular (associated with bipolar cells). AQP4 expression
Immunohistochemical staining of primate staining was observed compared to control in Müller cells from AQP4+/+ and AQP4-/- mice was
cerebellum from healthy and NMO patients, cells, following treatment with NOC-1816 (Figure compared using Anti-Aquaporin 4 antibody19.
using Anti-Aquaporin 4 antibody (#AQP-004), 4B). This signal was abolished with treatment of Depletion of Dp71, a cytoskeleton protein
demonstrated loss of AQP4 immunoreactivity methyl-β-cyclodextrin, an endocytosis inhibitor associated to the membrane, leads to
in NMO cerebellum compared to healthy (Figure 4C). The decrease in AQP5 expression physiological alterations in Müller cells which are
subject and also demonstrated that NMO-IgG along with the increase in NO metabolites, eNOS, similar to those observed in injured or diseased
immunoreactivity completely overlaps with AQP4 and iNOS was also described in acute lung injury retinas. This involves a mislocation of K+ and
immunoreactivity25. (ALI) induced by bleomycin inhalation6. water channels (Kir4.1 and AQP4) demonstrated
by immunohistochemical staining and western
blot analyses using Anti-Aquaporin 4 antibody
Aquaporins in the Lungs Aquaporins in other Tissues and Anti-Kir4.1 antibody (#APC-035). AQP4
mislocation resulted in dysregulation of water
Four AQPs have been identified in the respiratory Taste Buds transport through Müller cells20.
tract: AQP1, AQP3, AQP4 and AQP5.
Immunohistochemical staining of AQP1 and
Aquaporin 1 AQP2 using Anti-Aquaporin 1 and Aquaporin New Aquaporin Antibodies
2 antibodies revealed expression of both
Aquaporin 1 is expressed in the apical and channels in rat taste buds. AQP1 and AQP2 were Aquaporin 7
basolateral membrane of the microvascular immunolabeled predominantly in the basolateral
endothelium, as well as in the visceral pleura. membrane. Double labeling demonstrated Aquaporin 7 is permeable to water, urea and
overlapping between AQP1 and AQP2 in many but glycerol. It is expressed in a number of tissues;
Aquaporin 5 not all taste cells26 (Figure 5). ovary, testis, kidney, adipose tissue and islet
cells. The effect of urea and glycerol on rat
Aquaporin 5 is selectively expressed in the apical Cornea and Retina pancreatic β-cell membrane potential, cell
plasma membrane of various secretory glands volume and insulin secretion was investigated.
such as the airway submucosal glands, and In the cornea, AQP1 is found in the endothelial Immunohistochemical staining and western
alveolar type I epithelial cells in the lungs16,23. cells and has been shown to function in osmotic blot analyses assessed AQP7 expression and
water transport in mice. localization in these cells5 (Figure 6). It was
It was demonstrated that nitric oxide decreases concluded that glycerol and urea can activate
cell surface expression of AQP516. Nitric oxide The effect of ozonated solution on the cornea β-cells via their rapid uptake across the β-cell
(NO) is a ubiquitous molecule produced by morphology was studied, where AQP1 and ZO-1 plasma membrane, possibly via AQP7 resulting
7
Modulator No.24 Summer 2010 www.alomone.com
in cell swelling, VRAC (volume-regulated anion Figure 5. Expression of AQP1 and AQP2 in Rat Taste Buds.
channel) activation, electrical activity leading
to depolarization, and insulin release. Glycerol
appears to exert an additional effect, possibly
related to its intracellular metabolism.
Aquaporin 8
Aquaporin 9
A B
C D
8
Modulator No.24 Summer 2010 www.alomone.com
Figure 7. Expression of AQP8 in Rat Lung. Expression of AQP4 in Rat Kidney.
Related Products
References Compound Cat. #
14. Manley, J.T. et al. (2000) Nat. Med. 6, 159.
15. Markert, J.M. et al. (2001) Physiol. Genomics 5, 21.
1. Agre, P. et al. (2002) J.Physiol. 542.1, 3. Aquaporin Channel Antibodies
16. Nagai, K. et al. (2007) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 354, 579.
2. Agre, P. (2000) J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 11, 764. Anti-Aquaporin 1_______________________________ AQP-001
17. Rabaud, N, E. et al. (2009) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 383, Anti-Aquaporin 2_______________________________ AQP-002
3. Badaut, J. et al. (2002) J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 22, 367.
54. Anti-Aquaporin 2-ATTO-550______________________ AQP-002-AO
4. Bae, E.H. et al. (2009) Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 24, 2692.
18. Reuter, S. et al. (2008) Eur. J. Physiol. 456, 1075. Anti-Aquaporin 3_______________________________ AQP-003
5. Best, L. et al. (2009) Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 23, 255.
19. Ruiz-Ederra, J. et al. (2007) J. Biol. Chem. 282, 21866. Anti-Aquaporin 3-ATTO-594______________________ AQP-003-AR
6. Jung, A.S. et al. (2004) Intensive Care Med. 30, 489. Anti-Aquaporin 4_______________________________ AQP-004
20. Sene, A. et al. (2009) PLoS One 4, e7329.
7. Kang, D.G. et al. (2004) Biol. Pharm. Bull. 27, 366. Anti-Aquaporin 5_______________________________ AQP-005
21. Suzuki, H. et al. (2009)] Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 53, 151.
8. Kim, S.W. et al. (2001) J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 12, 875. Anti-Aquaporin 6_______________________________ AQP-006
22. Valenti, G. et al. (2005) Endocrinology 146, 5063.
9. Kim, S.W. et al. (2001) J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 12, 2019. Anti-Aquaporin 7_______________________________ AQP-007
23. Verkman, A.S. (2005) J. Cell Sci. 118, 3225.
10. Lee, J. et al. (2000) Clin. Exp. Hyper. 22, 531. Anti-Aquaporin 8_______________________________ AQP-008
24. Verkman, A.S. (2009) J.Exp. Biol. 212, 1707. Anti-Aquaporin 9_______________________________ AQP-009
11. Lee, J. et al. (2006) Kidney Blood Press. Res. 29, 18.
25. Vincent, T. et al. (2008) J. Immunol. 181, 5730.
12. Lee, J. et al. (2006) Nephron Physiol. 103, 170.
26. Watson, K.J. et al. (2007) Chem. Senses 32, 411. Inward Rectifier K+ Channel Antibodies
13. Ma, T. et al. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 4296.
27. Yeum, C.H. et al. (2003) Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 37, 99. Anti-Kir4.1_ ____________________________________ APC-035
9
Modulator No.24 Summer 2010 www.alomone.com