Grammarly Report A1-AnisHengChan Kampung Bintawa Hilir

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A1-AnisHengChan Kampung Bintawa

Hilir - grammar
6
Mohd. Anis Yaziq bin Alimin, Lek Heng Chan, Ahamad Sanusi Hassan, Yasser
Arab, Boonsap Witchayangkoon, Joesron Alie Syahbana
*Corresponding author 1.(Mohd. Anis Yaziq bin Alimin). Te/Fax: +60 14-390
2708. E-mail: anisyaziq@student.usm.my
2.(Lek Heng Chan). Te/Fax: +60 12-883 2090. E-mail:
chanlekheng@student.usm.my @ 2019 International Transaction Journal of
Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10
No.11 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:10A11A
http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A11A.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.1xx
7
ICWSAUD2020

PAPER ID: 10A11A
A STUDY OF SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT IN KAMPUNG BINTAWA HILIR, KUCHING,

SARAWAK
Mohd. Anis Yaziq bin Alimin a*, Lek Heng Chan a*, Ahmad Sanusi Hassan a,
Yasser Arab a, Boonsap Witchayangkoon b, Joesron Alie Syahbana c
a School of Housing, Building & Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA

b Department of Civil Engineering Thammasat School of Engineering,
Thammasat University, THAILAND
c Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Engineering,
Diponegoro University-Semarang-INDONESIA
ARTICLEINFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received 25 February 2020
Received in revised form 14 April 2020
Accepted 16 July 2020
Available online 10 July 2019
Keywords:
Traditional Malay Settlement; Kuching; River Village; Riverfront; Urban Design

This research discusses and identi es the spatial arrangement of our case
1
study - Kampung Bintawa Hilir, Kuching, Sarawak. This research is established
by interpreting the ve urban design elements by Kevin Lynch (1960). The paper
2 3
has been done using the research method of qualitative research by compiling
information through site visits, observations and interviews. Studies show that
4
the hierarchy of urban design elements perceived by the observer, the elements
5
in the case study site are noticeable, although they may differ in appearance
from one another. The result shows that district as the dominant urban design
element that in uences the path pattern of the village, however, the quality of
the nodes are not as prominent as other urban design elements because only
highlighted by minor nodes that are not easily identi able through observation
but through the perception of localities as there are no open space or plaza
6
within the village that could create an identical node. In short, the nding
7
shows that the combination of urban design elements is considered as
satisfactory in highlighting the identity of Kampung Bintawa Hilir.
2020 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

INTRODUCTION
Sarawak was a south-western district of the Brunei Sultanate that sited the
long northern coastal stretch of Borneo during the early nineteenth century.
Kuching was one of the several Malay kampung situated inland of the swampy
tidal basin along the Sarawak River. During the 1840s before the ruling of
Brookes, the Malay settlements concentrated on the south bank upriver from
the Indian bazaar; by the early 1850s, some Malays moved across the river to
the north bank, upstream from the Astana (Chon, 2000). The village stood as a
self-contained village or neighbourhood with their own identity and structure

based on family and social ties. The communities developed in clusters and
often named after the leader or sometimes the district of origin.
The site of this case study is Kampung Bintawa Hilir, a river village that sited
adjacent to the prominent Sarawak River. The studied site has categorised as
traditional settlement urban design. However, the settlement of Kampung
Bintawa Hilir, Kuching will be relocated and compensated due to Sarawak State
Government is now redeveloping a new township called Darul Hana
development.
The objective of this research is to identify and investigate the signi cant urban
planning elements for paths, edges, districts, nodes and landmark (Lynch,
1960) of urban theories in Kampung Bintawa Hilir as a one of traditional urban
design existed in Kuching. An urban element is essential in designing a layout
8
of a city where it in uences the movement in a city (Hassan, 2018). A good city
planning layout will assist the user in being more understandable and precise
whenever they are moving toward a destination (Hassan, 2017).
Urban design helps with the design of towns and cities, streets and spaces. It is
the collaborative and multi-disciplinary process of interpreting and framing the
physical setting for life in cities, towns and villages (Moughtin, 1999) (Shirvani,
1985) (Wong, 2018). The urban design involves typically not only the design of
buildings but also the public spaces, infrastructure and landscaping
9
(Spreiregen, 1965). The urban planning can be categorised into ve types of
urban elements which are paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks
(Lynch, 1960).
LITERATURE REVIEW
BACKGROUND OF CASE STUDY: KAMPUNG BINTAWA HILIR

