eBOOK

SOLID
DOSE

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Under-hyped but not under-represented  4
The buzz may be around biologics, but the oral solid dose sector is still going strong

Optimizing precision blending of tablets  7

Tumble blender technology can enhance the speed and homogeneous
blending of tablets and capsules with trace levels of additives

The future of capsule supply chain analytics  12

How and why companies should focus on leveraging data and analytics
to integrate supply chains

AD INDEX
Tri-Star • www.tri-star-technologies.com  2

eBOOK: 2019 Solid Dose 3


Under-hyped but
not under-represented
The buzz may be around biologics, but the oral
solid dose sector is still going strong
By Karen Langhauser, Chief Content Director
T
ablets may not be as glamorous or
cutting-edge as emerging sectors
of the biologics markets, but
they have their upsides. Oral solid dose
formulations are efficient and cost-effective
to manufacture, shelf stable and easy to
administer. Perhaps most importantly,
they are understood and accepted by
patients worldwide.
While it is true that the pharma pipeline
is monopolized by new biologic hopefuls
implementing novel scientific approaches
such as gene therapies, small molecule
drugs still dominate the U.S. market in terms
of quantity. In fact, when it comes to new
molecular entities (NMEs), oral solid dose
products still lead the charts. In 2018, the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA)
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
www.PharmaManufacturing.com
(CDER) approved a record-high 59 NMEs.
Oral solid dose products accounted for 31,
or 53 percent, of the NMEs approved by
the FDA in 2018. This percentage of OSD
approvals is higher than previous years (50
percent in 2017 and 32 percent in 2016).
Pfizer led the OSD charge in 2018 with four
NME approvals. These approvals included:
Daurismo (November 2018) to treat newly
diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia in adult
patients; Lorbrena (November 2018) to
treat patients with anaplastic lymphoma
kinase-positive metastatic non-small cell
lung cancer; Talzenna (October 2018)
to treat locally advanced or metastatic
breast cancer patients with a germline
BRCA mutation; and Vizimpro (September
2018) to treat metastatic non-small-cell
lung cancer.
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 www.PharmaManufacturing.com

If market predictions are your jam, Future
Market Insights projects the global OSD
pharmaceutical formulation market to grow
6.5 percent CAGR from 2017 to 2027. In
terms of revenue, the market is projected
to jump from $500,000 million in 2017
to over $900,000 million in 2027. North
America will remain the largest market for
OSD formulations, followed by Asia Pacific
(excluding Japan) and Western Europe.
Revenue from the North America market
alone is expected to surpass $300,000 mil-
lion by the end of 2027.
By dosage form, tablets will continue to
remain preferred in the market, with sales
estimated to surpass $500,000 million by
the end of 2027. Capsules are expected to
be the second most lucrative dosage form
in the market. Of the 59 NMEs approved
in 2018, 24 were tablets and seven
were capsules.
If real-life action means more to you than
market predictions, drug manufacturers
— even those who are investing in
biologics development — continue
to expand their traditional solid dose
processing businesses.
In recent news, CDMO giant Catalent, fresh
off a $1.2 billion gene therapy deal with
Paragon Bioservices, announced that it is
investing up to $40 million at its manufac-
turing facility in Winchester, Kentucky to
increase formulation and controlled-release
tablet and capsule manufacturing capabili-
ties and capacity.
“We have a clear investment strategy at the
site that is not only driven by immediate
customer needs, but also looks to the future
in anticipation of demand and new technol-
ogies,” said Rick Tucker, general manager
for Catalent Winchester.

OSD percentage of Novel Drug Approvals

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013

(53%) (50%) (32%) (53%) (46%) (63%)

31 of 59 NMEs were oral 23 of 46 NMEs were 7 of 22 NMEs were  24 of 45 NMEs were 19 of 41 NMEs were 17 of 27 NMEs were
solid dose products solid dose products; solid dose products: solid dose products:  solid dose products: solid dose products:
24 tablets, 7 capsules 17 tablets, 5 capsules 7 tablets 15 tablets, 9 capsules 10 tablets, 9 capsules 12 tablets, 5 capsules

