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Curso

MEDIOS DE MOLIENDA
Leyes de Desgaste en Optimización

Ing. Levi Guzmán R.


OPTIMIZACIÓN DEL PROCESO:
Tamaño Óptimo de Bola
MOLIENDA CONVENCIONAL: Correlaciones
Empíricas

Allis Chalmers' (Bond’s) Formula:


(Mineral Processing Plant Design, Chapter 12, SME of AIME, 1980)

dB* = 1.354 (F80)0.5 [ rs Wi / (Nc D0.5) ]1/3

Donde:

dB * = Ideal Make-up Ball Size, mm


F80 = 80% Passing Size in the Feed, microns
rs = Ore Density, ton/m3
Wi = Bond's Work Index of the ore, kWh/ton (metric)
N = Rotational Mill Speed, rpm
Nc = Rotational Mill Speed, as a % of Critical Speed.
D = Effective Mill Diameter, feet.

3
MOLIENDA CONVENCIONAL: Correlaciones
Empíricas

ARMCO’s (Azzaroni’s) Formula :


(3rd ARMCO-Chile Symposium, Nov. 10-14, 1980)

dB* = 6.06 (F80)0.263 (rs Wi)0.4/(ND)0.25

Donde:

dB * = Ideal Make-up Ball Size, mm


F80 = 80% Passing Size in the Feed, microns
rs = Ore Density, ton/m3
Wi = Bond's Work Index of the ore, kWh/ton (metric)
N = Rotational Mill Speed, rpm
Nc = Rotational Mill Speed, as a % of Critical Speed.
D = Effective Mill Diameter, feet.

4
TAMAÑO Y DENSIDAD REAL DE LAS BOLAS

Media Charge Ball Size & Density Archimedes

5
TAMAÑO Y DENSIDAD REAL DE LAS BOLAS

Media Charge Ball Size & Density Archimedes


TM
Moly-Cop Tools (Version 2.0)
DETERMINATION OF ACTUAL BALL SIZE AND DENSITY
based on Archimedes Principle

Remarks : Ball Type A

Number of Replicate Determinations 3.00 Fluid (Water) Density, gr/cm3 1.00

Replicate # 1 2 3 4 5

w1 = Weight of the Ball, gr 1983.0 1953.0 1946.0


w2 = Weight of Fluid, gr 1850.0 1850.0 1850.0
w3 = Weight of Fluid plus Submerged Ball, gr 2105.0 2102.0 2101.0
Average
3
Actual Ball Volume, cm 255.0 252.0 251.0 0.0 0.0 253
Actual Ball Diameter, mm 78.7 78.4 78.3 0.0 0.0 78.4
Actual Ball Density, ton/m3 7.776 7.750 7.753 0.000 0.000 7.76

Dato Práctico: m = 66 d3 (grs) ; para rb = 7.75 (gr/cm3)


6
EJERCICIO DE TAMAÑO DE BOLAS

Replicate # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

w2 = Container filled with Water, g 1905.0 1905.0 1900.0 1900.0 1895.0 1895.0 1890.0 1885.0 1885.0 1885.0
w3 = Ball, g 1935.0 1925.0 1935.0 1945.0 1935.0 1935.0 1945.0 1965 1930 1965
w4 = Container plus N Balls, filled with water, g 2155.0 2150.0 2150.0 2150.0 2145.0 2145.0 2140.0 2140.0 2135.0 2135.0

Replicate # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

w2 = Container filled with Water, g 1935.0 1930.0 1925.0 1920.0 1920.0 1920.0 1920.0 1915.0 1910.0 1910.0
w3 = Ball, g 1870.0 2010.0 2010.0 1990.0 2250.0 2205.0 2050.0 1910.0 2215.0 2200.0
w4 = Container plus N Balls, filled with water, g 2185.0 2195.0 2195.0 2190.0 2215.0 2215.0 2190.0 2170.0 2205.0 2200.0

Replicate # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

w2 = Container filled with Water, g 607.6 607.2 606.9 606.6 606.2 605.8 605.5 605.1 604.8 604.2
w3 = Ball, g 567.8 577.9 581.5 572.3 580.7 566.6 576.9 582.8 577.8 563.3
w4 = Container plus N Balls, filled with water, g 680.3 681.1 681.4 680.3 680.5 678.5 679.5 679.8 678.9 676.2

7
MEDIA CHARGE OPTIMAL BALL SIZE

Spreadsheet Moly-Cop Tools


TM
(Version 2.0)
OPTIMAL MAKE-UP BALL SIZE

Remarks : Base Case Example.

Mill Dimensions and Operating Conditions :

Eff. Diameter, ft 18.50 Eff. Diameter, m 5.64


Eff. Length, ft 22.00 Eff. Length, m 6.71
% Critical Speed 72.00 Mill Speed, rpm 12.82
Ball Dens., ton/m3 (app) 4.65 Mill Volume, m3 167.79
Ball Filling, % (app) 38.00 Charge Weight, tons 296.22
Scrap Size, in 0.50

Ore Properties :
Ore Density Work Index Feed Size, F80
ton/m3 kWh/ton (metric) microns
2.80 13.16 7000

RECOMMENDED OPTIMAL BALL SIZE :

AZZARONI's Formula :

Optimal Ball Size, in 2.64 String Area, m2/m3 71.23

ALLIS CHALMERS' Formula :

Optimal Ball Size, in 2.19 String Area, m2/m3 85.38


8
TM
Moly-Cop Tools
BALL CHARGE COMPOSITION AT EQUILIBRIUM

Remarks : Base Case Example.

Mill Dimensions and Operating Conditions :

Eff. Diameter, ft 18.50 Eff. Diameter, m 5.64


Eff. Length, ft 22.00 Eff. Length, m 6.71
% Critical Speed 72.00 Mill Speed, rpm 12.82
Ball Dens., ton/m3 (app) 4.65 Mill Volume, m3 167.79
Ball Filling, % (app) 38.00 Charge Weight, tons 296.22
MEDIA CHARGE Scrap Size, in 0.50

OPTIMAL BALL Balanced Charge : Overall

SIZE
String 1 String 2 Charge Area
Top Size, in 2.50 3.00 Current Mix
Specific Area, m2/m3 75.11 62.75 71.23
Recharge Policy, % 72.37 27.63 Target Value
Mill Charge Content, % 68.63 31.37 71.23
Mixed Strings Excess Area 0.00

Balanced Charge,
Ball Size, in % Passing % Passing % Retained
3.0 100.00 100.00 9.59
2.5 100.00 48.19 36.86
2.0 40.87 19.69 34.36
1.5 12.82 6.18 14.49
1.0 2.40 1.16 4.29
0.5 0.00 0.00 0.40
0.5 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.5 0.00 0.00 0.00

Weight, tons 203.31 92.91 296.22


Volume, m3 (app) 43.76 20.00 63.76
Area, m2 3287 1255 4542
# Balls per ton 3087 1860 2702
9
EFECTO DE LA COMPOSICIÓN DE LA
CARGA DE BOLAS

Pruebas de Laboratorio con Monofracciones

1.0
S iE , ton/kWh .

8 x 10 #
4x6#
14 x 20 #

28 x 35 #
3.0" String
2.5" String
2.0" String

0.1
100 1000 10000
Particle Size, mm
10
EFECTO DE LA COMPOSICIÓN DE LA
CARGA DE BOLAS

Pruebas de Laboratorio con Monofracciones

SiE = a0 (di)a1 / [ 1 + (di/dcrit)a2]

10
3.0" String
Selection Function,

2.0" String
1
1.5" String
ton/kWh

0.1
a1

0.01 dcrit
a0

0.001
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Particle Size, mm
11
RECARGA MÚLTIPLE DE BOLAS

 Existe la creencia natural que recargando una combinacion de bolas de tamaño diferente, se
podría obtener uma mejor eficiencia de molienda de las particulas grandes (por acción de la
bola grande) y al mismo tiempo uma mejora en la molienda de particulas finas (por accion de
las bolas mas chicas)

 Sin embargo, así como las bolas grandes son eficientes para las partículas gruesas, estas son
ineficientes para la molienda de finos, mientras que lo inverso aplica para las bolas mas chicas.

 En realidad, el efecto combinado de ambos tamaños de bolas; resultara en un collar de bolas


promedio, resultante del efecto independiente de cada collar.

 Este collar promedio tendrá como resultante un area superficial de carga expuesta, expresada en
m2/m3. (aparente).

12
RECARGA MÚLTIPLE DE BOLAS

Si no me creen a mí, al menos créanle a él …

“Ball rationing is the regular addition of make-up balls


of more than one size. The largest balls added are aimed
at the largest and hardest particles. However, the contacts
are governed entirely by chance, and the probability of
inefficient contacts of large balls with small particles,
and of small balls with large particles, is as great as the
desired contact of large balls with large particles”.

Fred C. Bond
Mining Engineering
May, 1958.

13
PRUEBAS DE LABORATORIO CON VARIAS
CARGAS DE BOLAS

Ref. : R. Muranda, Univ. of Atacama - Chile

Test Ball Charge Exposed Area, Test Ball Charge Exposed Area,
2 3
N° Composition m /m N° Composition m 2/m 3

A1 57.3% 3.5" Balls 52.24 C1 19.7% 3.5" String 68.85


42.7% 2.0" Balls 80.3% 2.5" String
A2 36.6% 3.0" Balls 51.56 C2 72.0% 3.0" String 69.40
63.4% 2.5" Balls 28.0% 2.0" String
A3 100.0% 3.5" String 52.31 C3 100.0% 2.0" Balls 68.14

B1 60.1% 3.5" String 55.95 D1 58.0% 2.5" Balls 91.50


39.9% 3.0" String 42.0% 1.0" Balls
B2 83.2% 3.5" String 55.57 D2 69.5% 2.0" Balls 90.52
16.8% 2.5" String 30.5% 1.0" Balls
B3 100.0% 2.5" Balls 54.93 D3 100.0% 2.0" String 91.03

14
EFECTO DE LA COMPOSICIÓN DE LA
CARGA DE BOLAS

Ref. : R. Muranda, Univ. of Atacama - Chile

0.1
Series A
Series B
Series C
Series D

a0

0.01
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
2 3
Exposed Charge Area, m / m

15
EFECTO DE LA COMPOSICIÓN DE LA
CARGA DE BOLAS

Ref. : R. Muranda, Univ. of Atacama - Chile

10
dcrit , mm

Series A
Series B
Series C
Series D
1
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Exposed Charge Area, m 2 / m 3