Kampung Bintawa Hilir is a traditional Malay village that sited across the
Sarawak River. It is one of the earliest Malay settlements in Kuching that
existed in the 19th century during the Brooke era (Chon, 2000). The current
kampung shows a high density of low-rise residential housing consists of
approximately 700 houses, which typically are one-storey houses. The
residents are mostly B40 low-income group, and the ethnic background is
mostly Malay (Utusan-Borneo, 2019). Most of their kampung residents work as
manual labour at the Pending Industrial Estate, which located just across the
river. Few of them who own a small sampan would work as a sherman or river
taxi at the downstream of Sarawak River near Kuching Central Business District
(CBD) to bring tourists across from one site to another (Ruekeith, 2010).
Currently, the people of Kampung Bintawa Hilir, Kuching will be relocated and
compensated due to Sarawak State Government is now redeveloping the area
called Darul Hana development. The housing development will bene t a total of
2,526 house owners from 12 Malay villages across the Sarawak River who will
10 11
be resettled. The development aims to raise the living standard, security and
health of the villagers in Seberang Hilir.
Figure 1: Key Plan (Kuching, Sarawak)
Figure 2 : Location Plan (Kampung Bintawa Hilir, Kuching)
LOCATION OF CASE STUDY

12
The case study is located at the Kuching (Figure 1) North Land District adjacent
to the Sarawak River (Figure 2). The geographical location along the river allows
them to have a small jetty, therefore having the options of using the river as one
13
of the transportation routes as well as small trading and shing activities. The
topography of the site is generally at and gradient slope towards the river. The
condition of the site is coastal lowlands comprising peat swamp mainly due to
high annual rainfall and high-water table level (The Geography of Sarawak,
2020) (Hassan, 1999).
TYPE OF URBAN DESIGN: TRADITIONAL SETTLEMENT
Figure 3 : Figure-Ground Plan (Kampung Bintawa Hilir)
Kampung Bintawa Hilir is a traditional settlement village. The structure of the

14
village is similar to most of the traditional shing villages consisting of jetties,
small coffee shops, community hall, market place, mosque and school
15
(Hassan, 1999). The village developed in the form of the parallel water village. It
evolves in parallel to riverbanks, estuaries and coastal area, which follows the
topographical condition of the site (Hassan, 2004). The houses were initially
16
built on the mud ats during the early time then the pattern is then further
evolved in a parallel direction to the inland, therefore resulting having the
pattern formed in a thin and lengthy shaped formation (Hassan, 1999) (Hassan,
2010).
RESEARCH METHOD

This research paper applies the qualitative descriptive method to study the
existing urban elements in Kampung Bintawa Hilir, Kuching. The ve urban
design elements based on The Image of the City (Lynch, 1960) are paths, edges,
districts, nodes and landmarks.
Qualitative research is de ned as exploratory research to seek the answers
about experience and perceptions of the users through the site visits.
17
The urban design elements have been measured through computation
drawings CAD such as the cadastral plan and the survey plan from the local
authority, Sarawak Land and Survey Department; and through Google Earth to
measure the dimension and area of the particular elements. Comparisons are
18
made to obtain the median readings as accurate as possible.
The limitation of the research is caused by Movement Control Order (MCO) due
to the current pandemic issue, face-to-face interview and site visits are not
unable to carry out instead the surveys are done by using social media
19
interview and observing the site through Google Earth.
Below show the measurable factors of ve urban design elements – path,
edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks.
Path- are the channels along which the observer moves. They may be streets,
walkways, transit lines, canals and railroads. These elements often show the
character of the urban form and served as the backbone of urban street
networks.
The measurement quality of the path is identi ed by:
20
The road size, particularly the width of the path including the road reserve
The number of entrances along the path
The hierarchy of the road is determined by:

The Primary path will have a broader road lane to accommodate bigger
vehicles,
The Secondary path accessed by smaller vehicles such as private car and
motorcycle.
The Tertiary path will be the path for pedestrian's walk or bicycle access.
21
For ratio comparison, the measurements are taken:
20
Measuring the length and width of the road, in the unit of the metre (m) and
22 23
The readings are converted into percentage.
Edges- are usually the perceived boundaries of separating two regions. It could
24
be manmade features in physical form such as road, bridges, building, tower,
wall etc. or a way of transition and buffer such as natural landscapes – river,
tree, bushes etc.
The measurement quality of the edges is identi ed by:
20 25
The length and width of boundary across the site
The hierarchy of the edges is determined by:
The Main boundary edge will be the most dominant edge that is separating two
regions.
Secondary edge is the signi cant edge that perceived by the local of how it is
separating the area within the kampung.
Tertiary edge will be least dominant and often perceived as a transition or
buffer.
26
20
Measuring the length and width of the boundary, in the unit of the metre (m)
and
27 28
It is converted into percentage.

Districts- are the areas or sections of the city which recognised as having some
common or identifying characteristics.
The measurable factors of districts are determined by:
The building usage and building form
The hierarchical order is determined by:
The primary district will cover an area of the site with common characteristics.
The minor districts will have different features and smaller area coverage.
29
The result is obtained by measuring:
The area of districts in the unit of the square metre (m2)
Percentage of the area coverage.
Nodes- are de ned as the focal points within a city that are often junctions or
areas where concentrate and attract people to gather as a distinct hub of
activity.
The factors in determining the quality scale of nodes are:
The type of activities that creates a concentration point in the site
The hierarchy of nodes is identi ed by:
Primary nodes will have the highest level of concentration as a social hotspot.
30
Secondary and tertiary nodes will comparatively have a minor level of
concentration.
31
Through measuring the surface area, in the standard unit of the square metre
(m2)
The level of social and cultural activities
Landmark- are often being recognised by the physical object that stands out
and gives a sense of identity to the observers. They are used by the individual

32
as a point-reference to understand and seen as signs giving the sense of
way nding (Bala Alkan, 2013).
The measurable factors can be observed and identi ed by interviewing people
regarding:
The popularity of the objects that used as a reference point to navigate through
the site
33
Outstanding building function or form which can be seen from many directions
The hierarchical order of the landmarks is measured by:
Major landmark will have an outstanding level of dominance and popularity to
34
be known by not only the local but also the outsiders,
Minor landmark will have a lower level of dominance and the popularity only
restricted to the local people who stay nearby.
35
In the quantity of three-dimensional space, in the unit of volume, cubic metre
(m3)
The level of dominance through observation and perception of the observers
RESULTS OF ANALYSIS
This study is referring to the categorised elements of Lynch's theory in urban
design elements, which are paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks.
PATHS
Figure 4: Paths in Kampung Bintawa Hilir, A main entrance starting from Lorong
Kampung Bintawa Tengah 15 via Jalan Kampung Bintawa Tengah
A path is a dominant element among the ve elements (Lynch, K., 1960). They
are two ways to go inside the Kampung Bintawa Hilir which can be from Tun
Salahuddin Expressway and also via Jalan Kampung Bintawa Tengah. The

overall hierarchical order is determined based on the number of the entrance to

the path.
Table 2: Comparison of all the roads in Kampung Bintawa Hilir

Path
Number
Width (m)
20
Total Width (m)
Percentage (%)
Length (m)
Percentage (%)
Highway or Expressway
1
30
30
11.63
3000
60.56
Arterial Roads
2
6
12
4.65
1400
28.26
Collector Roads
36

3
108
41.86
250
5.04
End Roads
36
3
108
41.86
3
0.09
Waterways
1
-
-
-
300
6.05
Total
258
100.00
4953
100.00
EXPRESSWAY

