A

SEMINAR REPORT
ON

“TRANSFORMER”

SUBMITTED BY:
CHETAN P. TANGADE

OF
B.E ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

GUIDED BY:
Prof.Atul A. Barhate

GODAVARI FOUNDATION’S
GODAVARI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,JALGAON

GODAVARI FOUNDATION’S
GF’S GODAVARI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,JALGAON Page 1
 GODAVARI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,JALGAON

Department Of Electrical Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar“TRANSFORMER”which is being submitted here with for
the award of Engineering is the result of the work completed by CHETAN TANGADE
Under my supervision and guidance within the four walls of the institute and the same has not
been submitted elsewhere for the award of any Engineering.

Prof. Atul A. Barhate Prof. Atul A.Barhate

Guide Head Of Electrical Department

Dr. Vitthal G. Arajpure

Principal

Godavari College Of Engineering

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

GF’S GODAVARI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,JALGAON Page 2

 It my privilege to acknowledge with deep sense of gratitude to my guide Prof.Amit
S. Borole for for his valuable suggestation of guidance through ot my cource of study and
timely help to me in the completion of my seminar.

I am highly obliged to the entire staff of Electrical Dept. for their kind help and co-
operation.I also take this opportunity to thank all my colleagues for offering all possible
help.And last but not least I express my sincere thanks to all the people who were directly or
indirectly concerned with the presentation of my seminar.

CHETAN PRADIP TANGADE

Contents

GF’S GODAVARI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,JALGAON Page 3

 SR. TITLE PAGE NO.
NO.
1 Introduction to Transformer 5

2 History of Transformer 6

3 What is Transformer 7

4 Types of Transformer 8

5 Working Principle 9

6 Transformer Construction 10

7 Applications of Transformer 11

8 Advantage & Dis-Advantange 12

9 References 13

Introduction to Transformer
The Transformer is a static devicewhich is used to transfer electrical energy from one
AC circuit to another AC circuit, with increase or decrease in voltage or current but without
any change in frequency.The electrical energy is always transferred without a changein

GF’S GODAVARI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,JALGAON Page 4

frequency, but may involve changes in magnitudes of voltage and current. Because a
transformer workson the principle of electromagnetic induction, it must be used with an input
source voltage that varies in amplitude.
Figure:1

Function of the Transformer: The electrical energy is generated and transmitted at

extremely high voltages. The Voltage is to be then reducing to a lower value for its domestic
and industrial use. This is done by using Transformer. Thus it is possible to reduce the
voltage level using the Transformer (this is called as step down Transformer). On the other
hand, we can also use the Transformer to increase the voltage level (this is called as step up
transformer). When the transformer changes the voltage level, it changes the current level
also.

History

Discovery of induction:
Figure:2

GF’S GODAVARI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,JALGAON Page 5

 Faraday's experiment with induction between coils of wire
Electromagnetic induction was discovered simultaneously by Joseph
Henryand Michael Faraday in 1831. The relationship between emf and magnetic flux is an
equation now known as Faraday's law of induction:

Where  the magnitude of the e.m.f. in volts and ΦB is is the magnetic flux through the
circuit in webers.

Figure:3

Faraday's ring transformer

The first type of transformer invented by Rev.Nicholas Callan of Maynooth College, Ireland

in 1836. He was one of the first researchers to realize the more turns the secondary winding
has in relation to the primary winding, the larger the induced secondary emf. Between the
1830s and the 1870s, efforts to build better induction coils, mostly by trial and error, slowly
revealed the basic principles of transformers.

GF’S GODAVARI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,JALGAON Page 6

 What is Transformer
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between two or more
circuits through electromagnetic induction.
A varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a
varying magneticflux in the core and a varying magnetic field impinging on the secondary
winding. This varying magnetic field at the secondary induces a varying electromotive
force (emf) or voltage in the secondary winding. Making use of Faraday's Law in conjunction
with high magnetic permeability core properties, transformers can thus be designed to
efficiently change AC voltages from one voltage level to another within power networks.
Figure:4

Transformers range in size from RF transformers a small cm3 fraction in volume to units

interconnecting the power grid weighing hundreds of tons. A wide range of transformer
designs are used in electronic and electric power applications.

