CALCULATION OF BRAKING FORCE input

As per AASHTO LRFD 2012 Clause 3.6.4 explains calculation of

Braking Force

1) 25% of Axle Weights of Design Truck

No. of Lanes = 2
Multiple Presence Factor = 1
For HL-93 Total Axle Weight = 72 kips
BR1 = 36.00 kips

2) 5% of Design Truck Plus Lane Load

Design Lane Load = 0.64 kip/ft (As per AASHTO)

Span of Bridge = 42.5 m 139.4425 ft
BR2 = 8.06 kips

3) 5% of Design Tandem Plus Lane Load

Design Lane Load = 0.64 kip/ft (As per AASHTO)

Span of Bridge = 42.5 m 139.4425 ft
Total Axle Weight of Tandem = 50 kips
BR3 = 6.96 kips

Therefore BR = 36.00 kips

No. of Bearings
(Bearing/Girder x No.of
Girders) = 12
BR per Girder or Bearing = 3 kips
Deck Thickness = 100 mm 0.33 ft
Wearing Thickness = 100 mm 0.33 ft
Girder Depth = 2000 mm 6.56 ft
Moment Arm = 6ft+Deck Th.+Wearing Th.+Girder Depth
Moment Arm = 13.22 ft
Moment = 39.65 kip-ft
Couple = Moment/Span
Couple = 0.28 kips
Horizontal Force = 3.00 kips
Vertical Force = 0.28 kips
Breaking Load Calculation
Accoridng to AASHTO 3.6.4
Breaking force (BR) can be calculated as greater of the following:
1) 25% of the axle weight if the Design Truck or Design Tendem
2) 5% of (Design Truck/Design Tandem + Lane Load)

So for HL93 Truck Load,

25% of Design Truck 25%*(32+32+8) 18.00 kips
25% of Design Tandem 25%*(25+25) 12.50 kips
5% of (Design Truck+Lane Load) 5%*(32+32+8)+5%*((32+40+40+40)*0.64) 8.46 kips
5% of (Design Tandem+Lane Load) 5%*(25+25)+5%*((32+40+40+40)*0.64) 7.36 kips

So,
25% of Design Truck Governs = 18.00 kips
The number of lanes, n = 2
Multiple presence factor for the lane, m = 1

The maximum braking force,

No. of Lanes Multiple Presence Factor Calculation Braking Force (kips)
1 1.2 18.00x1.20x1 21.6
2 1 2.00x1.00x2 36
3 0.85 1.00x0.85x3 45.9
4 0.65 0.00x0.65x4 46.8
 No. of Lanes Multiple Presence Factor
1 1.2
2 1
3 0.85
4 0.65

Braking Force (kN) Span Length, m UDL (kN/m)

96 152 0.632
160 152 1.054 (Used)
204 152 1.343
208 152 1.370
Wind Load Action on Bridge:
NDP
Simplified Method Cdir
1) Transverse Wind Load (BS EN 1991-1-4, 8.3.2) Cseason
𝑭_𝒘𝒕=𝟏/𝟐∗𝝆∗ 〖𝑽 _𝒃 〗 ^𝟐∗𝑪∗𝑨_(𝒓𝒆𝒇,𝒙) K
n
p
2) Upward Wind Load (BS EN 1991-1-4, 8.3.3) Cprob
𝑭_𝒘𝒗=𝟏/𝟐∗𝝆∗ 〖𝑽 _𝒃 〗 ^𝟐∗𝑪∗𝑨_(𝒓𝒆𝒇,𝒛)

3) Longitudinal Wind Load (BS EN 1991-1-4, 8.3.4)

𝑭_𝒘=𝟎.𝟐𝟓∗𝑭_𝒘𝒕

Transverse Wind Load

Service Life wo traffic Service life with traffic

Z=Ze (m) 10 10
Vb,0 (m/s) 26 26
Vb (m/s) 27.00 27.00
Vm (m/s)
qb (kPa) 0.456
qm (kPa)
qp (kPa)
Ce
b (m) 8.5 8.5
dtot (m) 2 6
L (m) 1 1
Aref,x (m2) 2 6
b/dtot 4.25 1.42
Cf,x 1.23 2.07
Aref,z (m2)
Fwt (kN/m)
NDP For Terrain Category II:
1 Terrain Category Z0 (m) Zmin (m)
1 0 0.003 1
0.2 I 0.01 1
0.5 II 0.05 2
0.01 III 0.3 5
1.04 IV 1.0 10

Z0 = Roughness length= 0.05

Z0,II = 0.05 m
Kr = 0.19