36
The Tun Salahuddin Expressway is considered as a transition between north
37
and the south of Kuching city and it is the only highway near to the Kampung
Bintawa Hilir. The villagers regularly travel via the Tun Salahuddin Expressway
and via Jalan Kampung Bintawa Tengah where it is from another settlement for
to and fro of the Kuching city.
38
After traveling via Tun Salahuddin Expressway, there is a road connected to the
arterial road and the collector road as access to Kampung Bintawa Hilir.
Figure 5: Tun Salahuddin Expressway near the Kampung Bintawa Hilir

Sources: Photo taken by Mohd. Anis Yaziq bin Alimin and Lek Heng Chan
INGRESS / ENTRANCE
The main entrance of the Kampung Bintawa Hilir is via Tun Salahuddin
39 40
Expressway and the secondary entrance is from Jalan Kampung Bintawa
20 41
Tengah. The width of entrance is about 6.70 meter and connected to the
20
secondary road which it is called Jalan Kampung Bintawa Hilir where the width
is about 6 meter all the way long until before the school compound which the
road is becoming wider for better circulation and accessible for people sending
42 43
their children to SK Matu Baru.
They are about 36 of the tertiary roads with a width of about average 6 meters
44
that will be connected to the private area where they are the houses of the
45
villagers. The tertiary road is starting from the entrance of the site which is
Lorong Kampung Bintawa Hilir 1 until Lorong Bintawa Hilir 36 that near to the
school compound.

Figure 6: Main entrance of Kampung Bintawa Hilir from Tun Salahuddin

Expressway
Figure 6: Secondary entrance of Kpg Bintawa Hilir from Jalan Kampung

Bintawa Tengah
Table 1: Overall Entrances' comparative results

Path
Width (m)
Percentage (%)
Main Entrance
6.70
24.18
Secondary Entrance 1
6.00
21.66
Secondary Entrance 2
6.00
21.66
Tertiary Entrance 1
6.00
21.66
Tertiary Entrance 2
3.00

10.84
Total
27.70
100.00
ARTERIAL ROADS
46
The arterial roads of Kampung Bintawa Hilir are can be connected and sharing
the same route with Jalan Kampung Bintawa Tengah and Jalan Kampung
47
Bintawa Hilir. The width average of arterial roads is about 6 meter including
48 49
two-lane which consist of two ways. A total of 1.14 km distance for arterial
roads of Jalan Kampung Bintawa Hilir.
Figure 7: The end of arterial roads Kampung Bintawa Hilir

COLLECTOR ROADS
The collector roads consist of Lorong Bintawa Hilir 1 until Lorong Bintawa Hilir
36 and can be accessed from arterial roads Jalan Kampung Bintawa Hilir. Most
20 50
of the width Lorong Bintawa Hilir is about an average 3.5 meter and it can be
51
tted with one car only.
Figure 8: The rst collector roads of Lorong Kampung Bintawa Hilir 1


Figure 9: The second collector roads of Lorong Kampung Bintawa Hilir 2

WATERWAYS AND RIVER
The Sarawak River is directly reachable from Kampung Bintawa Hilir jetty and is
vigorously being promoted by the locals to either go across the river to the
53
opposite waterfront or to go to other neighboring villages. This river allows
several public modes of transportation to operate, like the water taxi and river
cruise.
Figure 10: The Sungai Sarawak and Kampung Bintawa Hilir

EDGES
Figure 12: Edges of Kampung Bintawa Hilir
The edge is usually the boundaries between two differential areas (Lynch, K.,
54
1960). It is less noticeable by people who do not has a strong cognitive map of
55
the site. There are 3 types of edges perceived by the localities in Kampung
Bintawa Hilir – Shoreline Edge, Road Edge, and Canal Edge.
The most dominant edge is the shoreline edge which is along the riverbank of
56 57
the village and the total distance of the edges is about 1.35 km.
58
A secondary edge is identi ed as the road edge, a boundary created by Tun
59 60
Salahuddin Expressway. The tertiary edges are the canal edges which the 2
61
canals within the site.
Table 3: Comparison on all the Edges in Kampung Bintawa Hilir