16
EFECTO DE LA COMPOSICIÓN DE LA
CARGA DE BOLAS

Ref. : L. Guzman,, MolyCop Adesur - Perú

0.01

a0

0.001
40 50 60 70 80
2 3
Exposed Charge Area, m / m

17
EFECTO DE LA COMPOSICIÓN DE LA
CARGA DE BOLAS

Ref. : L. Guzman,, MolyCop Adesur - Perú

10
dcrit , mm

1
40 50 60 70 80
Exposed Charge Area, m 2 / m 3

18
EFECTO DE LA COMPOSICIÓN DE LA
CARGA DE BOLAS

dcrit / 10

ln (dcrit) = dcrit,0 + dcrit,1dR

0.1
a0

ln (a0) = a00 + a01/dR + a02/(dR)2


0.01
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Exposed Charge Area, m 2 / m 3

19
EFECTO DE LA COMPOSICIÓN DE LA
CARGA DE BOLAS

TAMAÑO DE BOLA IDEAL


For each grinding application, there
exists an Optimal Make-up Ball Size
140 (charge area) that maximizes the
130 capacity of the grinding section.
F80 = 9.8 mm
120

110
ton/hr

100

90

80

70

60
20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Specific Charge Area, m 2/m3

20
EFECTO DE LA COMPOSICIÓN DE LA
CARGA DE BOLAS

TAMAÑO DE BOLA IDEAL

Recharge 100 % 100% 100% 50/50 % 100%

Policy 75 mm 64 mm 50 mm 50/38 mm 38 mm

Area, m 2/m 3 63 76 94 108 126

alfa0, ton/kWh 0.009857 0.010548 0.011050 0.010766 0.009756


dcrit, microns 7247 5836 4430 3937 3498

Current Condition

21
EFECTO DE LA COMPOSICIÓN DE LA
CARGA DE BOLAS

EN FUNCIÓN DEL TAMAÑO DE ALIMENTACIÓN

The Optimal Ball Size (Charge Area)


200 depends strongly on the Feed Size
F80 Feed Ore
180 of the ore.
5.0 mm
160 9.8 mm
16.0 mm
140
ton/hr

20.0 mm
120

100

80

60

40
20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Specific Charge Area, m 2 /m 3

22
EFECTO DEL TAMAÑO DE ALIMENTACIÓN

TAMAÑO ÓPTIMO DE BOLA


The Optimal Ball Size for SAG
applications would be larger than
100 the largest commercially available
2”
size (6.0").
80
Charge Area, m 2/m3

2½”

3”
60

4”
40 5” Current Technology Limit
6”
8”
20
Conventional Grinding SAG Grinding
0
1 10 100
F80 Fresh Feed Ore, mm

23
EFECTO DE LA FORMA DEL MEDIO DE
MOLIENDA

BOLAS vs CYLPEBS

220

F80 Feed Ore = 2500 mm Balls


210
Cylpebs
200
ton/hr

9.4 %
190

180

170

160
45 55 65 75 85

Specific Charge Area, m 2 /m 3

24
EFECTO DE LA COMPOSICIÓN DE LA
CARGA DE BOLAS

TAMAÑO IDEAL PARA MÁXIMA FINEZA DE PRODUCTO

The same methodology may be applied


220 to determine the Ideal Ball Recharging
Policy that maximizes the fineness of the
210 ground product.

200
P80, mm

190

180
Initial
170 217 ton/hr
231 ton/hr
160
40 50 60 70 80
Specific Charge Area, m 2 /m 3
25
ÓPTIMA RECARGA DE MEDIOS DE
MOLIENDA

 La eficiencia energética de molienda que se obtiene con una determinada

carga de bolas, esta definida básicamente por el área superficial especifica


(m2/m3) expuesta al impacto

 Para cada “tarea de molienda” dada, existe un área superficial específica

(m2/m3).

 Dicha área superficial puede ser a través de la apropiada recarga de bolas,

máximo 2 diámetros de bolas diferentes.

26
EFECTO DE LA COMPOSICIÓN DE LA
CARGA DE BOLAS

APLICACIÓN A NIVEL INDUSTRIAL

1.00
S iE , ton/kWh

0.10
Specific
Charge Area

54 m2/m3
67 m2/m3
0.01
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Particle Size, mm
27
DESGASTE DE MEDIOS DE MOLIENDA
MECANISMOS DE DESGASTE DE MEDIOS
DE MOLIENDA

 MICRO - WEAR: ABRASION / CORROSION.

 MACRO - WEAR: SPALLING

 IMPACT BREAKAGE

29
MECANISMOS PARA MEDIR EL CONSUMO
DE MEDIOS DE MOLIENDA

 MICRO - DESGASTE : ABRASIÓN / CORROSIÓN

 MACRO - DESGASTE : SPALLING

 FRACTURA POR IMPACTO

30
CARATERIZACIÓN CINÉTICA DEL
DESGASTE

EL “ALGEBRA” DE LAS BOLAS

Ab
 A cada instante, la velocidad de pérdida
de peso de un cuerpo moledor es
directamente proporcional a su área
superficial expuesta:

d(m)
t 
d( t )
  km A b

Equivalente a:
d d( d) 2
  km  k d
d( t ) rb

31
LA TEORÍA LINEAL DEL DESGASTE

EL “ALGEBRA” DE LAS BOLAS

Ab
 Si kd permanece constante en el tiempo – es
decir, no es función del diámetro instantáneo
de la bola – aplicará entonces la siguiente
relación lineal:

d = dR - kd t

32
GENERACIÓN DEL “COLLAR”

CONDICIÓN DE EQUILIBRIO

 La recarga continua con bolas de un tamaño único dR genera, al


equilibrio, una distribución uniforme de los tamaños de bolas en el
interior del molino:

dR dR-kdt dR-2kdt dR-nkdt

Por lo tanto, existirá un igual número de bolas de cada tamaño posible


en la carga.
33
DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL TAMAÑO DE LAS BOLAS
EN EL “COLLAR” (en peso)

 La Distribución de Tamaños en peso F3(d), correspondiente a la


fracción del peso total de las bolas en el ‘collar’ de tamaño menor que ‘d’,
queda determinado por:

d
Wb F3(d) =
 0
rb (pd3/6) N f0(d) d(d)

la que, reemplazando la expresión para f0(d) e integrando, se reduce


simplemente a:

F3(d) = (d / dR) 4

34
DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL TAMAÑO DE LAS BOLAS
EN EL “COLLAR” (en peso)

100
3.0"
2.5"
% Menor que ...

2.0"
4.0

10

1
0.1 1 10
Tamaño de Bolas, plgd

35
AREA ESPECÍFICA EXPUESTA POR LAS BOLAS
EN EL “COLLAR”

 El área específica, a (m2/m3), expuesta por las bolas en el ‘collar’


puede ser derivada de la expresión:

dR
a = (A/Vap) = [
 0
p d2 N f0(d) d(d) ] / (W /r )
b ap

la que, reemplazando la expresión para f0(d) e integrando, se reduce


simplemente a:

a = 8 (1 - fv) / dR

36
AREA EXPUESTA POR LA MEZCLA DE “K”
TAMAÑOS DIFERENTES DE RECARGA

Cuando el molino es recargado periódicamente con K tamaños distintos de


recarga d1R : d2R : ... : dKR, en la proporción (en peso) r1 : r2 : ... : rK, el área
específica expuesta por la combinación de tamaños resultante se deriva de la
expresión :
(1/a) = r1/a1 + r2/a2 + ... + rK/aK

donde aK corresponde al área específica del ‘collar’ generado por el tamaño dKR de
recarga.
y cuando el tamaño del ‘scrap’, dS → 0:

deqR = r1d1R + r2d2R + ... + rKdKR

37
CARGAS INICIALES (% en peso)

MEDIA CHARGE_STRINGS

Tamaño de Recarga, pulgadas


Diám. de Bola,
pulgadas 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0

6.0 16.0
5.5 25.7 17.4
5.0 19.3 27.3 19.0
4.5 14.1 19.9 29.2 21.0
4.0 9.9 14.0 20.5 31.2 23.4
3.5 15.1 9.4 13.7 20.9 33.5 26.5
3.0 12.0 8.6 13.2 21.1 36.0 30.6
2.5 9.0 7.6 12.2 20.8 38.6 36.1
2.0 6.1 6.3 10.7 19.8 41.0 43.9
1.5 3.5 6.0 11.0 22.9 42.4 56.3
1.0 13.7 43.8 100.0

Dato Práctico: rap = (1-0.40)*7.75 = 4.65 ton/m3 (aparente)

38
INDICADORES DE CONSUMOS DE
BOLAS
INDICADORES DE CONSUMO DE BOLAS

REDIMIENTOS A ESCALA INDUSTRIAL

 Consumo por Unidad de Tiempo


t (kg/hr)

 Consumo por Unidad de Energía


E (gr/kWh)

 Consumo por Unidad de Mineral Molido


M (gr/ton)

40
VELOCIDAD DE CONSUMO (kg/hr)

 La velocidad de consumo de bolas es directamente proporcional al


área total expuesta por el ‘collar’:
 t = -km A = - rb kd A /2

y en base a la Teoría Lineal de Desgaste:

A = 8000 (1 - fv) Vap / dR


entonces:

 t = - 4000 kd [rb (1 - fv) Vap] / dR


= - 4000 kd Wb / dR

con dR expresado en mm.

41
EVALUACIONES A ESCALA INDUSTRIAL

INDICADORES DE CONSUMO DE BOLAS

Grinding Media Evaluation (Kg/Hr)

550.00

500.00
Consumption (Kg/Hr)

450.00

400.00
Forge+
Meatballs
350.00

300.00

250.00

200.00
Jul-02

Dic-02
May-02

May-03
Mar-03

Jun-03
Sep-02

Oct-02

Ene-03

month

42
VELOCIDAD DE CONSUMO (gr/kWh)

 En directa analogía a los procesos de molienda de minerales, se postula


que la constante lineal de desgaste kd es afectada proporcionalmente
por la Intensidad de Potencia del proceso:

kd = kdE (P/Wb) / 1000 La constante kdE es


considerada el mejor
siendo kdE la constante de indicador de la calidad de
proporcionalidad. las bolas para la aplicación
particular en consideración ...
pero, todavía depende de
Entonces: algunas condiciones
E = 1000  t / P operacionales y propiedades
del mineral en referencia; no
= - 4000 kdE / dR sólo de la calidad intrínseca
de las bolas.

43
EVALUACIONES A ESCALA INDUSTRIAL

INDICADORES DE CONSUMO DE BOLAS

Grinding Media Evaluation (gr/KWh)

79.0
77.0
75.0
Consumption (gr/KWh)

73.0
71.0
69.0
Forge+
67.0 Meatballs
65.0
63.0
61.0
59.0
57.0
55.0
Jul-02

Dic-02
May-02

May-03
Mar-03

Jun-03
Sep-02

Oct-02

Ene-03

month

44
RENDIMIENTOS A ESCALA INDUSTRIAL

INDICADORES DE CONSUMO DE BOLAS

El Indicador de consumo más tradicional [gr/ton] puede ser descompuesto


en 2 factores independientes:

Depende de la Abrasividad y
Corrosividad del mineral y la
Calidad de las Bolas.