*Information courtesy of U.S. FDA

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Last August, Boehringer Ingelheim broke
ground on what it is calling its “Solids
Launch facility” at its tablet production
site in Ingelheim, Germany. The facility will
open in 2020. In April of last year, Mayne
Pharma’s CDMO business, Metrics Con-
tract Services, opened a new $80-million
oral solid dose commercial manufactur-
ing facility in Greenville, North Carolina.
Last February, generic-drug manufacturer
Amneal Pharmaceuticals announced plans
to expand its solid dose and softgel manu-
facturing plant in Long Island, New York.
Opportunity for solid dose forms is being
driven by new drug formulations. Recent
research has focused on controlled drug
delivery, which offers definite advantages
over a conventional release formulation
www.PharmaManufacturing.com
of the same drug. Controlled release ver-
sions of solid dose drugs can reduce the
dose frequency and provide more uniform
drug delivery. This can ensure safety and
improve the efficacy of drugs, as well as
increase patient compliance. New formats
for OSD drugs, such as bi-layer tablets,
have become increasingly popular, enabling
controlled delivery of different drugs with
pre-defined release profiles.
Additional improvements have been made
in areas such as bioavailability, taste mask-
ing and chemical stabilization, further
securing the OSD’s place in the market. As
the sector continues to enhance its process
understanding, the market will see higher
quality, more effective and more evolved
solid dose products. 
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 www.PharmaManufacturing.com

Optimizing precision
blending of tablets
Tumble blender technology can enhance the speed and homogeneous
blending of tablets and capsules with trace levels of additives

By Gregg Muench, Vice President of Business Development, GEMCO

T
o meet stringent regulatory
requirements, such as the United
States Pharmacopeia (USP),
National Formulary (NF) or U.S. Food
& Drug Administration (FDA), as well
as production and budgetary demands,
pharmaceutical manufacturers require
high-volume precision blending of
formulations on equipment that provides
exceptional batch-to-batch consistency and
repeatable results.
When manufacturing compressed tablets or
capsules, however, the blending of several
solid ingredients is easier and more uni-
form if the ingredients are approximately
the same size. It is more difficult to create
precise blends with trace ingredients (<1%)
that are vastly dissimilar in size and den-
sity. In some cases, this might require doing
multiple key blends in a time-consuming
and costly process.
“We have to essentially achieve results
within our blend uniformity requirements
for every batch, whether the formula
is predominantly active ingredients
and several excipient ingredients, or
predominantly excipient ingredients
with very small amounts of active
ingredient,” says Douglas Van Pelt, Senior
Director of Operations at Sigmapharm
Laboratories LLC, a privately held specialty
pharmaceutical company based in
Bensalem, PA that develops, manufactures
and markets generic and branded products
in tablet and capsule form. “Homogeneity
is very important because our finished
products are only as good as how well we
blend them.”