Edge
Number
Width (m)
20
Total Width (m)
Percentage (%)
Length (m)
Percentage (%)
Shoreline Edge
1
6
6
13.33
1350
21.42
Road Edge
1
3
3
6.60
1450
23.00
Canal Edge
2
3
6
13.33
500

7.93
Expressway Edge
1
30
30
66.74
3000
47.65
45
100.00
6300
100.00
DISTRICTS
Figure 13: Figure-Ground Layout Plan showing the Districts of Kampung

Bintawa Hilir
From the study, there are two (2) main types of districts in Kampung Bintawa
62 6
Hilir – Residential district and Institutional district, whereas residential district
64
is further detailed into Landed house and Stilts house district. These districts
are differentiated based on building usage and building form. The hierarchical
65
order is determined based on the size of the districts.
Table 4: Percentage of all Districts' areas of Kampung Bintawa Hilir

District
Area (m2)
Percentage (%)
Hierarchical Order
Landed House District
151,755.80
48.00
Primary
Stilts House District
90,313.43
28.54
Secondary
Institutional District
37,928.24
12.00
Tertiary
Open Green Space
36,176.52
11.46
Minor
Total
316,176.99
100
Primary District – Landed House District

The localities refer to the landed house district as the most dominant district.
66
The houses are built with a zinc roof and brick-wall with a concrete base on the

rm ground.
Secondary District – Stilts House District

Across the road is the stilts house district which most of the houses are built
on stilts due to high water table and swampy soil to prevent oods and tides
from time to time.
Tertiary District – Institutional District

67
A small parcel of land has been used as an institutional district that considered
68 69 70
the least dominant district in Kampung Bintawa Hilir. The land is reserved for
42
building educational and communal facilities, such as SK Matu Baru and clinics
(Klinik Kesihatan Ibu Dan Kanak-Kanak.
NODES
Figure 14: Figure-Ground Layout Plan showing nodes around Kampung Bintawa
Hilir
According to Kevin Lynch, nodes are the strategic focal points that generally
71
perceived as junctions of roads, a space that bifurcates and connects paths to
different directions and also open spaces such as plaza. There are four (4)
types of nodes in Kampung Bintawa Hilir – Traf c Node, Religion Node,
72
Commercial Node, and Activity Node. The hierarchical order is determined by
the level of socio-activity of the nodes.
Table 5: Type of Nodes with percentage and level of socio-activity

Node

Size (L x W) (m)
Area
(m2)
Percentage (%)
Activity Type
Level of Socio-Activity
Traf c Node
22 (radius)
1,515
13.2
Traf c
Good
Religion Node
24 (radius)
1,890
16.5
Religion
Satisfactory
Commercial Node 1
80 x 18
1,440
12.6
Commercial
Weak
Commercial Node 2
40 x 33
1,320

11.5
Commercial
Average
Activity Node
110 x 48
5,280
46.2
Sports
Very Good
Total
11,445
100
Table 6: Likert scale of Nodes' socio-activity level

Likert Scale
Remarks
Very Good
Open space that is creating a high level of concentration of human and traf c
and used by the local every day
Good
73
Space that frequently used and creating a gathering hotspot at a certain time.
Satisfactory
A point that has average concentration level and accessed by the local at a
74
certain time
Average

Space that shows a low level of concentration level and only accessed by the
local at a particular time
Weak
75
Space that has poor concentration level and seldom used by the local. Space is
only used by the local once in a while
42
Primary Node – SK Matu Baru's football eld (Activity Landmark)
42
The most signi cant node that perceived by the local people is the SK Matu
Baru's football eld, serving as an activity-based node. The football eld is
76
opened not only for school activities but also for the public; therefore it creates
a concentration point every evening to become a place for everyone in the
kampung to do sports.
Secondary Node – Road Junction at Kampung Bintawa Hilir's entrance (Traf c

Node)
The secondary node formed at the junction of Kampung Bintawa Hilir's
77
entrance. Due to that junction is the only ingress and egress for the entire
78
kampung, therefore, forming a traf c node especially during peak hour in the
79
morning and evening.
Tertiary Node – Open terrace at Masjid Darul Islam (Religion Node)