[ ] [ ][ ]
gr gr kWh
= 
ton kWh ton

Depende de la dureza del mineral


y la tarea de molienda, según indica
donde: la Ley de Bond.

[ ] [ ] [ ]
kWh 1 _ 1 kW
= 10 Wio =
ton P800.5 F800.5 ton/hr
45
EVALUACIONES A ESCALA INDUSTRIAL

INDICADORES DE CONSUMO DE BOLAS

Grinding Media Evaluation (Gr/Ton)

800.0
750.0
700.0
Consumption (gr/ton)

650.0
600.0
Forge+
550.0
Meatballs
500.0
450.0
400.0
350.0
300.0
Jul-02

Jun-03
Oct-02
May-02

May-03
Mar-03
Ene-03
Sep-02

Dic-02

month

46
EVALUACIÓN DE CONSUMOS DE
BOLAS A NIVEL OPERACIONAL
EVALUACIONES DE CALIDAD COMPARATIVA

EVALUACIONES A ESCALA INDUSTRIAL

 EVALUACIÓN SECUENCIAL: Comparación de los indicadores


históricos del mismo molino, antes y después del período de ‘purga’.

[(kdE2,Post – kdE2,Pre)/kdE2,Pre] *100

48
EVALUACIÓN DE CALIDAD DE BOLAS
COMPARATIVA

EVALUACIÓN SECUENCIAL

 Comparación de los indicadores históricos del mismo molino, antes y


después del período de ‘purga’. Normalmente se toma una información
equivalente de 6 meses antes y después.

 Este tipo de evaluación se utiliza cuando se tiene un solo molino en


operación.

F80 P80

49
EJEMPLO DE EVALUACIÓN SECUENCIAL

SAG 2, PRE vs POST PERIODO DE PURGA

S AG 2 S AG 2 Vari aci ón
P re P urga P ost P urga %

TONE LAJE P ROC E S AD O


t on/ hr 1,254 1,410 12.4

C ONS UMO D E E NE RGIA


kW ( net o) 12,058 11,691 ( 3.0)
kWh/ t on 9.62 8.29 ( 13.8)

C ONS UMO D E BOLAS


gr/ t on 552 501 ( 9.2)
kg/ hr 692 707 2.2
gr/ kWh 57.4 60.4 5.2

C onst ant e espe. desgast e, k d E 2.95 3.11 5.2

50
EVALUACIONES DE CALIDAD COMPARATIVA

EVALUACIONES A ESCALA INDUSTRIAL

 CONCURRENTE (PARALELA) : Comparación de los indicadores de un


molino de prueba contra un molino estándar, ambos operando en
paralelo, por exactamente el mismo período de tiempo, posterior a la
‘purga’.

[(kdE2,Post – kdE1,Post)/kdE1,Post] *100

51
EVALUACIONES DE CALIDAD COMPARATIVA

EVALUACIONES A ESCALA INDUSTRIAL

Concurrente (Paralela) : P80


 Comparación de los indicadores
de un molino de prueba contra
un molino estándar, ambos
operando en paralelo, por
exactamente el mismo período de
tiempo, posterior a la ‘purga’.
P80
 Este tipo de evaluación se utiliza
cuando se cuenta con 2 molinos
gemelos que tienen las mismas F80
condiciones

52
EVALUACIÓN SECUENCIAL

Fair Mining Co.: SAG 2, PRE vs POST PERIODO DE PURGA

S AG 2 S AG 2 Va r i a t i on
P r e P ur ge P ost P ur ge %

ORE THROUGHP UT
t on/ hr 1 ,2 5 4 1 ,4 1 0 1 2 .4

E NE RGY C ONS UMP TION


kW ( ne t ) 1 2 ,0 5 8 1 1 ,6 9 1 ( 3 .0 )
kWh/ t on 9 .6 2 8 .2 9 ( 1 3 .8 )

BALLS C ONS UMP TION


gr / t on 552 501 ( 9 .2 )
kg/ hr 692 707 2 .2
gr / kWh 5 7 .4 6 0 .4 5 .2

S p. We a r C onst a nt , k d E 2 .9 5 3 .1 1 5 .2

53
EJEMPLO DE EVALUACIÓN PARALELA

SAG 1 vs SAG 2 en POST PERIODO DE PURGA

SAG 1 SAG 2 Variación


Post Purga Post Purga %

TONELAJE PROCESADO
ton/hr 1,299 1,410 8.5

CONSUMO DE ENERGIA
kW (neto) 11,791 11,691 (0.8)
kWh/ton 9.08 8.29 (8.7)

CONSUMO DE BOLAS
gr/ton 479 501 4.6
kg/hr 621 707 13.8
gr/kWh 52.7 60.4 14.6

Constante espe. desgaste, kdE 2.71 3.11 14.6

54
MEDIA CHARGE LINEAR WEAR SAG Mills

TM
Moly-Cop Tools
DETERMINATION OF WEAR RATE CONSTANTS
Special Case : SAG MILLS

Remarks SAG 1, Post Purge Period.


Fair Mining Co.

Power, kW
Mill Dimensions and Operating Conditions 7,273 Balls
Diameter Length Mill Speed Charge Balls Interstitial Lift 2,252 Rocks
ft ft % Critical Filling,% Filling,% Slurry Filling,% Angle, (°) 1,440 Slurry
35.50 17.00 76.00 26.00 14.00 65.00 42.00 10,966 Net Total
rpm 9.77 7.00 % Losses
% Utilization hr/month 11,791 Gross Total
% Solids in the Mill 74.00 89.82 647 7,625 MWh/month
Ore Density, ton/m3 2.80
Slurry Density, ton/m3 1.91 Charge Mill Charge Weight, tons Apparent
Balls Density, ton/m3 7.75 Volume, Ball O´size Interstitial Density
m3 Charge Rocks Slurry ton/m3
Ore Feedrate, ton/hr 1298.5 124.13 310.80 96.25 61.56 3.775
ton/day 27,993
Energy, kWh/ton (ore) 9.08
Ball Recharge Rate
Make-up Ball Size, mm 127.0 gr/ton gr/kWh (gross) gr/kWh (balls) Kg/hr tons/month
Scrap Size, mm 12.7 478.5 52.70 85.44 621.4 402

Spec. Area, m 2/m 3 (app) 37.76 Wear Rate Constants,


Total Charge Area, m 2 2524 m m/[kWh(balls)/ton(balls)] 2.712
mm/hr 0.0635
Purge Time, hrs 1,801
55
EVALUACIONES A ESCALA INDUSTRIAL

REFERENCIAS CRUZADAS

 Pre vs Post Período de Purga: Diferencia entre el % de variación de los


indicadores para el mismo molino, antes y después del período de ‘purga’:

[ (kdE2,Post - kdE2,Pre)/kdE2,Pre - (kdE1,Post – kdE1,Pre)/ kdE1,Pre] x 100

 Molino 2 vs Molino 1: Diferencia entre el % de diferencia de los


indicadores de ambos molinos, antes y después del período de ‘purga’ :

[ (kdE2,Post – kdE1,Post)/kdE1,Post - (kdE2,Pre – kdE1,Pre)/ kdE1,Pre] x 100

56
CROSS REFERENCES

Fair Mining Co.: SAG 1 vs SAG 2

SPECIFIC WEAR RATE CONSTANT, KDE

S AG 1 S AG 2 Vari at i on, %

P r e P ur ge 2 .8 4 2 .9 5 4.0
10.7
P ost P ur ge 2 .7 1 3 .1 1 14.6
Vari at i on, % ( 4.5) 5.2
9.8

57
IMPACT BREAKAGE CHARACTERIZATION

THE DROP BALL TESTER (DBT)

 Recognizing the need to improve


on the tenacity of the grinding
media, the Drop Ball Tester (DBT)
has become a very useful
experimental tool to assess the
expected full scale breakage
performance of any type of
grinding media, particularly in
SAG applications.

58
MEDIA CHARGE IMPACT & WEAR DATA FILE

TM
Moly-Cop Tools
BALL BREAKAGE RATES IN SAG MILLS

Remarks SAG 2, Pre Purge Period.


Fair Mining Co.

Power, kW
Mill Dimensions and Operating Conditions 7438 Balls
Diameter Length Mill Speed Charge Balls Interstitial Lift 2303 Rocks
ft ft % Critical Filling,% Filling,% Slurry Filling,% Angle, (°) 1473 Slurry
35.50 17.00 76.00 26.00 14.00 65.00 43.18 11214 Net Total
rpm 9.77 7.00 % Losses
% Utilization hr/month 12058 Gross Total
92.34 664.9 8,017 MWh/month
% Solids in the Mill 74.00
Ore Density, ton/m3 2.80 ton/m3
Slurry Density, ton/m3 1.907 ton/m3 Charge Mill Charge Weight, tons Apparent
Ore Feedrate, ton/hr 1253.9 ton/hr Volume, Ball O´size Interstitial Density
ton/day 27,789 ton/day m3 Charge Rocks Slurry ton/m3
Energy, kWh/ton (ore) 9.62 kWh/ton (ore) 124.13 310.80 96.25 61.56 3.775
Balls Density, ton/m3 7.75 ton/m3 Eq. # of Balls 37,386
Ball Size, mm 127.00 mm
Scrap Size, mm 12.7 mm

Continues ...
59
MEDIA CHARGE IMPACT & WEAR DATA FILE

Liner Design : Lifting Cavity Filling, m3/lifter 0.193


Number of Lifter Bars 36.0 Voids Fraction in Lifting Cavity, % 35.0
Mill Speed, lifters/min 352 lifters/min
Lifters Spacing, inches 37.18 inches Lifting Capacity :
Lifter Height, inches 10.00 inches Total Balls & Rocks, m3(ap)/hr 4,074
Rocks Lifting Rate, m3(ap)/hr 1,880
Lifter Width (at base), in 11.55 inches Balls Lifting Rate, m3(ap)/hr 2,194
Lifter Face Angle, (°) 30.0 (°) , ton/hr 11,050
, balls/hr 1,329,439
Load Angle of Repose, (°) 60.0 (°)
Angle at Balls Release, (°) 30.0 (°) Critical Ball on Ball Impacts per hour 715,852
Angle at Balls Impact, (°) 30.0 (°) Corr. Breakage Probability, events/impact 1.143E-05
Equiv. DBT Height, m 10.97 m Cushioning Factor 0.538
Breakage Rate, events/hr 4.406