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“Homogeneity is very important because our finished
products are only as good as how well we blend them.”
— Douglas Van Pelt
“A typical blend uniformity specification of
90 percent to 110 percent with a standard
deviation of not more than five percent can
be a challenge, but when you produce tab-
lets with dosing as low as five micrograms
like we do, that is a much more difficult
endeavor. We are consistently and success-
fully doing that here,” Van Pelt adds.
Fortunately, with tumble blending equip-
ment that is engineered to meet the
requirements of the application, the process
can be simplified to rapidly produce a more
precise, homogenous blend containing nec-
essary trace elements. Such blending can
not only eliminate the need for key blends,
but also produce a better distribution of
active ingredients.
Advancements in dryer technology can fur-
ther improve quality and speed production,
giving pharmaceutical manufacturers even
greater control over the process along with
additional savings.
LIMITATIONS OF TRADITIONAL
MIXING EQUIPMENT
Traditional equipment such as plow, ribbon,
www.PharmaManufacturing.com
and paddle mixers, which use blades or
paddles to push material, face a number
of challenges.
First, these mixers are limited to moving the
material within the confines of their active
area. The mechanics force the material
bed outward, leaving dead spots inside the
vessel where material moves more slowly or
remains stationary.
Also, because these units are stationary, they
have one stationary port at the bottom of
the machine. This port has a long neck, which
isolates the material from any processing
force during mixing. Operators often need to
empty the discharge area and manually rein-
troduce it back into the top of the mixer. This
means some portions of the mix will receive
more additive than others. In fact, such mixers
typically cannot accommodate blends with
seven percent or less of any one ingredient.
Another issue lies in the positioning of the
intensifier bars or fluidization zones. These
intensifier bars should ideally be located
in the mixing zone, where every particle
passes through. Many times, however,
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traditional mixers have their intensifier bars
in dead zones. When this happens, the
material will not be fluidized properly, and
active ingredients will not be incorporated
throughout the batch.
Traditional mixers also tend to waste expen-
sive additives. Because additives being
added to the vessel initially contact only a
very small portion of the material, they get
quickly absorbed into the material bed. The
typical response is to add more additives to
achieve the desired mix concentration, which
drives up the cost.
Finally, because the pharmaceutical man-
ufacturer is now wetting the material with
higher quantities of the additives, a longer
drying stage is required to achieve the tar-
geted results.
THE BENEFITS OF TUMBLE
BLENDING AND VACUUM
TUMBLE DRYING
To address the deficiencies of traditional
mixers, a growing number of pharmaceuti-
cal manufacturers utilize tumble blending.
As a low-impact processing technique for
handling sensitive or abrasive solids, tumble
blending is commonly used to create pre-
cise pharmaceutical blends that contain
trace ingredients (<1%) that are vastly dis-
similar in size and density.
In contrast to traditional mixing, to elim-
inate dead spots, tumble blenders apply
www.PharmaManufacturing.com
even turbulence in all corners of the mix
through a combination of macro and micro
blending. This can eliminate the need for
key blends and produce a better distribu-
tion of active ingredients.
Macro blending is achieved by rotating the
shaped vessel, allowing the material bed
to fall away from the vessel’s walls. Tumble
blender vessel shapes are engineered to
create a repeatable pattern in which the
entire bulk material moves to form a homoge-
nous mixture. The blender moves at a precise
speed, with the vessel wall at a precise angle,
so that the material cascades over itself.
There is no additional force from paddles,
plows, or spiral ribbons – just gravity.
While this occurs, micro mixing (if needed)
simultaneously proceeds via agitator
blades located in the mixing zone center
of the vessel, where fine processing in the
material transpires. This allows for a gentle
repeatable pattern that maintains a supe-
rior blending design while preserving the
product’s physical characteristics. Together,
the macro and micro mixing evenly expose
each particle to six times more active blend-
ing per revolution than traditional mixers.
Because Sigmapharm’s Van Pelt had suc-
cessfully used tumble blenders at a previous
company, he trusted their capabilities.
“At my previous employer, I made a prod-
uct that had a narrow therapeutic range
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While typical tray drying relies solely on heat, vacuum
tumble drying equipment can utilize gas purging.
using a 30 cubic foot tumble blender,”
says Van Pelt, who notes that blend unifor-
mity specification was a very stringent 95
percent to 105 percent, not a typical 90 per-
cent to 110 percent. “The potency was 0.125
milligrams inside a 125-milligram tablet, and
we were able to achieve blend uniformity
in 15 minutes, with good repeatable results
every time.”
The tumble blender was provided by
GEMCO, a NJ-based manufacturer of
tumble blending and vacuum tumble drying
equipment. According to Van Pelt, Sig-
mapharm has effectively implemented a
30 cubic foot V blender and a one cubic
foot slant cone blender from the tumble
blender manufacturer.
With the preciseness of the technology,
a V-shape tumble blender is capable of
achieving a standard deviation of less than
two percent, and a slant cone configuration
can achieve a standard deviation as low as
0.33 percent.
Van Pelt also appreciates the unique tumble
blender loading option that provides an
www.PharmaManufacturing.com
operational advantage, compared to time
consuming manual loading methods.
“The [tumble blender] lifts the drum con-
taining the material to be blended against a
gasket forming a dust-tight seal,” he says.
According to Van Pelt, the tumble blender
then rotates until the drum is inverted while
opening the discharge valve allows the
contents to flow into the blender. The valve
then shuts automatically and the emptied
drum returns to the loading position. The
latest version allows for a pre-programmed
discharge sequence where the blender
rotates back and forth several times in the
discharge mode to further ensure that the
drum empties completely. “The entire oper-
ation is essentially dust free,” he says.
In addition to tumble blending, a growing
number of pharmaceutical manufacturers are
finding that vacuum tumble drying equip-
ment offers significant advantages as well.
Most pharmaceutical powders for process-
ing contain solvents or free radicals that
need to be removed to dry them effectively.
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Traditionally, to dry such powdered prod-
uct, manufacturers use tray dryers, where
wet material is laid in thin layers on multiple
racks of heated trays. However, this can lead
to uneven drying as heat is applied. Also,
volatile material may be trapped on bottom
layer particles as a crust forms on the top
layer of material. As the inner materials are
insulated from the inert atmospheric drying
process, they remain unstable.
As a solution, advanced vacuum tumble
drying equipment can resolve such issues
and speed drying while reducing cost. While
typical tray drying relies solely on heat,
vacuum tumble drying equipment can utilize
gas purging in addition to heat application.
In contrast to tray drying that essentially
dries statically from the surface first and
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takes a long time to affect the entire mass,
dynamic vacuum tumble drying dries
pharmaceutical powder energetically as
it rotates inside the vessel. This dries the
powder faster, more evenly, with less labor,
and is particularly helpful in reducing resid-
ual organic solvents.
PROTECTING QUALITY
AND THE BOTTOM LINE
Some pharmaceutical manufacturers may
be inclined to use traditional blending and
drying methods because of their familiarity
with such systems. However, those who
take advantage of the superior capabilities
of tumble blending and vacuum tumble
drying systems will protect product qual-
ity, process control, and the bottom line
to a degree not possible with traditional
systems. 
eBOOK: 2019 Solid Dose 11