80
Masjid Darul Islam is perceived as a tertiary node. It is a religion node due to
the active religious activities around that area. People often gathered at the
81
terrace area in front of the main prayer hall.
Minor Nodes – Krispy Naggrey stall (Commercial Node 1) & D'Zulila café
(Commercial Node 2)

82
Minor nodes are mostly commercial nodes – Krispy Naggrey roadside stall
(Commercial node 1) and D'Zulila café (Commercial node 2). Both commercial
nodes are selling Malay food, D'Zulila café has a bigger crowd compare to the
roadside stall because of having a bigger space for seating and more food
varieties.
LANDMARKS
Figure 15: Figure-Ground Layout Plan showing landmarks around Kampung

Bintawa Hilir
According to the study, there are three (3) landmarks in Kampung Bintawa Hilir
8
– two (2) religious landmarks and one (1) institutional landmark. The landmarks
are recognised by the popularity of the people, not only from the localities and
84 85
also the outsiders to be seen as a point of reference. The hierarchical order of
86
the landmarks is determined by its level of dominance.
Table 7: Types of Landmarks and the level of dominance

Landmark
Length
(m)
Width
(m)
Height
(m)
Area
(m2)
Volume (m3)

Level of Dominance
Religion Landmark 1
(Masjid Darul Islam)
30
28
6
840
5,040
Good
Institutional Landmark
42
(SK Matu Baru)
92
75
10
3,900
39,000
Very Good
Religion Landmark 2
(Surau Darul Iman)
24
17
7
408
2,856
Satisfactory
Table 8: Likert scale of Landmarks' dominance level

Likert Scale
Remarks
Very Good
An outstanding structure that well known by the locals and outsiders; has
always been used as a point of reference; highly visible from distant
Good
The landmark that only known by the locals; has been used as a point of
87
reference; visible at a certain distance.
Satisfactory
The landmark that only known by the residents staying nearby.
42
Primary Landmark – SK Matu Baru (Institutional Landmark)
42
The most dominant landmark shown in Kampung Bintawa Hilir is SK Matu Baru,
88
an institutional landmark that is identi able because of its scale and
architectural form differed from the surrounding buildings. It is a landmark not
only recognised by the local people but also from the outsiders of how they
locate Kampung Bintawa Hilir.
Secondary Landmark – Masjid Darul Islam (Religion Landmark)

The secondary landmark is Masjid Darul Islam, a religion landmark that well-
known by the people from the kampung. It is identical and visible from a certain
distance due to its distinctive Islamic architectural element.
Tertiary Landmark – Surau Darul Iman (Religion Landmark)

The tertiary landmark is Surau Darul Iman, a religion landmark that only known
by the nearby residents due to its subtle location. However, it can be easily
89
distinguished from its octagonal-roof architectural feature.

DISCUSSION
PATHS
The path of the site is peculiar and clear to guide the visual perception in urban
90 91
spaces. The clarity of the paths, both road, and river, lead to clear mental
imaging due to its proper sizing for arterial road and collector road. The most
peculiar is the collector road (Jalan Kampung Bintawa Hilir) with a 6 meters
width. Jalan Kampung Bintawa Hilir act as a transition between the arterial
road makes it high in demand for the usage for movement around the site. As
for the weakest path, the collector road located on the east side of the site
42
connecting arterial road from SK Matu Baru to Kampung Bintawa Hilir due to its
20
irregular width and weak visual perception. The usage is less with the only
usage limited to villagers.
EDGES
Edges are considered the second most dominant of the ve urban design
92
elements in this study area of Kampung Bintawa Hilir. Fairly, the study area has
a satisfactory edge element that can be easily perceived by locals. The
93
predominant edge within the site is the watercourse edge. The Sarawak River
stretches across for 1.14km and forms a boundary between land and water.
Besides being the borderline for the villagers to disembark from the riverfront
transportation, it also in uences the villager's development structure as it
progresses. The weakest edge within the study area is Jalan Kampung Bintawa
Hilir which separates Kampung Bintawa Hilir from the neighbouring village.
There is also a vegetation boundary here the acts as divisions between 2
94 95
districts where between educational and village districts.
DISTRICTS