DBT Test Results BALL CONSUMPTION RATES


gr/kWh gr/kWh
Total # of Balls # of Broken Events/ gr/ton (gross) (balls) kg/hr ton/month %
# of Cycles in Tube Balls Impact Caused by Breakage
20,000 24 5 1.042E-05 29.2 3.04 4.92 36.6 24.3 5.3
Caused by Wear
522.8 54.36 88.13 655.5 436 94.7
Spec. Area, m2/m3 (app) 37.76 m2/m3 (app) Overall
Total Charge Area, m 2 2524 m2 552.0 57.40 93.06 692.1 460 100.0
Purge Time, hrs 1,707 hrs
Wear Rate Constants, SCRAP GENERATION
kd E
2.798 mm/[kWh/ton] Nuclei Fragments Overall
kd 0.0670 mm/hr kg/hr % kg/hr % kg/hr
0.7 1.8 36.6 98.2 37.3
60
EFFECT OF THE BALLS / ROCKS RATIO

120
Mill Size : 36' x 17'
Speed : 76 % Crit.
J = 28 %
100 Lift Angle, a : 40°

80
Total
gr/kWh

60
Wear
40

20 20,000 Impacts for 10 Broken Balls


Breakage
0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

% Balls Filling

61
MEDIA CHARGE IMPACT & WEAR DATA FILE

Liner Design : Lifting Cavity Filling, m3/lifter 0.193


Number of Lifter Bars 36.0 Voids Fraction in Lifting Cavity, % 35.0
Mill Speed, lifters/min 352 lifters/min
Lifters Spacing, inches 37.18 inches Lifting Capacity :
Lifter Height, inches 10.00 inches Total Balls & Rocks, m3(ap)/hr 4,074
Rocks Lifting Rate, m3(ap)/hr 1,880
Lifter Width (at base), in 11.55 inches Balls Lifting Rate, m3(ap)/hr 2,194
Lifter Face Angle, (°) 30.0 (°) , ton/hr 11,050
, balls/hr 1,463,404
Load Angle of Repose, (°) 60.0 (°)
Angle at Balls Release, (°) 30.0 (°) Critical Ball on Ball Impacts per hour 787,987
Angle at Balls Impact, (°) 30.0 (°) Corr. Breakage Probability, events/impact 2.286E-05
Equiv. DBT Height, m 10.97 m Cushioning Factor 0.538
Breakage Rate, events/hr 9.699

DBT Test Results BALL CONSUMPTION RATES


gr/kWh gr/kWh
Total # of Balls # of Broken Events/ gr/ton (gross) (balls) kg/hr ton/month %
# of Cycles in Tube Balls Impact Caused by Breakage
20,000 24 10 2.083E-05 52.0 6.26 10.16 73.2 48.8 10.4
Caused by Wear
448.9 54.14 87.77 632.9 422 89.6
2 3 2 3
Spec. Area, m /m (app) 38.99 m /m (app) Overall
2 2
Total Charge Area, m 2606 m 500.9 60.40 97.92 706.1 471 100.0
Purge Time, hrs 1,762 hrs
Wear Rate Constants, SCRAP GENERATION
kd E
2.698 mm/[kWh/ton] Nuclei Fragments Overall
kd 0.0626 mm/hr kg/hr % kg/hr % kg/hr
0.7 0.9 73.2 99.1 73.9

62
CROSS REFERENCES

Fair Mining Co.: SAG 1 vs SAG 2

Specific Wear Rate Constant, kdE


(corrected for actual Ball Size)

S AG 1 S AG 2 Vari at i on, %

P r e P ur ge 2 .6 8 2 .8 0 4.3
1.4
P ost P ur ge 2 .5 5 2 .7 0 5.7
Vari at i on, % ( 4.8) ( 3.6)
1.2

DBT Performance :
Forge+ : 5 broken balls per 20,000 cycles
NKOB : 10 broken balls per 20,000 cycles

63
MEDIA CHARGE IMPACT & WEAR DATA FILE

Liner Design : Lifting Cavity Filling, m3/lifter 0.193


Number of Lifter Bars 36.0 Voids Fraction in Lifting Cavity, % 35.0
Mill Speed, lifters/min 352 lifters/min
Lifters Spacing, inches 37.18 inches Lifting Capacity :
Lifter Height, inches 10.00 inches Total Balls & Rocks, m3(ap)/hr 4,074
Rocks Lifting Rate, m3(ap)/hr 1,880
Lifter Width (at base), in 11.55 inches Balls Lifting Rate, m3(ap)/hr 2,194
Lifter Face Angle, (°) 30.0 (°) , ton/hr 11,050
, balls/hr 1,463,404
Load Angle of Repose, (°) 60.0 (°)
Angle at Balls Release, (°) 30.0 (°) Critical Ball on Ball Impacts per hour 787,987
Angle at Balls Impact, (°) 30.0 (°) Corr. Breakage Probability, events/impact 0.000E+00
Equiv. DBT Height, m 10.97 m Cushioning Factor 0.538
Breakage Rate, events/hr 0.000

DBT Test Results BALL CONSUMPTION RATES


gr/kWh gr/kWh
Total # of Balls # of Broken Events/ gr/ton (gross) (balls) kg/hr ton/month %
# of Cycles in Tube Balls Impact Caused by Breakage
20,000 24 0 0.000E+00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0
Caused by Wear
500.9 60.40 97.92 706.1 471 100.0
Spec. Area, m2/m3 (app) 38.99 m2/m3 (app) Overall
Total Charge Area, m 2 2606 m2 500.9 60.40 97.92 706.1 471 100.0
Purge Time, hrs 1,579 hrs
Wear Rate Constants, SCRAP GENERATION
kd E
3.011 mm/[kWh/ton] Nuclei Fragments Overall
kd 0.0699 mm/hr kg/hr % kg/hr % kg/hr
0.8 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.8

64
CROSS REFERENCES

Fair Mining Co.: SAG 1 vs SAG 2

Specific Wear Rate Constant, kdE


(corrected for actual Ball Size)

S AG 1 S AG 2 Vari at i on, %

P r e P ur ge 2 .6 8 2 .8 0 4.3
13.6
P ost P ur ge 2 .5 5 3 .0 1 17.9
Vari at i on, % ( 4.8) 7.6
12.4

DBT Performance :
Forge+ : 5 broken balls per 20,000 cycles
NKOB : 0 broken balls per 20,000 cycles

65
MEDIA CHARGE IMPACT & WEAR DATA FILE

Liner Design : Lifting Cavity Filling, m3/lifter 0.193


Number of Lifter Bars 36.0 Voids Fraction in Lifting Cavity, % 35.0
Mill Speed, lifters/min 352 lifters/min
Lifters Spacing, inches 37.18 inches Lifting Capacity :
Lifter Height, inches 10.00 inches Total Balls & Rocks, m3(ap)/hr 4,074
Rocks Lifting Rate, m3(ap)/hr 1,880
Lifter Width (at base), in 11.55 inches Balls Lifting Rate, m3(ap)/hr 2,194
Lifter Face Angle, (°) 30.0 (°) , ton/hr 11,050
, balls/hr 1,463,404
Load Angle of Repose, (°) 60.0 (°)
Angle at Balls Release, (°) 30.0 (°) Critical Ball on Ball Impacts per hour 787,987
Angle at Balls Impact, (°) 30.0 (°) Corr. Breakage Probability, events/impact 2.286E-05
Equiv. DBT Height, m 10.97 m Cushioning Factor 0.538
Breakage Rate, events/hr 9.699

DBT Test Results BALL CONSUMPTION RATES


gr/kWh gr/kWh
Total # of Balls # of Broken Events/ gr/ton (gross) (balls) kg/hr ton/month %
# of Cycles in Tube Balls Impact Caused by Breakage
20,000 24 10 2.083E-05 52.0 6.26 10.16 73.2 48.8 9.7
Caused by Wear
482.1 58.13 94.24 679.6 453 90.3
Spec. Area, m2/m3 (app) 36.28 m2/m3 (app) Overall
Total Charge Area, m 2 2425 m2 534.0 64.39 104.40 752.8 502 100.0
Purge Time, hrs 958 hrs Ref. 500.9 60.40 97.92 706.1 471
Wear Rate Constants, SCRAP GENERATION
kd E
2.698 mm/[kWh/ton] Nuclei Fragments Overall
kd 0.0626 mm/hr kg/hr % kg/hr % kg/hr
91.3 55.5 73.2 44.5 164.6

66
BRINGING ALL THE PIECES TOGETHER

Liner Design : Lifting Cavity Filling, m3/lifter 0.193


Number of Lifter Bars 36.0 Voids Fraction in Lifting Cavity, % 35.0
Mill Speed, lifters/min 352 lifters/min
Lifters Spacing, inches 37.18 inches Lifting Capacity :
Lifter Height, inches 10.00 inches Total Balls & Rocks, m3(ap)/hr 4,074
Rocks Lifting Rate, m3(ap)/hr 1,880
Lifter Width (at base), in 11.55 inches Balls Lifting Rate, m3(ap)/hr 2,194
Lifter Face Angle, (°) 30.0 (°) , ton/hr 11,050
, balls/hr 1,463,404
Load Angle of Repose, (°) 60.0 (°)
Angle at Balls Release, (°) 30.0 (°) Critical Ball on Ball Impacts per hour 787,987
Angle at Balls Impact, (°) 30.0 (°) Corr. Breakage Probability, events/impact 2.286E-05
Equiv. DBT Height, m 10.97 m Cushioning Factor 0.538
Breakage Rate, events/hr 9.699

DBT Test Results BALL CONSUMPTION RATES


DBT gr/kWh gr/kWh
Total # of Balls # of Broken Events/ gr/ton (gross) (balls) kg/hr ton/month %
# of Cycles in Tube Balls Impact Caused by Breakage
20,000 24 10 2.083E-05 52.0 6.26 10.16 73.2 48.8 9.7
Caused by Wear
482.1 58.13 94.24 679.6 453 90.3
Spec. Area, m2/m3 (app) 36.28 m2/m3 (app) Overall
Total Charge Area, m 2 2425 m2 534.0 64.39 104.40 752.8 502 100.0
MBWT
Purge Time, hrs 958 hrs
Wear Rate Constants, SCRAP GENERATION
kd E
2.698 mm/[kWh/ton] Nuclei Fragments Overall
kd 0.0626 mm/hr kg/hr % kg/hr % kg/hr
91.3 55.5 73.2 44.5 164.6

Measurable Measurable ? 67
EVALUACIÓN DE CONSUMOS DE
BOLAS EXPERIMENTAL A NIVEL
INDUSTRIAL
DETERMINACIÓN EXPERIMENTAL DEL
DESEMPEÑO

 Para evaluar el desempeño de bolas al desgaste por abrasión o corrosión


existen varios ensayos.
 El que mejor simula las condiciones dentro de un molino es el Ensayo de
Bola Marcada o Marked Ball Wear Test (MBWT).
 Este ensayo se realiza en molinos industriales, es decir, en el ambiente real
en que las bolas trabajan.
 Para determinar la resistencia al impacto de las bolas, se utiliza el ensayo
llamado Drop Ball Test, DBT.
 Este último ensayo simula en forma adecuada las condiciones de impacto
que las bolas experimentan dentro de los molinos.