The future of capsule
supply chain analytics
How and why companies should focus on leveraging
data and analytics to integrate supply chains
By Brian Garrett, Supply Chain Manager, Americas, Lonza Pharma & Biotech
M
any pharmaceutical companies
face challenges in matching
upstream supply chain capacity
with downstream capsule demand. For
example, if downstream is growing as sales
increase while upstream is constrained
because of shrinking or otherwise allocated
production capacity, the company will
have problems. How can firms streamline
the relationship between upstream and
downstream, and make optimized decisions
more quickly?
Some companies are looking to data and
analytics to do just that, finding that an
integrated supply chain also has benefits in
terms of operational efficiency and quality
control. Emerging technologies and inno-
vations like the Internet of Things (IoT), big
data, blockchain and artificial intelligence
www.PharmaManufacturing.com
represent uncharted territory for many
companies. These technologies are the
future of supply chain analytics, present-
ing new ways for companies to gather and
react to information more quickly and ulti-
mately lowering their costs for production
and improving quality control. This is espe-
cially important for capsule supply chains,
as oral dosage formulations remain widely
popular and comprise the largest category
of pharmaceutical dosage form.
NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN THE
CAPSULE SUPPLY CHAIN
Innovative companies are harnessing sev-
eral emerging technologies to increase
integration in their supply chains. The
common denominator among all these
applications of new technologies is the
integration of the supply chain between
eBOOK: 2019 Solid Dose 12

vendors and customers. As one piece of a
partnered supply chain gains an advantage
from the innovative use of data and analyt-
ics, everyone should gain the same edge.
Since capsules and other oral solid dosage
forms are among the most widely used
dosage forms, ensuring a secure and effi-
cient capsule supply chain is a priority for
many pharmaceutical companies. Inte-
grated capsule supply chains are likely to
become only more important for pharma-
ceutical manufacturers and drug developers
around the world as the use of generic
medicine continues to increase worldwide.
One example of emerging technology
with implications for capsule supply is IoT,
which refers to the integration of the phys-
ical and digital worlds. IoT advancements
create new ways to generate and collect
data, which companies can use through-
out the supply chain to improve efficiency
and patient experiences. The number of
Large Lot Size VMI Program
Lots Ordered: 9
Lots Needed: 4.5
www.PharmaManufacturing.com
internet-capable devices is expected to
grow from 8 billion in 2016 to 30 billion
in 2020 enabling a drastic increase in the
information flowing to the internet.1 This
data can be tapped into by industry and
used to optimize the supply chain.
As the IoT grows, it continues to generate
large amounts of data, commonly referred
to as “big data.” The pharmaceutical man-
ufacturing industry is among the sectors
leading the charge in generating big data,
and some pharma companies are taking
advantage of the increasing data at their
fingertips to make better business deci-
sions. Big data can be as granular as the
number of opted-in patients receiving a
seasonal diagnosis — such as the flu or
allergies — in a region, or as conceptual as
total volume of a specific pharma-grade
raw material sold in a time period. If the
supply chain is integrated and partnered
appropriately it can ebb and flow together
as outlook or trends change. The more data
Source: Lonza Pharma & Biotech
eBOOK: 2019 Solid Dose 13