GF’S GODAVARI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,JALGAON Page 7

 Types of Transformer
The Transformers are of different types depending on the arrangement of the core:

 Autotransformer:
Transformer in which part of the winding is common to both primary and secondary circuits.
 Capacitor voltage transformer:
Transformer in which capacitor divider is used to reduce high voltage before application to
the primary winding.
 Distribution transformer, power transformer:
International standards make a distinction in terms of distribution transformers being used to
distribute energy from transmission lines and networks for local consumption and power
transformers being used to transfer electric energy between the generator and distribution
primary circuits.
 Phase angle regulating transformer:
A specialized transformer used to control the flow of real power on three-phase electricity
transmission networks.
 Scott-T transformer:
Transformer used for phase transformation from three-phase to two-phase and vice versa.[87]
 Polyphase transformer:
Any transformer with more than one phase.
 Grounding transformer:
Transformer used for grounding three-phase circuits to create a neutral in a three wire system,
using a wye-delta transformer or more commonly, a zigzag grounding winding.
 Leakage transformer:
Transformer that has loosely coupled windings.
 Resonant transformer:
Transformer that uses resonance to generate a high secondary voltage.
 Audio transformer:
Transformer used in audio equipment.
 Output transformer:
Transformer used to match the output of a valve amplifier to its load.
 Instrument transformer:
Potential or current transformer used to accurately and safely represent voltage, current or
phase position of high voltage or high power circuits.

GF’S GODAVARI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,JALGAON Page 8

 Working Principle
The principle of operation of a transformer is mutual inductance between two circuits
which is linked by a common magnetic flux. A basic transformer consists of two coils that
are electrically separate and inductive, but are magnetically linked through a path of
reluctance. The working principle of the transformer can be understood from the figure
below.
Figure: 5&6

As shown above the transformer has primary and secondary windings. The core
laminations are joined in the form of strips in between the strips you can see that there are
some narrow gaps right through the cross-section of the core. These staggered joints are said
to be ‘imbricated’. Both the coils have high mutual inductance. A mutual electro-motive
force is induced in the transformer from the alternating flux that is set up in the laminated
core, due to the coil that is connected to a source of alternating voltage. Most of the
alternating flux developed by this coil is linked with the other coil and thus produces the
mutual induced electro-motive force. The so produced electro-motive force can be explained
with the help of Faraday’s laws of Electromagnetic Induction as
e=M*dI/dt
If the second coil circuit is closed, a current flow in it and thus electrical energy is
transferred magnetically from the first to the second coil.
The alternating current supply is given to the first coil and hence it can be called as
the primary winding. The energy is drawn out from the second coil and thus can be called as
the secondary winding.
In short, a transformer carries the operations shown below:
1. Transfer of electric power from one circuit to another.
2.  Transfer of electric power without any change in frequency.
3. Transfer with the principle of electromagnetic induction.
4. The two electrical circuits are linked by mutual induction.

GF’S GODAVARI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,JALGAON Page 9