69
ENSAYO DE BOLA MARCADA

 El ensayo consiste en pesar e identificar (marcar) con una etiqueta, un


número acotado pero representativo de bolas, de uno o varios tipos
según se requiera.
 Una vez marcadas las bolas, se cargan dentro del molino industrial
seleccionado, para recuperarlas después de un número definido de horas
de operación del molino.
 La pérdida de peso experimentada por cada bola marcada puede ser
luego extrapolada al desempeño esperado de las bolas en una eventual
aplicación en la planta.
 Es muy relevante que el ensayo se prolongue por un tiempo que asegure
que se haya alcanzado un desgaste representativo de la bola en prueba
(pérdida de 60% del peso inicial según criterio MolyCop).

70
ENSAYO DE BOLA MARCADA

Algunas limitaciones de este ensayo se indican a continuación:

 Sólo mide el desempeño de las bolas al desgaste gradual por abrasión y


corrosión, y no toma en cuenta el fracturamiento por impacto.
 Cuando existan condiciones severas de impacto, se recomienda aplicar
adicionalmente el ensayo Drop Ball Test.
 El Ensayo de Bola Marcada no es aplicable directamente en situaciones en las
cuales existan interacciones electroquímicas entre las bolas ensayadas y la
carga anfitriona del molino, es decir, las bolas que se están recargando
periódicamente al molino. En tal caso la interpretación de resultados debe ser
cuidadosa.
 Una situación bien documentada de protección galvánica de las bolas
ensayadas por parte de la carga anfitriona es el de las bolas de fierro fundido
de alto Cromo en una carga normal de bolas de acero.

71
ENSAYO DE BOLA MARCADA

PERFORADO DE LAS MUESTRAS DE CADA TIPO DE BOLAS A EVALUAR:

72
ENSAYO DE BOLA MARCADA

PESAJE E IDENTIFICACIÓN DE CADA BOLA CON UNA ETIQUETA PUESTA


EN EL HOYO YA PERFORADO Y SELLADO

73
ENSAYO DE BOLA MARCADA

CARGUÍO SIMULTÁNEO DE TODOS LOS GRUPOS DE BOLAS EN EL


MOLINO SELECCIONADO

74
ENSAYO DE BOLA MARCADA

DESPUÉS DE UN PERÍODO DE TIEMPO DADO ( VARIOS MESES) CON EL


MOLINO DETENIDO SE RECUPERAN BOLAS (ENTRE 5 Y 10%)

75
ENSAYO DE BOLA MARCADA

IDENTIFICACIÓN Y PESAJE FINAL DE BOLAS RECUPERADAS

76
MARKET BALL WEAR TEST (MBWT)

Before Test

d = dR - kd t

After Test

Recovering balls inside the mill 77


MARKET BALL WEAR TEST (MBWT)

60
Type A Balls
50
Type B Balls
Ball Size, mm

40

30 - kd

20

10 d = dR - kd t

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time, days

78
MEDIA CHARGE MBWT Spreadsheet

TM
Moly-Cop Tools
Practical Guidelines for
MARKED BALL WEAR TEST DESIGN

Remarks Base Case Example.

Mill
Power, kW
Mill Dimensions and Operating Conditions 831 Balls
Diameter Length Mill Speed Charge Balls Interstitial Lift 0 Rocks
ft ft % Critical Filling,% Filling,% Filling,% Angle, (°) 133 Slurry
12.00 15.50 72.00 40.00 40.00 100.00 36.00 965 Net Total
rpm 15.92 10.00 % Losses
1,072 Gross Total

% Solids in the Mill 72.00 Charge Mill Charge Weight, tons Apparent
Ore Density, ton/m3 2.80 Volume, Ball O´size Interstitial Density
Slurry Density, ton/m3 1.86 m3 Charge Rocks Slurry ton/m3
Balls Density, ton/m3 7.75 19.89 92.51 0.00 14.82 5.395

Initial Ball Size, mm 65.0


Final Ball Size, mm 52.0 Free Kidney
Weight Loss, % 48.8 Height Above Angle,
Wear Rate Estimates, Charge, ft Degrees
mm/[KWH(balls)/ton(balls)] 1.612 with Grind-out 6.95 161.73
mm/hr 0.01449 without Grind-out 6.95 161.73
TEST DURATION, hrs 897
79
MEDIA CHARGE MBWT Spreadsheet

Recovery Available
Rate, Recovery
SAMPLE SIZE, NTOT (Minimum Number of Marked Balls per Group) m-hours/m2 Hours
0.25 8.0
Option 1. Ball Picking over Exposed Mill Charge Surface
Recovery Recovery Exposed Exposed Marked Balls Sample Required
Target, Area, Marked Balls, Ball Layers, Concentration, Size, Labor
# Balls m2 # Balls/m2 # # Balls/m3 NTOT man-hours inspectors
w/ Grind-out 5 37.17 0.13 1.0 2.07 132 9 2
w/o Grind-out 5 37.17 0.13 1.0 2.07 132 9 2

Option 2. Same as Option 1, with one full-turn inching of the mill


Recovery Recovery Exposed Exposed Marked Balls Sample Required
Target, Area, Marked Balls, Ball Layers, Concentration, Size, Labor
# Balls m2 # Balls/m2 # # Balls/m3 NTOT man-hours inspectors
w/ Grind-out 5 89.38 0.06 1.0 0.86 55 22 4
w/o Grind-out 5 89.38 0.06 1.0 0.86 55 22 4

80
MEDIA CHARGE MBWT Spreadsheet

- Host Charge 7.75


- Test Group 7.75 Host Test
COMPARATIVE Charge Media
Operational Records during MBWT : PERFORMANCE (Actual) (Projected)

Test Duration, hrs 700 Sp. Energy, kWh/ton (net) 7.26 7.26
Ore Processed, ktons 375 Ball Consumption, gr/ton 621.5 682.5
Energy Cons., MWh (net) 2719 , gr/kWh (net) 85.6 94.0
Balls Charged, tons 233 , kg/hr 332.5 365.1 %
Make-up Ball Size, mm 65 WR Constant, mm/hr 0.0182 0.0200 Better
Scrap Size, mm 12 mm/(KWH/ton) 1.612 1.770 (9.81)

Ball Group Identification : Group B : Alternative Product

TAG Initial Initial Final Final Wear Rate Constant


# Weight, gr Size, mm Weight, gr Size, mm mm/hr mm/(KWH/ton)
A3 1100.0 64.7 530.0 50.7 0.0200 1.769
A10 1109.0 64.9 533.0 50.8 0.0201 1.779
A16 1207.0 66.8 600.0 52.9 0.0198 1.755
A23 1162.0 65.9 571.0 52.0 0.0199 1.758
A34 1153.0 65.7 560.0 51.7 0.0201 1.779
A38 1181.0 66.3 577.0 52.2 0.0201 1.780

81
CARACTERIZACION CINÉTICA DEL DESGASTE
INCIDENCIA DE LA FRACTURA POR IMPACTO

Para tales efectos, la organización Moly-Cop


Grinding Systems ha desarrollado un
procedimiento piloto experimental, adaptado de
un diseño original de la U. S. Bureau of Mines
denominado Drop Ball Tester (DBT), cuyos
resultados han demostrado ser escalables a nivel
industrial

El resultado más relevante de este ensayo es el


Índice DBT - definido como el número
promedio esperado de bolas fracturadas cada
20,000 caídas – a partir del cual es posible
proyectar cuál sería la tasa esperada de fractura
de bolas en una aplicación de características de
diseño y operación conocidas

82
LINES LIFTING CAPACITY

A SIMPLE CONCEPTUAL MODEL

d2
d1

83
ENSAYO DROP BALL TEST (DBT)

84
IMPACTO DE BOLAS MOLIENDA SAG

85
ENSAYO DROP BALL TEST (DBT)

Contador

Elevador de
Tubo“J” Capachos

86
INDICADORES DE CALIDAD DE
MEDIOS DE MOLIENDA
EL PERIODO DE ‘PURGA’

 El período de evaluación de la nueva condición de recarga debe comenzar sólo


después que ha transcurrido un ‘Período de Purga’ razonable, definido éste
como el tiempo requerido para que todo remanente de las bolas antiguas sea
completamente removido del molino.
100
% Collar Remanente

tmax = (dR - dS) / kd


80

60 Se considera innecesario extender el Período


de Purga más allá del tiempo requerido para
40 consumir el equivalente a dos veces la carga
de bolas en el molino (2W).
20

0
0 W 1 W 2 W 3 W 4 W

Consumo Acumulado 88
INDICADORES DE LA CALIDAD INTRÍNSECA
DE LAS BOLAS

RENDIMIENTOS A ESCALA INDUSTRIAL

 Constante Lineal de Desgaste


kd (mm/hr)

 Constante Específica de Desgaste


kdE (mm/(kWh/ton))

89
Rendimientos a Escala Industrial
CALIDAD INTRINSECA DE LAS BOLAS
TM
Moly-Cop Tools (Version 2.0)
DETERMINATION OF WEAR RATE CONSTANTS
Special Case : BALL MILLS

Remarks CODELCO NORTE


Concentradora A0 : Promedio General, Ene '03 a Oct '05.

Power, kW
Mill Dimensions and Operating Conditions 409 Balls
Diameter Length Mill Speed Charge Balls Interstitial Lift 0 Overfilling
ft ft % Critical Filling,% Filling,% Slurry Filling,% Angle, (°) 66 Slurry
10.00 11.50 74.30 37.00 37.00 100.00 37.58 475 Net Total
rpm 18.00 15.00 % Losses
% Utilization hr/month 559 Gross Total
% Solids in the Mill 73.00 86.45 622 348 MWh/month
Ore Density, ton/m3 2.80
Slurry Density, ton/m3 1.88 Charge Mill Charge Weight, tons Apparent
Balls Density, ton/m3 7.75 Volume, Ball Slurry Density
m3 Charge Interstitial above Balls ton/m3
Ore Feedrate, ton/hr 115.1 9.48 44.09 7.15 0.00 5.404
ton/day 2,388
Energy, kWh/ton (ore) 4.86
Ball Recharge Rate
Make-up Ball Size, mm 52.0 gr/ton gr/kWh (gross) gr/kWh (balls) Kg/hr tons/month
Scrap Size, mm 12.0 481.8 99.20 135.62 55.5 34.5

Spec. Area, m 2/m 3 (app) 91.43 Wear Rate Constants,


Total Charge Area, m 2 867 mm/[kWh(balls)/ton(balls)] 1.758
mm/hr 0.0163
Purge Time, hrs 2,453
90
LA CORRELACION DE BENAVENTE PARA
kdE, mm/(kWh/ton)

 Del análisis detallado de más de 30 aplicaciones de molienda, H.


