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Lecture-2
Online-Classes
Corse Title: Solid State Materials and Devices
Course Code: EL-501
Course Teachers: Dr. Sadia Muniza Faraz
Semester: Spring-2020
Offered to: M. Eng. (Electronic Engineering)

Department of Electronic Engineering

NED University of Engineering and Technology Karachi, Pakistan

Chapter-1 Crystal Properties and Growth of

Semiconductors

Book: Solid state Electronic Devices

By: Ben G. Streetman & Sanajay
7th edition - (May 11, 2015)
Publisher: Pearson;

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Crystalline Solids

Two distinct Classes of Solids

Amorphous Solids
– non-crystalline solid
– lacks the long-range order characteristic of a crystal
– particles are randomly arranged in three dimension
– don’t have a definite geometrical shape
– don’t have sharp melting points.
– formed due to sudden cooling of liquid.
– melt over a wide range of temperature
– Coal, Coke, Glass, Plastic, rubber etc

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Crystalline solids
• have a particular three dimensional geometrical structure.
• strength of all the bonds between different ions, molecules
and atoms is equal.
• Melting point of crystalline solids is extremely sharp - reason
is that the heating breaks the bonds at the same time.
• The physical properties like thermal conductivity, electrical
conductivity, refractive index and mechanical strength of
crystalline solids are different along different directions.
• most stable solids as compared to other solids.

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Choice of the origin is arbitrary

Blue atom or orange atom or

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even a space!

This cannot be a unit cell

Unit cells are not identical

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This also cannot be a unit cell

Space between unit cells not allowed

Unit cell and Primitive cell

• Primitive cell
– Primitive cells contains their lattice
points at their corners
– In the simplest crystals the
structural unit is a single atom
• Unit cell
– A repetitive arrangement (pure
translation) of them can build
up the whole crystal without
overlaps/gaps.
– There is no further partition of
the unit cell that could itself be
used as a unit cell.
– contains their lattice points not
only at their corners as well as
in its center.
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Unit cells exist in only seven shapes

 Cubic

 Orthorhombic

 Rhombohedral

 Tetragonal

 Triclinic

 Hexagonal

 Monoclinic

Cubic crystal structure

1. Simple cubic
2. Body centered cubic
3. Face centered cubic
4. Diamond lattice
5. Zinc blende structure

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Simple Cubic Structure (SC)

• Atoms present at the corners only
Rare due to low packing density (only Po has this structure)
• Close-packed directions are cube edges.

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Simple Cubic Structure (SC) cont.

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Simple Cubic structure(SC)

Total Number of neighboring atoms=?

Coordination # = 6
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Simple Cubic structure(SC) cont.

• How many atoms at each corner ??
• How many atoms altogether=?

• How many atoms at each corner =1/8 atom

• How many atoms altogether=8 corners x1/8=1
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Atomic Packing Factor (APF):SC

Volume of atoms in unit cell*
APF =
Volume of unit cell
*assume hard spheres

( Number  of  atoms)  Volume  of  each  atom 4

APF  Volume   p  r 3
volume  of  unit  cell 3
volume
atoms
atom
4
a unit cell p (0.5a) 3
1
3
R=0.5a APF =
a3 volume

a=Lattice constant unit cell

Radius = r = 0.5a
1 atom/unit cell APF for a simple cubic structure = 0.52
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Body Centered Cubic Structure (BCC)

• Atoms present at the corners only
Atoms touch each other along cube diagonals.
Cr, W, Fe (), Tantalum, Molybdenum

Coordination Number=?
Total Number of atoms enclosed in the unit
cell=?
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Atomic Packing Factor: BCC

3a

R 2a
a
Close-packed directions:
( Number  of  atoms) Volume  of  each  atom length = 4R = 3a
APF 
volume  of  unit  cell

atoms
4 volume
unit cell 2 p ( 3 a/4 ) 3
atom
APF =
3
APF =0.68
volume
a3 68%
unit cell
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Face Centered Cubic Structure (FCC)

• Atoms touch each other along face diagonals.
ex: Al, Cu, Au, Pb, Ni, Pt, Ag

Coordination Number=?
Number of atoms per unit cell=?

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Atomic Packing Factor: FCC

maximum achievable APF=?
Radius=?

2a Unit cell contains:

6 x 1/2 + 8 x 1/8
a = 4 atoms/unit cell

atoms
4 volume
unit cell 4 p ( 2 a/4 ) 3
3 atom
APF =
volume
a3
APF = ?? unit cell
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Which one has most packing ?

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Diamond Lattice Structure

• Exhibited by Carbon (C), Silicon
(Si) and Germanium (Ge).
• Consists of two interpenetrating
FCC lattices, displaced along the
body diagonal of the cubic cell
by 1/4 the length of the
diagonal.
• Also regarded as an FCC lattice
with two atoms per lattice site:
one centered on the lattice site,
and the other at a distance of
a/4 along all axes, ie an FCC
lattice with the two-point basis.

Diamond Lattice
• How many atoms altogether=?

a = lattice constant

• How many atoms at each corner =1/8 atom

• How many atoms altogether=8 corners x1/8=1
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8 atoms at each corner, 6 atoms on each

face, 4 atoms entirely inside the cell

Diamond Lattice Structure

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Atomic Packing Factor: FCC

maximum achievable APF=?
Radius=?

Unit cell contains:

6 x 1/2 + 8 x 1/8+4
= 8 atoms/unit cell

atoms
4 volume
unit cell 8 p ( 3 a/8 ) 3
3 atom
APF =
volume
a3
APF = ?? unit cell
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THE END

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