TOPNOTCH MEDICAL BOARD PREP BIOCHEMISTRY MAIN DIGITAL HANDOUT BY RONNIE E.

BATICULON, MD @RONIBATS
For inquiries visit www.topnotchboardprep.com.ph or https://web.facebook.com/topnotchmedicalboardprep/

INSTRUCTIONS ATP
To scan QR codes on iPhone and iPad
1. Launch the Camera app on your IOS device
2. Point it at the QR code you want to scan
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
3. Look for the notification banner at the top • Adenosine molecule to which three phosphate groups are
of the screen and tap attached
To scan QR codes on Android • Acts as the energy currency of the cell, transferring free energy
1. Install QR code reader from Play Store
2. Launch QR code app on your device
derived from substances of higher energy potential to those of
3. Point it at the QR code you want to scan lower energy potential
4. Tap browse website • Hydrolysis of ATP yields a large – ΔGO
• ATP → ADP + Pi (ΔGO = –7300 cal/mol)
SAMPLE TOPNOTCH DIGITAL HANDOUT
ENZYMES ATP = Pera! Energy currency of the cell. If you hydrolyse cut or
breakdown ATP into ADP + P, such reaction will generate a very
negative ΔG, which can be used to couple with other reactions.
Dr. Baticulon

“ABCD” Anabolic – Building, Catabolic –destroying. Usually,

catabolic reactions yield free energy, anabolic reactions require
energy. If you Catabolize or Catay ATP, it will release energy
(kaya nga –ΔG/exergonic), that can be used as payment for
certain reactions to proceed. Kaya energy currency ang ATP,
pambayad mo para mangyari ang mga bagay-bagay/reactions.
Dr. Recuenco

• Protein catalysts that increase the velocity of a chemical

reaction and are not consumed during the reaction they
catalyze
• Isozymes are physically distinct versions of a given enzyme,
each of which catalyzes the same reaction
“Enzymes- tagapagpabilis ng reaction pero di sila nauubos.
Nilolower nila ang activation energy (kaya bumibilis) pero di
mababago sa ΔG. Gawa sila sa protein, so enzymes can also be
denatured by certain agents (acids, strong heat, detergents etc.)
Dr. Recuenco

Isozymes have same function but different names, i.e. LDH1,

LDH2, …LDH4
Dr. Baticulon

CLASSES OF ENZYMES
1. Oxidoreductases
• add oxygen or remove hydrogens (oxidases,
dehydrogenases); or
• add hydrogens (reductases) to substrates
2. Transferases
• move chemical groups (glycosyl, methyl, and phosphoryl)
from one substrate to another
3. Hydrolases
• cleave substrate bonds using water (adding H or OH to the
cleavage products)
• subtypes include peptidases, lipases, etc.
4. Isomerases
• rearrange substrate molecules to form a different isomer
5. Synthases
• join substrates by forming new bonds
6. Phosphatases
• remove phosphate groups
7. Phosphorylases and Kinases
• add phosphate groups to substrates
Hydrolase –water used to lyse; Lyase = lyse o layas single bond!;
Ligase: joining!
Dr. Baticulon

https://qrs.ly/75bhtfn
Classes of enzymes

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 TOPNOTCH MEDICAL BOARD PREP BIOCHEMISTRY MAIN DIGITAL HANDOUT BY RONNIE E. BATICULON, MD @RONIBATS
For inquiries visit www.topnotchboardprep.com.ph or https://web.facebook.com/topnotchmedicalboardprep/

Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in cytosol &

mitochondria. In glycolysis, you gain 2 ATP net. The substrate-
level phosphorylation in TCA is catalyzed by succinyl
thiokinase: mnemonic: SuSu = Gatas: meaning: SUccinyl CoA →
SUccinate reaction produces GTP
Dr. Baticulon

ATP is made by Phosphorylating ADP (you add P to ADP →

ATP). We have 2 ways to do that: 1st: substrate-level
https://qrs.ly/96bhtgy phosphorylation: you phosphorylate ADP using a substrate. 2nd:
ATP oxidative phosphorylation: a chain of oxidation reactions
(pasapasahan ng electrons) are utilized to generate ATP.
Dr. Recuenco
ATP is more readily available, it is the energy currency.
Hydrolysis of molecules such as glucose-1-PO4, Ppi, F6P, G6P, G3P
release lesser amount of energy (vs. hydrolsis of ATP) so
hydrolysis of those cannot be used to produce ATP. Whereas, PEP,
CP, 1,3-BPG, creatine phosphate, if they are hydrolyzed, they
produce more energy; hence they can be used to make ATP
Dr. Baticulon

HOW IS ATP PRODUCED?

https://qrs.ly/fubhtic
Krebs cycle

2. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
• Greatest quantitative source of high energy phosphate in
aerobic organisms
• Free energy comes from successive oxidation of substances in
the respiratory chain within mitochondria
• Molecular O2 is the final substance to be reduced
Needs oxygen & mitochondria
Dr. Baticulon

PARTS OF THE MITOCHONDRION

• Outer Membrane
o Freely permeable to most
molecules
• Inner Membrane
o Impermeable to most
molecules
• Cristae
1. SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION o Increase surface area
• Done through coupling reactions where a phosphate group is • Matrix
transferred to ADP from another substance with higher ΔGO o Contains enzymes, mtDNA,
• Glycolysis mtRNA, mitochondrial
o Net formation of two high energy phosphates results from ribosomes
the formation of lactate from one molecule of glucose,
generated in two reactions catalyzed by phosphoglycerate If there’s mitochondrial issue, yari ang MSK & CNS since these
kinase and pyruvate kinase need lots of ATP
• Citric acid cycle Dr. Baticulon

o One high energy phosphate is generated directly at the

succinyl thiokinase step ---END OF SAMPLE BIOCHEMISTRY HANDOUT---

https://qrs.ly/4dbhth2
Cellular Respiration

https://qrs.ly/j1bhthc https://qrs.ly/kebhths
Glycolysis

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