Benavente (de Moly-Cop Perú) desarrolló una interesante
correlación entre la Constante Específica de Desgaste (kdE)
observada y los correspondientes Indice de Abrasión de Bond (AI),
Tamaño de Alimentación (F80) y pH de la pulpa en el molino :

kdE = 1.29 [(AI - 0.02)/0.20]0.33 (F80/5000)0.13 (pH/10)-0.68

91
LA CORRELACION DE BENAVENTE PARA
kdE, mm/(kWh/ton)

kdE = 1.29 [(AI - 0.02)/0.20]0.33 (F80/5000)0.13 (pH/10)-0.68

3
k d E (ajustada)

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
k d E (experimental)
92
kde vs el WiO... existe una relación?

Relación kdE y el Wio

3.0

2.5

2.0
kdE

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
5 10 15 20 25 30

Wio

El Wi no tiene relación con la Constante Específica de Desgaste y lo


bueno es que sabemos que no tendría por que haberla.
93
EL EFECTO DE INDICE DE ABRASION

Consumo Bolas f (Ai)


F8 0 =10,000 um , J=0.38, pH=11
90
220
80 188
68
200
70
180
53 155

ton/mes
gr/kWh

60
160

50
140

40 120

30 100

20 80
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Ai

94
MEDICIONES DE INDICE DE ABRASIÓN
MINERIA PERUANA

Moly-Cop Tools
TM

ABRASION_INDEX : Database
Customer Date Ore Type Ai Bond F80 Slurry pH gr/mt gr/Kwh
Antamina Jul-10 Cu, Mo 0.1383 2800 10.3 357.0 64.2
Antamina Jun-10 Cu, Zn 0.1531 2800 10.3 398.0
Ares Jun-10 Au, Ag 0.2618 710 11.5 1109.0 78.2
Brocal Ago-10 Pb, Zn 0.1369 2000 8.5 288.1 96.5
Brocal Ago-10 Cu 0.3942 2000 8.5 288.1 96.5
Cerro Lindo Jun-10 Py, Cu, Pb, Zn 0.1699 10500 10.5 717.5 92.9
Cerro Lindo Jun-10 Py, Cu, Pb, Zn 0.3656 10500 10.5 717.5 92.9
Cerro Verde Jun-10 Cu, Mo 0.1879 3000 11.0 693.4 67.8
Cuajone May-10 Cu, Mo 0.1384 9500 11.6 622.1 53.2
Cuajone May-10 Cu, Mo 0.3888 9500 11.6 622.1 53.2
Goldfields Abr-10 Cu, Au 0.3519 2500 9.0 690.0 68.0
Horizonte 29/09/2010 Au 0.2786 4900 8.0 425.0
Minsur Jun-10 Sn 0.3573 1400 7.3 147.5 82.5
orcopampa Ago-10 Au, Ag 0.2167 3000 10.5 1076.3 87.4
orcopampa Ago-10 Au, Ag 0.3980 3000 10.5 1076.3 87.4
Pallancata 27/08/2010 Au, Ag 0.6374 7100 7.5 437.0 93.3
Quechua Ago-10 Cu, Au, Mo 0.4127 4000 10.5 639.9 47.8
Toquepala 14/08/2010 Cu, Mo 0.2420 12700 11.6 725.9 54.7
Toquepala 14/08/2010 Cu, Mo 0.2478 12700 11.6 725.9 54.7
Yanacocha Sep-10 Au, Ag 0.2842 30000 10.0 2250.0 137.5
Yanacocha May-10 Au, Ag 0.6919 80000 10.0 3783.0 137.5
Yauliyacu 24/09/2010 Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag 0.4550 1300 8.0 355.5 78.2
Yauliyacu Ago-10 Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag 0.5649 1300 8.0 355.5 78.2
95
EL EFECTO DEL TAMAÑO DE ALIMENTACION

, pH=11
Consumo Bolas f (F 80))
Ai=0.25, J=0.38 170
61
65 180
143

60 160
53
140

ton/mes
55
gr/kWh

120
50
100

45 80

40 60
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

F80 (um)

96
EL EFECTO DEL pH DE LA PULPA

Consumo Bolas f (pH)


F80=10,000 um , J=0.38, Ai=0.25
90 230

80 210

70
67 190

ton/mes
180
gr/kWh

60
58 170
50 158
150
40

30 130
[H+] [10-7] [10-8] [10-9] [10-10] [10-11] [10-12]

20 110
7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0

pH

97
PRÁCTICA OPERACIONAL:
CRITERIOS DE RECARGA DE BOLAS

 Frecuencia: La recarga de bolas debe ser idealmente ‘continua’ a fin de


mantener constante el nivel de carga en el molino. La recarga una vez por
turno – e incluso una vez al día – se puede considerar suficientemente
‘continua’ para todos los efectos prácticos.

 Velocidad de Recarga : Típicamente, existen 3 opciones:


• Recargar ( t t /103) tons de bolas, siendo t las horas de
operación transcurridas desde la última recarga.
• Recargar ( E E /106) tons de bolas, siendo E los kWh de
energía consumidos por el molino desde la última recarga.
• Recargar ( M * M /106) tons de bolas, siendo M las
toneladas de mineral molidas desde la última recarga.

98
CRITERIOS DE RECARGA DE BOLAS

Si no me creen a mí, al menos créanle a él …

“El término común del costo de desgaste del metal por


tonelada molida es a duras penas una base satisfactoria
de comparación en las funciones del molino. Ello no
permite ni exprime diferencias en la alimentación ni en el
tamaño del producto, así como tampoco en la
molturabilidad. La expresión de desgaste de metal en
términos de kilos de metal consumido por kilowatios
hora es siempre preferible”

Fred C. Bond
Mining Engineering
May, 1958.

99
MEDIA CHARGE_LINEAR WEAR_BALL MILLS ...
TM
Moly-Cop Tools
DETERMINATION OF WEAR RATE CONSTANTS
Special Case : BALL MILLS

Remarks Standard Grinding Media Performance.

Power, kW
Mill Dimensions and Operating Conditions 3,348 Balls
Diameter Length Mill Speed Charge Balls Interstitial Lift 0 Overfilling
ft ft % Critical Filling,% Filling,% Slurry Filling,% Angle, (°) 536 Slurry
18.50 22.00 72.00 38.00 38.00 100.00 35.00 3,885 Net Total
rpm 12.82 10.00 % Losses
% Utilization hr/month 4,316 Gross Total
% Solids in the Mill 72.00 95.00 684 2,952 MWh/month
Ore Density, ton/m3 2.80
Slurry Density, ton/m3 1.86 Charge Mill Charge Weight, tons Apparent
Balls Density, ton/m3 7.75 Volume, Ball Slurry Density
m3 Charge Interstitial above Balls ton/m3
Ore Feedrate, ton/hr 535.3 63.76 296.48 47.48 0.00 5.395
ton/day 12,205
Energy, kWh/ton (ore) 8.06
Ball Recharge Rate
Make-up Ball Size, mm 65.0 gr/ton gr/kWh (gross) gr/kWh (balls) Kg/hr tons/month
Scrap Size, mm 12.0 621.2 77.04 99.31 206.3 227

Spec. Area, m 2/m 3 (app) 73.47 Wear Rate Constants,


Total Charge Area, m 2 4684 m m/[kWh(balls)/ton(balls)] 1.000
mm/hr 0.0113
Purge Time, hrs 4,693 100
MEDIA CHARGE_LINEAR WEAR_BALL MILLS ...
TM
Moly-Cop Tools
DETERMINATION OF WEAR RATE CONSTANTS
Special Case : BALL MILLS

Remarks Alternative Grinding Media Performance.

Power, kW
Mill Dimensions and Operating Conditions 3,286 Balls
Diameter Length Mill Speed Charge Balls Interstitial Lift 0 Overfilling
ft ft % Critical Filling,% Filling,% Slurry Filling,% Angle, (°) 526 Slurry
18.50 22.00 72.00 36.00 36.00 100.00 35.00 3,812 Net Total
rpm 12.82 10.00 % Losses
% Utilization hr/month 4,235 Gross Total
% Solids in the Mill 72.00 95.00 684 2,897 MWh/month
Ore Density, ton/m3 2.80
Slurry Density, ton/m3 1.86 Charge Mill Charge Weight, tons Apparent
Balls Density, ton/m3 7.75 Volume, Ball Slurry Density
m3 Charge Interstitial above Balls ton/m3
Ore Feedrate, ton/hr 549.0 60.40 280.87 44.98 0.00 5.395
ton/day 12,517
Energy, kWh/ton (ore) 7.71
Ball Recharge Rate
Make-up Ball Size, mm 68.0 gr/ton gr/kWh (gross) gr/kWh (balls) Kg/hr tons/month
Scrap Size, mm 12.0 621.2 80.53 103.81 193.5 233

Spec. Area, m 2/m 3 (app) 70.27 Wear Rate Constants,


Total Charge Area, m 2 4244 m m/[kWh(balls)/ton(balls)] 1.000
mm/hr 0.0117
Purge Time, hrs 4,787 101
MEDIA CHARGE_LINEAR WEAR_BALL MILLS ...
TM
Moly-Cop Tools
DETERMINATION OF WEAR RATE CONSTANTS
Special Case : BALL MILLS

Remarks Standard Grinding Media Performance.