Emerging technologies are the future of supply
chain analytics, presenting new ways for
companies to gather and react to information.
suppliers and vendors share quickly and
efficiently, the faster the supply chain can
capitalize on the opportunities that result.
Once IoT has generated data that has
landed in the realm of big data, turning it
into something actionable requires inter-
pretation. How to start and where to focus
can be a difficult decision for supply chain
leadership, but even worse is when the rec-
ognition techniques are built around status
quo expectations. Artificial intelligence
(AI) tools can be deployed to analyze
and anticipate supply chain trends both
upstream and downstream in directions
that common spreadsheet-style analyses
are not looking. From future demand and
capsule purchasing patterns to potential
raw material shortages to shifts in regional
or global demands, status quo analyses may
not be dynamic enough to capture oppor-
tunity and generate results. In the scope of
pharmaceuticals, this could mean saving
lives or not. Some companies are applying
these tools to better predict what’s ahead
throughout the supply chain and more
quickly recognize optimal responses to
supply chain and market needs, end-to-end.
www.PharmaManufacturing.com
A final emerging trend with implications
for the capsule supply chain is blockchain
technology. This is the technology behind
cryptocurrency, which uses a digital ledger
shared between companies and entities
through partnerships. This concept of a
shared digital ledger is a robust mecha-
nism for verifying and maintaining security
and transparency throughout the supply
chain. For example, supply chains where
blockchain exists could do more to guar-
antee source and quality of ingredients
or products used in drug development
and manufacturing.
SUPPLY CHAIN
INTEGRATION ADVANCEMENTS
A key platform pharmaceutical compa-
nies are implementing is Electronic Data
Interchange (EDI). EDI links vendor and
supplier together, potentially up and down
the supply chain. A system in which EDI
has been established allows for seamless
and instantaneous data-sharing between
partners up and down the supply chain,
from capsule manufacturers to custom-
ers to distributors to pharmacies. EDI can
generate immediate optimizations in terms
eBOOK: 2019 Solid Dose 14

of savings, efficiency and quality control
and can help ensure the right people have
the right data to make smarter supply
chain decisions.
The pharmaceutical industry is under great
pressure to drive cost down as the shift
to generics occurs globally. EDI removes
wasted administrative effort, especially in
the purchasing process, while establishing
a lock-step supply chain. In the traditional
purchasing process, the buyer generates an
order and sends it to a supplier, oftentimes
via email these days. The vendor then sends
back an invoice — another document —
which then has to be responded to. Many of
these documents are restrictive and often
have no capacity to be automated.
On the other hand, EDI allows a vendor and
customer to link their systems together,
passing information directly and instantly.
The partners use enterprise resource plan-
ning (ERP) platforms to connect their
purchasing, shipping and invoicing data,
linked via “translator” systems that ensure
information is in the right format for prompt
sharing and integration.
Overall, EDI systems provide informa-
tion more quickly, enabling responsive
and deliberate decision-making based on
current needs rather than historical data,
potentially allowing inventory reduction.
They also provide real-time engagement
between suppliers and vendors, automate
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time-intensive tasks and promote sus-
tainability by eliminating paper waste
associated with old systems. Transaction
costs can drop by 30 percent with the
implementation of an EDI system, and the
overall supply chain cycle can be sped up
by more than 60 percent.1
Another advancement that is optimizing the
capsule supply chain is the Vendor-Man-
aged Inventory (VMI) program, in which
the capsule supplier eliminates the admin-
istrative burden of planning and ordering
capsules, giving the vendor the responsi-
bility of tracking and resupplying inventory
within known parameters agreed upon
between supplier and customer.
VMI systems can range in complexity. Some
are quite simple: For example, the vendor
goes physically to the warehouse, counting
inventory and replenishing what’s miss-
ing, oftentimes considered a Kanban VMI
system. Others are far more sophisticated.
In some VMI systems, the customer can pro-
vide a forecast of what they expect to need,
and the supplier will produce and deliver
capsule inventory based on the forecast.
In the most advanced VMI relationships,
the customer and vendor are integrated
systematically and can optimize inventory
end-to-end, so the supplier restores prod-
uct almost as soon as the customer needs it.
Because of the integration, the supply chain
is optimized end-to-end, ensuring working
capital is kept to a minimum. The seamless
eBOOK: 2019 Solid Dose 15