 Transformer Construction

Figure:7

Where:
   VP  -  is the Primary Voltage
   VS  -  is the Secondary Voltage
   NP  -  is the Number of Primary Windings
   NS  -  is the Number of Secondary Windings
   Φ (phi)  -  is the Flux Linkage
The two coil windings are not electrically connected but are only linked magnetically.
A single-phase transformer can operate to either increase or decrease the voltage applied to
the primary winding. When a transformer is used to “increase” the voltage on its secondary
winding with respect to the primary, it is called a Step-up transformer. When it is used to
“decrease” the voltage on the secondary winding with respect to the primary it is called
a Step-down transformer.Its output is identical with respect to voltage, current and power
transferred. This type of transformer is called an “Impedance Transformer” and is mainly
used for impedance matching or the isolation of adjoining electrical circuits.
The difference in voltage between the primary and the secondary windings is
achieved by changing the number of coil turns in the primary winding ( NP ) compared to the
number of coil turns on the secondary winding ( NS ).
It is necessary to know the ratio of the number of turns of wire on the primary winding
compared to the secondary winding. The turns ratio, which has no units, compares the two
windings in order and is written with a colon, such as 3:1 (3-to-1). This means in this
example, that if there are 3 volts on the primary winding there will be 1 volt on the secondary
winding, 3-to-1. Then we can see that if the ratio between the numbers of turns changes the
resulting voltages must also change by the same ratio, and this is true.

GF’S GODAVARI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,JALGAON Page 10

 Applications
 Transformers are used to increase voltage before transmitting electrical energy
over long distances through wires.
 Wires have resistance which loses energy through joule heating at a rate
corresponding to square of the current.
 By transforming power to a higher voltage transformers enable economical
transmission of power and distribution.
 Transformers are also used extensively in electronic products to step-down the
supply voltage to a level suitable for the low voltage circuits they contain.
 The transformer also electrically isolates the end user from contact with the
supply voltage.
 Signal and audio transformers are used to couple stages of amplifiers and to
match devices such as microphones and record players to the input of
amplifiers.
 Audio transformers allowed telephone circuits to carry on a two-way
conversationover a single pair of wires.
 A balun transformer converts a signal that is referenced to ground to a signal
that has balanced voltages to ground, such as between external cables and
internal circuits.

Advantages and disadvantages

GF’S GODAVARI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,JALGAON Page 11
 Advantages:
1. It provides complete Isolation between primary and
secondary.
2. It has no moving parts.
3. Its construction is simple.
4. We can step up and step down the voltages.

Disadvantages:
1. Large size.
2. Low efficiency.
3. Poor voltage regulation.
4. High power losses in the winding

CONCLUSION

GF’S GODAVARI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,JALGAON Page 12

 The electrical energy is generated and transmitted at extremely high voltages. The
Voltage is to be then reducing to a lower value for its domestic and industrial use. This is
done by using Transformer. Thus it is possible to reduce the voltage level using the
Transformer (this is called as step down Transformer). On the other hand, we can also use the
Transformer to increase the voltage level (this is called as step up transformer). When the
transformer changes the voltage level, it changes the current level also.
The difference in voltage between the primary and the secondary windings is
achieved by changing the number of coil turns in the primary winding ( NP ) compared to the
number of coil turns on the secondary winding ( NS ).
It is necessary to know the ratio of the number of turns of wire on the primary winding
compared to the secondary winding. The turns ratio, which has no units, compares the two
windings in order and is written with a colon, such as 3:1 (3-to-1). This means in this
example, that if there are 3 volts on the primary winding there will be 1 volt on the secondary
winding, 3-to-1. Then we can see that if the ratio between the numbers of turns changes the
resulting voltages must also change by the same ratio, and this is true.

Reference

GF’S GODAVARI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,JALGAON Page 13

 1. Knowlton, A.E. (1949). Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers (8th

ed.). McGraw-Hill.

2. Crosby, D. (1958). "The Ideal Transformer". IRE Transactions on Circuit

Theory 145.

3. Winders, John J., Jr. (2002). Power Transformer Principles and Applications.

CRC. pp. 20–21.

4. Pansini, Anthony J. (1999). Electrical Transformers and Power Equipment.

Fairmont Press.

5. Kulkarni, S. V.; Khaparde, S. A. (May 24, 2004).Transformer Engineering:

Design and Practice.

6. Fink, Donald G.; Beatty, H. Wayne (1978).Standard Handbook for Electrical

Engineers.

GF’S GODAVARI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,JALGAON Page 14