Power, kW
Mill Dimensions and Operating Conditions 3,348 Balls
Diameter Length Mill Speed Charge Balls Interstitial Lift 0 Overfilling
ft ft % Critical Filling,% Filling,% Slurry Filling,% Angle, (°) 536 Slurry
18.50 22.00 72.00 38.00 38.00 100.00 35.00 3,885 Net Total
rpm 12.82 10.00 % Losses
% Utilization hr/month 4,316 Gross Total
% Solids in the Mill 72.00 95.00 684 2,952 MWh/month
Ore Density, ton/m3 2.80
Slurry Density, ton/m3 1.86 Charge Mill Charge Weight, tons Apparent
Balls Density, ton/m3 7.75 Volume, Ball Slurry Density
m3 Charge Interstitial above Balls ton/m3
Ore Feedrate, ton/hr 535.3 63.76 296.48 47.48 0.00 5.395
ton/day 12,205
Energy, kWh/ton (ore) 8.06
Ball Recharge Rate
Make-up Ball Size, mm 65.0 gr/ton gr/kWh (gross) gr/kWh (balls) Kg/hr tons/month
Scrap Size, mm 12.0 621.2 77.04 99.31 332.5 227

Spec. Area, m 2/m 3 (app) 73.47 Wear Rate Constants,


Total Charge Area, m 2 4684 m m/[kWh(balls)/ton(balls)] 1.612
mm/hr 0.0182
Purge Time, hrs 2,911 102
MEDIA CHARGE_LINEAR WEAR_BALL MILLS ...
TM
Moly-Cop Tools
DETERMINATION OF WEAR RATE CONSTANTS
Special Case : BALL MILLS

Remarks Alternative Grinding Media Performance.

Power, kW
Mill Dimensions and Operating Conditions 3,286 Balls
Diameter Length Mill Speed Charge Balls Interstitial Lift 0 Overfilling
ft ft % Critical Filling,% Filling,% Slurry Filling,% Angle, (°) 526 Slurry
18.50 22.00 72.00 36.00 36.00 100.00 35.00 3,812 Net Total
rpm 12.82 10.00 % Losses
% Utilization hr/month 4,235 Gross Total
% Solids in the Mill 72.00 95.00 684 2,897 MWh/month
Ore Density, ton/m3 2.80
Slurry Density, ton/m3 1.86 Charge Mill Charge Weight, tons Apparent
Balls Density, ton/m3 7.75 Volume, Ball Slurry Density
m3 Charge Interstitial above Balls ton/m3
Ore Feedrate, ton/hr 549.0 60.40 280.87 44.98 0.00 5.395
ton/day 12,517
Energy, kWh/ton (ore) 7.71
Ball Recharge Rate
Make-up Ball Size, mm 68.0 gr/ton gr/kWh (gross) gr/kWh (balls) Kg/hr tons/month
Scrap Size, mm 12.0 621.2 80.53 103.81 341.1 233

Spec. Area, m 2/m 3 (app) 70.27 Wear Rate Constants,


Total Charge Area, m 2 4244 m m/[kWh(balls)/ton(balls)] 1.763
mm/hr 0.0206
Purge Time, hrs 2,715 103
COMENTARIO FINAL
INDICADORES ALTERNATIVOS DE CONSUMO

Variables Operacionales / Propiedades del Mineral


Indicador ton/hr kW % W io F80 P80  Indice pH Calidad

Llenado Recarga Abrasión Pulpa Bola

Consumo
gr/ton          
kg/hr       
gr/kWh     
Calidad
kd      
E
kd    
B
kd 

 El mejor indicador de calidad intrínseca de los medios de molienda es la


Constante de Benavente kdB, aceptando que dependería sólo del respectivo
Proveedor y nada más.
104
EJERCICIO DE EVALUACIÓN DE
MEDIOS DE MOLIENDA
FAIR MINING COMPANY

 Fair Mining Co. (FMC) is a large, privately owned venture, located in the northern
Chile area, processing 30,000 tons/day of copper ores, since 1997.

 Their modern Concentrator facilities consist of 2 identical, parallel grinding lines;


each including 1 SAG Mill, 2 Ball Mills and 1 Regrind Mill.

 Over the last 12 months, the company has been sourcing its grinding media needs
from just 2 suppliers (NKOB and Meatballs) under independent 1-year contracts.
Therefore, FMC is now urgently calling for bids for the supply of their grinding
media needs for the next 12 month period, beginning July, 1st, 2004.

106
FAIR MINING COMPANY

Water
Feed Ore

2x

20’ x 26’
36’ x 17’ 36% Balls
26% Load 3” Recharge
14% Balls
5” Recharge

107
FAIR MINING COMPANY:
OPERATIONAL RECORDS
Unit : SAG 1 Make-up Balls : 5.0"
Mill Diam. 36 ft % Balls (Nominal) 14
Mill Lenght 17 ft % Charge (Nominal) 26
% Critical 76 % % Solids (Nominal) 74
Ore Density 2.8 ton/m3

Ore Operating Grinding Energy Mill Balls Consumption


Throughput hours Capacity Consumption Power
ton/month hr/month ton/hr MWh/month kW ton/month gr/ton kg/hr gr/kWh Supplier

Jul '02 1,017,541 721.0 1,411 8,533 11,836 499.21 491 692 58.5 Forge +
Aug 915,593 644.0 1,422 7,639 11,862 375.07 410 582 49.1 Forge +
Sep 908,071 715.0 1,270 8,576 11,994 480.04 529 671 56.0 Forge +
Oct 718,227 643.0 1,117 7,506 11,674 425.99 593 663 56.8 Forge +
Nov 703,180 627.0 1,121 6,960 11,100 358.08 509 571 51.5 Forge +
Dec 852,259 695.0 1,226 7,712 11,096 444.01 521 639 57.6 Forge +
Jan '03 995,836 718.0 1,387 7,872 10,964 513.25 515 715 65.2 Forge +
Feb 1,014,800 691.0 1,469 7,814 11,308 464.15 457 672 59.4 Forge +
Mar 864,302 639.0 1,353 7,606 11,903 400.83 464 627 52.7 Forge +
Apr 935,336 699.0 1,338 8,231 11,775 400.84 429 573 48.7 Forge +
May 867,843 661.0 1,313 8,071 12,210 436.64 503 661 54.1 Forge +
Jun 747,636 631.0 1,185 7,103 11,256 396.00 530 628 55.8 Forge +
Jul 621,100 655.3 948 7,770 11,856 412.91 665 630 53.1 NKOB
Aug 853,282 732.6 1,165 8,321 11,359 459.71 539 628 55.2 NKOB
Sep 670,426 682.7 982 7,642 11,195 478.10 713 700 62.6 NKOB
Oct 882,814 654.8 1,348 7,830 11,957 414.32 469 633 52.9 NKOB
Nov 744,978 663.2 1,123 6,980 10,525 432.64 581 652 62.0 NKOB
Dec 914,992 697.3 1,312 7,853 11,262 535.14 585 767 68.1 NKOB
Jan '04 779,388 635.8 1,226 7,798 12,266 454.55 583 715 58.3 NKOB
Feb 799,800 685.1 1,167 7,309 10,669 464.73 581 678 63.6 NKOB
Mar 872,159 712.7 1,224 7,324 10,276 384.35 441 539 52.5 NKOB
Apr 757,225 668.3 1,133 7,057 10,559 460.00 607 688 65.2 NKOB
May 883,842 686.1 1,288 7,844 11,434 495.93 561 723 63.2 NKOB
Jun 778,719 640.9 1,215 7,599 11,856 508.84 653 794 67.0 NKOB
108
FAIR MINING COMPANY:
OPERATIONAL RECORDS
Unit : SAG 1 Make-up Balls : 5.0"
Mill Diam. 36 ft % Balls (Nominal) 14
Mill Lenght 17 ft % Charge (Nominal) 26
% Critical 76 % % Solids (Nominal) 74
Ore Density 2.8 ton/m3

Ore Operating Grinding Energy Mill Balls Consumption


Throughput hours Capacity Consumption Power
ton/month hr/month ton/hr MWh/month kW ton/month gr/ton kg/hr gr/kWh Supplier

Jul '02 1,017,541 721.0 1,411 8,533 11,836 499.21 491 692 58.5 Forge +
Aug 915,593 644.0 1,422 7,639 11,862 375.07 410 582 49.1 Forge +
Sep 908,071 715.0 1,270 8,576 11,994 480.04 529 671 56.0 Forge +
Oct 718,227 643.0 1,117 7,506 11,674 425.99 593 663 56.8 Forge +
Nov 703,180 627.0 1,121 6,960 11,100 358.08 509 571 51.5 Forge +
Dec 852,259 695.0 1,226 7,712 11,096 444.01 521 639 57.6 Forge +
Jan '03 995,836 718.0 1,387 7,872 10,964 513.25 515 715 65.2 Forge +
Feb 1,014,800 691.0 1,469 7,814 11,308 464.15 457 672 59.4 Forge +
Mar 864,302 639.0 1,353 7,606 11,903 400.83 464 627 52.7 Forge +
Apr 935,336 699.0 1,338 8,231 11,775 400.84 429 573 48.7 Forge +
May 867,843 661.0 1,313 8,071 12,210 436.64 503 661 54.1 Forge +
Jun 747,636 631.0 1,185 7,103 11,256 396.00 530 628 55.8 Forge +
Jul 621,100 655.3 948 7,770 11,856 412.91 665 630 53.1 NKOB
Aug 853,282 732.6 1,165 8,321 11,359 459.71 539 628 55.2 NKOB
Sep 670,426 682.7 982 7,642 11,195 478.10 713 700 62.6 NKOB
Oct 882,814 654.8 1,348 7,830 11,957 414.32 469 633 52.9 NKOB
Nov 744,978 663.2 1,123 6,980 10,525 432.64 581 652 62.0 NKOB
Dec 914,992 697.3 1,312 7,853 11,262 535.14 585 767 68.1 NKOB
Jan '04 779,388 635.8 1,226 7,798 12,266 454.55 583 715 58.3 NKOB
Feb 799,800 685.1 1,167 7,309 10,669 464.73 581 678 63.6 NKOB
Mar 872,159 712.7 1,224 7,324 10,276 384.35 441 539 52.5 NKOB
Apr 757,225 668.3 1,133 7,057 10,559 460.00 607 688 65.2 NKOB
May 883,842 686.1 1,288 7,844 11,434 495.93 561 723 63.2 NKOB
Jun 778,719 640.9 1,215 7,599 11,856 508.84 653 794 67.0 NKOB
109
FAIR MINING COMPANY:
OPERATIONAL RECORDS
Unit : Ball Mill 11 Make-up Balls : 3.0"
Mill Diam. 20 ft % Balls (Nominal) 36
Mill Lenght 26 ft % Charge (Nominal) 36
% Critical 74 % % Solids (Nominal) 72
Ore Density 2.8 ton/m3

Ore Operating Grinding Energy Mill Balls Consumption


Throughput hours Capacity Consumption Power
ton/month hr/month ton/hr MWh/month kW ton/month gr/ton kg/hr gr/kWh Supplier