Since oral solid dosage forms are among
the most widely used, ensuring a secure and
efficient capsule supply chain is a priority.
supply chain becomes more competitive
and can respond rapidly to market needs
without building wasteful, excess inventory
that is only later recognized as unneeded.
Like EDI systems, successful VMI inte-
grations lead to considerable benefits in
terms of lower costs, risks and oversight.
They tend to simplify inventory man-
agement, contracts between partners,
warehousing, administration and scheduling
raw materials.
They can also lead to substantial quality
control savings by optimizing lot sizes to
minimize testing costs for specific lots. For
example, consider a customer buying cap-
sules at various points in the year, roughly
10 million capsules at a time. In a traditional
system, the customer probably places an
individual order and lot each time they want
more inventory, after which the vendor
puts the order in their schedule, produces
it and ships it as available. With even the
most basic VMI system, the customer and
vendor decide in advance on a minimum
inventory level and the vendor replenishes
capsule stock when it depletes below that
www.PharmaManufacturing.com
level. Using this process, the number of lots
produced and delivered can be drastically
reduced, leading to significant savings in
quality testing. As the supply chain inte-
grates, the lot size can be determined
dynamically, optimizing all facets of the
supply chain. The lot size can therefore be a
function of demand outlook, not just a fixed
level of inventory that does not recognize
growth or decline on the horizon. In fact, an
integrated VMI system can generate sav-
ings as high as 50 percent in quality control
testing by reducing the number of lots
delivered to a customer1 while improving
the responsiveness.
Let’s consider some examples to illustrate
the power of pharmaceutical supply chain
integration as it continues to develop. A
patient goes to the doctor’s office where
she is prescribed medicine for an illness.
Current technological tools allow that
information to be placed in a data set as it
passes from the doctor’s computers to the
pharmacy to the patient’s hands.
Now imagine a local outbreak of conta-
gious disease, like the flu. As prescriptions
eBOOK: 2019 Solid Dose 16

are written and medicine delivered to
patients, AI tools can analyze the supply
chain data generated by that activity as it
becomes available in big data sources, allow-
ing vendors and customers to see where
the outbreak is taking place. That kind of
insight can help optimize resource allocation
through the supply chain by passing infor-
mation to pharmacies, distribution channels
and manufacturers about future expected
demand for capsules and capsule technol-
ogy, and where they should send supply.
As more information is gathered over time
and integration continues, the entire capsule
supply chain can react simultaneously to
changing conditions and new developments.
Companies focused on leveraging data and
analytics to integrate their supply chain can
get started by focusing on three steps:
1. Identify their priority partners for supply
chain integration.
2. Quantify the benefits of implementing
changes, in terms of savings.
3. Look for new and innovative ways to
use data and analytics to ensure down-
stream and upstream capsule supply
needs are matched in real time.
New data collection and analytics tech-
nologies are bringing the pharmaceutical
www.PharmaManufacturing.com
industry into the future of supply chain inte-
gration. Companies are finding new ways
to anticipate future downstream capsule
supply needs and seamlessly match them
to upstream production, lowering waste
and reducing costs for everyone. Consid-
ering the advancements that are showing
up throughout our supply chain, no one
company will have all of these advanced
systems in place to recognize all of the
opportunities at hand.
Imagine, however, an integrated partnership
chain that shares data up-and down-supply
chain. As one of the partner’s advancement
helps them recognize a shift, everyone who
is integrated appropriately with them can
recognize and respond quickly. The result
is a partnership that drives costs down,
quality up and responsiveness to the maxi-
mum. As integration continues, companies
throughout the supply chain will find new
ways to use technology to simplify and
optimize the capsule supply chain, with
benefits for everyone — from manufacturers
to patients. 
REFERENCES
1. Garrett, B. (2018, May 24). The Supply
Chain Revolution [webinar]. Pharmaceu-
tical Technology
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