Jul '02 508,771 721.0 706 3,638 5,046 212.46 418 295 58.4 Forge +
Aug 457,797 644.0 711 3,125 4,852 224.75 491 349 71.9 Forge +
Sep 454,036 715.0 635 3,619 5,062 239.76 528 335 66.2 Forge +
Oct 359,114 643.0 558 3,581 5,569 209.48 583 326 58.5 Forge +
Nov 351,590 627.0 561 3,773 6,017 235.42 670 375 62.4 Forge +
Dec 426,130 695.0 613 3,485 5,014 226.51 532 326 65.0 Forge +
Jan '03 497,918 718.0 693 3,802 5,295 240.26 483 335 63.2 Forge +
Feb 507,400 691.0 734 3,283 4,751 202.90 400 294 61.8 Forge +
Mar 432,151 639.0 676 3,581 5,604 226.11 523 354 63.1 Forge +
Apr 467,668 699.0 669 3,821 5,466 247.59 529 354 64.8 Forge +
May 433,922 661.0 656 3,744 5,664 260.92 601 395 69.7 Forge +
Jun 373,818 631.0 592 3,581 5,675 247.78 663 393 69.2 Forge +
Jul 310,550 655.3 474 3,342 5,100 219.02 705 334 65.5 NKOB
Aug 426,641 732.6 582 3,229 4,408 218.98 513 299 67.8 NKOB
Sep 335,213 682.7 491 3,203 4,692 210.74 629 309 65.8 NKOB
Oct 441,407 654.8 674 3,278 5,006 232.68 527 355 71.0 NKOB
Nov 372,489 663.2 562 3,761 5,671 260.66 700 393 69.3 NKOB
Dec 457,496 697.3 656 3,464 4,967 231.28 506 332 66.8 NKOB
Jan '04 389,694 635.8 613 3,356 5,279 225.34 578 354 67.1 NKOB
Feb 399,900 685.1 584 3,200 4,672 213.33 533 311 66.7 NKOB
Mar 436,080 712.7 612 3,318 4,655 231.48 531 325 69.8 NKOB
Apr 378,613 668.3 567 3,601 5,388 253.02 668 379 70.3 NKOB
May 441,921 686.1 644 3,643 5,310 279.19 632 407 76.6 NKOB
Jun 389,359 640.9 607 3,257 5,081 269.19 691 420 82.7 NKOB
110
FAIR MINING COMPANY:
OPERATIONAL RECORDS

Unit : Ball Mill 12 Make-up Balls : 3.0"


Mill Diam. 20 ft % Balls (Nominal) 36
Mill Lenght 26 ft % Charge (Nominal) 36
% Critical 74 % % Solids (Nominal) 72
Ore Density 2.8 ton/m3

Ore Operating Grinding Energy Mill Balls Consumption


Throughput hours Capacity Consumption Power
ton/month hr/month ton/hr MWh/month kW ton/month gr/ton kg/hr gr/kWh Supplier

Jul '02 508,771 721.0 706 3,773 5,233 247.22 486 343 65.5 Forge +
Aug 457,797 644.0 711 3,360 5,217 213.88 467 332 63.7 Forge +
Sep 454,036 715.0 635 3,706 5,183 253.47 558 354 68.4 Forge +
Oct 359,114 643.0 558 3,590 5,584 210.76 587 328 58.7 Forge +
Nov 351,590 627.0 561 3,120 4,976 205.33 584 327 65.8 Forge +
Dec 426,130 695.0 613 3,686 5,304 257.74 605 371 69.9 Forge +
Jan '03 497,918 718.0 693 3,725 5,188 241.97 486 337 65.0 Forge +
Feb 507,400 691.0 734 3,418 4,946 212.92 420 308 62.3 Forge +
Mar 432,151 639.0 676 3,629 5,679 262.34 607 411 72.3 Forge +
Apr 467,668 699.0 669 3,878 5,548 253.74 543 363 65.4 Forge +
May 433,922 661.0 656 3,322 5,025 212.69 490 322 64.0 Forge +
Jun 373,818 631.0 592 3,926 6,223 271.99 728 431 69.3 Forge +
Jul 310,550 655.3 474 3,553 5,422 273.46 881 417 77.0 Meatballs
Aug 426,641 732.6 582 3,368 4,597 195.97 459 268 58.2 Meatballs
Sep 335,213 682.7 491 3,479 5,096 280.34 836 411 80.6 Meatballs
Oct 441,407 654.8 674 3,499 5,344 221.75 502 339 63.4 Meatballs
Nov 372,489 663.2 562 3,009 4,538 233.93 628 353 77.7 Meatballs
Dec 457,496 697.3 656 3,266 4,684 227.61 498 326 69.7 Meatballs
Jan '04 389,694 635.8 613 3,415 5,372 247.54 635 389 72.5 Meatballs
Feb 399,900 685.1 584 3,196 4,665 272.26 681 397 85.2 Meatballs
Mar 436,080 712.7 612 3,339 4,685 203.56 467 286 61.0 Meatballs
Apr 378,613 668.3 567 3,607 5,397 255.62 675 383 70.9 Meatballs
May 441,921 686.1 644 3,209 4,677 239.97 543 350 74.8 Meatballs
Jun 389,359 640.9 607 3,658 5,707 276.11 709 431 75.5 Meatballs
111
FAIR MINING COMPANY:
OPERATIONAL RECORDS
Unit : Ball Mill 21 Make-up Balls : 3.0"
Mill Diam. 20 ft % Balls (Nominal) 34
Mill Lenght 26 ft % Charge (Nominal) 34
% Critical 74 % % Solids (Nominal) 72
Ore Density 2.8 ton/m3

Ore Operating Grinding Energy Mill Balls Consumption


Throughput hours Capacity Consumption Power
ton/month hr/month ton/hr MWh/month kW ton/month gr/ton kg/hr gr/kWh Supplier

Jul '02 377,614 632.0 597 3,579 5,663 258.55 685 409 72.2 Meatballs
Aug 433,034 715.0 606 3,383 4,732 213.14 492 298 63.0 Meatballs
Sep 422,807 691.0 612 3,737 5,409 259.70 614 376 69.5 Meatballs
Oct 475,562 688.0 691 3,327 4,836 244.89 515 356 73.6 Meatballs
Nov 492,972 710.9 693 3,681 5,179 228.99 465 322 62.2 Meatballs
Dec 350,641 549.0 639 3,560 6,485 265.44 757 484 74.6 Meatballs
Jan '03 438,673 723.2 607 3,299 4,562 266.92 608 369 80.9 Meatballs
Feb 458,283 661.1 693 3,747 5,667 256.42 560 388 68.4 Meatballs
Mar 457,987 678.0 675 3,188 4,701 204.00 445 301 64.0 Meatballs
Apr 488,000 692.2 705 3,448 4,982 246.22 505 356 71.4 Meatballs
May 428,431 640.9 669 3,644 5,686 241.25 563 376 66.2 Meatballs
Jun 536,776 700.4 766 3,672 5,243 261.67 487 374 71.3 Meatballs
Jul 319,141 676.1 472 3,400 5,029 275.05 862 407 80.9 Meatballs
Aug 494,001 723.9 682 3,587 4,955 205.64 416 284 57.3 Meatballs
Sep 342,286 696.9 491 3,478 4,991 288.32 842 414 82.9 Meatballs
Oct 420,070 663.8 633 3,384 5,098 158.16 377 238 46.7 Meatballs
Nov 287,328 680.7 422 3,607 5,299 246.19 857 362 68.3 Meatballs
Dec 448,146 708.9 632 3,905 5,509 218.25 487 308 55.9 Meatballs
Jan '04 393,727 657.5 599 3,246 4,937 323.95 823 493 99.8 Meatballs
Feb 390,652 661.4 591 3,649 5,518 291.00 745 440 79.7 Meatballs
Mar 452,559 678.0 667 3,157 4,656 222.97 493 329 70.6 Meatballs
Apr 412,161 661.3 623 3,284 4,966 269.04 653 407 81.9 Meatballs
May 534,258 666.2 802 3,738 5,611 294.71 552 442 78.8 Meatballs
Jun 349,884 649.9 538 3,533 5,435 214.95 614 331 60.8 Meatballs
112
FAIR MINING COMPANY:
OPERATIONAL RECORDS
Unit : Ball Mill 22 Make-up Balls : 3.0"
Mill Diam. 20 ft % Balls (Nominal) 34
Mill Lenght 26 ft % Charge (Nominal) 34
% Critical 74 % % Solids (Nominal) 72
Ore Density 2.8 ton/m3

Ore Operating Grinding Energy Mill Balls Consumption


Throughput hours Capacity Consumption Power
ton/month hr/month ton/hr MWh/month kW ton/month gr/ton kg/hr gr/kWh Supplier

Jul '02 377,614 632.0 597 3,920 6,202 225.45 597 357 57.5 Meatballs
Aug 433,034 715.0 606 3,576 5,001 240.14 555 336 67.2 Meatballs
Sep 422,807 691.0 612 3,686 5,335 271.47 642 393 73.6 Meatballs
Oct 475,562 688.0 691 3,472 5,046 214.35 451 312 61.7 Meatballs
Nov 492,972 710.9 693 3,527 4,962 224.01 454 315 63.5 Meatballs
Dec 350,641 549.0 639 3,612 6,579 274.62 783 500 76.0 Meatballs
Jan '03 438,673 723.2 607 3,238 4,478 219.83 501 304 67.9 Meatballs
Feb 458,283 661.1 693 3,649 5,520 224.44 490 339 61.5 Meatballs
Mar 457,987 678.0 675 3,612 5,327 236.97 517 350 65.6 Meatballs
Apr 488,000 692.2 705 3,649 5,272 284.29 583 411 77.9 Meatballs
May 428,431 640.9 669 2,996 4,675 232.65 543 363 77.7 Meatballs
Jun 536,776 700.4 766 2,940 4,198 222.16 414 317 75.6 Meatballs
Jul 319,141 676.1 472 3,875 5,731 280.93 880 415 72.5 Meatballs
Aug 494,001 723.9 682 3,393 4,686 202.43 410 280 59.7 Meatballs
Sep 342,286 696.9 491 3,505 5,029 248.39 726 356 70.9 Meatballs
Oct 420,070 663.8 633 3,500 5,272 265.25 631 400 75.8 Meatballs
Nov 287,328 680.7 422 3,637 5,344 276.68 963 406 76.1 Meatballs
Dec 448,146 708.9 632 3,885 5,480 230.25 514 325 59.3 Meatballs
Jan '04 393,727 657.5 599 3,129 4,759 318.20 808 484 101.7 Meatballs
Feb 390,652 661.4 591 3,459 5,231 218.34 559 330 63.1 Meatballs
Mar 452,559 678.0 667 3,464 5,108 145.38 321 214 42.0 Meatballs
Apr 412,161 661.3 623 3,585 5,421 217.70 528 329 60.7 Meatballs
May 534,258 666.2 802 3,169 4,756 226.53 424 340 71.5 Meatballs
Jun 349,884 649.9 538 2,830 4,354 251.56 719 387 88.9 Meatballs
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