The most dominant result of district element is identi able by traditional

districts pattern in Kampung Bintawa Hilir perceived by the localities. The
96 97
major district is the landed house district which covers the biggest area of the
98
total site, mainly due to the Kampung Bintawa Hilir area is a traditional
99
settlement and the locals gather and build houses themselves, therefore, the
100
residential district has dominated a big portion of the site since the early
101 102 103
settlement . The least dominant district is the institutional district. This
104 105 106
district covers a small portion of the total site and it is a new district as
107
compared to the other two districts which have just been developed since 2011
42
with schools (SK Matu Baru) and clinics (Klinik Kesihatan Ibu Dan Kanak-
108
Kanak) to upgrade the basic amenities of the kampung.
NODES
109
The nodes at Kampung Bintawa Hilir are considered to be weak compared to
other urban design elements. The quality of measurable nodes is not easily
identi ed through observation but mostly perceived by the observers and
localities. The most signi cant node in the kampung is the activity node - an
42
open football eld in SK Batu Maru because of its high level of socio-activity
and people usually hanging around the area for leisure and sports activities
throughout the day. The least signi cant node is the commercial node of a local
stall along the roadside, Krispy Naggrey stall. The place lacks elements that
110
could create a concentrated gathering point for customers such as tables and
chairs for seating or any covered open space to provide shade for the
customers. Therefore, this commercial node is comparatively less successful
with the other commercial node - D'Zulila Cafe as a small eating place that
allows people to hang out.

LANDMARKS
The overall result is at a satisfactory level in showing the urban design element.
Kampung Bintawa Hilir has three (3) landmarks that are perceived by the
42
localities. The most prominent landmark is SK Batu Maru due to its popularity
111
and building scale which is visible and identi able from a distance. The
distinctive contemporary outlook of the building has made itself stand out from
other traditionally built houses around that area as a strong urban element in
the kampung. The least prominent landmark is Surau Darul Iman that has the
least popular due to its subtle location and only known by the localities.
CONCLUSION
Throughout the study, the quality of the urban design elements for Kampung
1
Bintawa Hilir has been identi ed as dominant with district and edges elements
which in uence the path pattern. The overall result of all urban design
113
elements is considered medium in dominance of showing Kuching urban
design.
The highest and distinctive urban elements in Kampung Bintawa Hilir is the
114
district element. The district pattern can be clearly distinguished and
115
in uencing the path pattern within the site. Example of good district pattern is
that the buildings with the same function and similar architectural feature are
being allocated at the same parcel, thus forming a district.
On the other hand, the node is the weakest urban design element, mainly
because it is not easily identi able through observation as other urban design
elements. The studied area does not equip a signi cant node that could create
a focus and epitome of a district. Example of weak nodes such as traf c nodes
116
and commercial nodes which do not play the important roles in de ning
117
Kampung Bintawa Hilir. Recommendations to be done to improve the node is to
create open space at the centre of the district that is easily accessible by the

localities. It is to create a concentration point which stands out with socio-

activities that highlight the identity of the kampung.
We have encountered a few limitations and restrictions while conducting the
study. One of the limitations is that we are unable to carry out site visits in
person due to the current pandemic issues and Movement Control Order (MCO)
implemented by the government but to observe the site through Google Street.
Face-to-face interviews are also limited and forced to be done by social media.
In short, Kampung Bintawa Hilir is a traditional settlement that shows the
planning and urban network ful ls the ve urban design elements studied for
this paper. However, due to the development of the Darul Hana project, the
119
residents at the kampung will soon be asked to relocate and move out from the
118 120
village. In future, we hope the government could preserve the village with a
121
well-planned development plan to upgrade the village rather than demolish the
122
whole area to give way for the development project. This is to ensure the
existence and sustenance of traditional Malay settlements and their cultural
identities in Kuching Sarawak.
AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL
The generated data and the result of this study are available upon request to
the corresponding author.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our sincere appreciation to Universiti Sains Malaysia
123
for the support to
this study with a Bridging Grant, Number 304.PPBGN.6316521.
REFERENCES
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Settlement Development: The Central Role of Cities in our Environment's
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Future-Constraints and Possibilities. Oxford, UK: Eolss Publishers.
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Kita? Penang: USM Press.
42
Lynch, K. (1960). The Image of The City. The M.I.T Press.
Moughtin, C. (1999). Urban Design Methods and Techniques. Boston:
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Ruekeith, G. O. (2010, 28 April). River Taxi System could be Tourist Draw.
Kuching, Sarawak: Borneo Post.
Shirvani, H. (1985). The Urban Design Process. New York: Van Nostrand
Reinhold Company.
Spreiregen, P. (1965). Urban Design: The Architecture of Towns and Cities. New
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The Geography of Sarawak. Retrieved on 22 May 2020 at The Government of
Sarawak: https://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/159/176/
Utusan-Borneo. (2019). Penduduk Bintawa perlu diutama pindah ke Projek
Pembangunan Darul Hana. Kuching, Sarawak: Utusan Borneo. Retrieved on 2
February 2019 at Utusan Borneo:

https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2019/02/02/penduduk-bintawa-perlu-
diutama-pindah-ke-projek-pembangunan-darul-hana
Wong, Y. H. (2018). Accessible Circulation and Movement in Building: Case
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238.
Mohd. Anis Yaziq bin Alimin is a Master's degree student of Architecture at the
42
School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM),
Penang, Malaysia. He obtained his degree in Bachelor of Science (Hons) in
Architecture at the School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains
42
Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia.
Chan Lek Heng is a Master's degree student of Architecture at the School of

42
Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang,
Malaysia. He obtained his degree in Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture
at the School of Built Environment, University College of Technology Sarawak
(UCTS), Sarawak, Malaysia.
Professor Dr.Ahmad Sanusi Hassan is a Professor in Architecture Programme at

42
the School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM),

Penang, Malaysia. He obtained a Bachelor and Master of Architecture degrees

124 42
from University of Houston, Texas, USA, and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree
125
from University of Nottingham, United Kingdom. His research focuses on
Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design Development for Southeast Asia,
history and theory of Architecture, Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer
Animation.
Dr.Yasser Arab is a Researcher in Architecture. He obtained his Bachelor of

126
Architecture from Ittihad
Private University, Aleppo, Syria. He obtained a PhD. in Sustainable
42
Architecture from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia, his
research focused on the Environment Performance of Residential High-Rise
127
Buildings' Façade in Malaysia. He teaches Studio for rst year student and
involved in supervising student of Master of Architecture and Urban Design. He
128
is a registered Architect in the Syrian Engineers Union.
129
Dr. B. Witchayangkoon is an Associate Professor of Department of Civil
130 131
Engineering at Thammasat University. He received his B.Eng. from King
Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi with Honors. He got a PhD in
132 42 133
Spatial Information Science & Engineering from University of Maine, USA. Dr.
Witchayangkoon interests involve Applications of Emerging Technologies to
Engineering.

134
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Joesron Alie Syahbana a is associate professor in Department
of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University-
Semarang-Indonesia. He also as the Promotor (Dissertation Supervisor) of
Sunarti. He has research focused on Community Based Management,
Qualitative Method And Urban Planning.
135
Trademarks Disclaimer: All products names including trademarks™ or
registered® trademarks mentioned in this article are the property of their
respective owners, using for identi cation and educational purposes only. Use
of them does not imply any endorsement or af liation.

1. is established Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
2. been done Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
3. research → inquiry Word Choice Engagement
4. elements → items, details, features, Word Choice Engagement

ingredients
5. , although → . However, Hard-to-read text Clarity
6. The result shows that district as the Hard-to-read text Clarity

dominant urban design element that
in uences the path pattern of the village,
however, the quality of the nodes are not
as prominent as other urban design
elements because only highlighted by
minor nodes that are not easily
identi able through observation but…
7. is considered Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
8. in a city → in a town, to a town Word Choice Engagement
9. be categorised Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
10. be resettled Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
11. development → event Word Choice Engagement
12. is located Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
13. small → low, miniature, little, short Word Choice Engagement
14. village → town Word Choice Engagement
16. were initially built Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
17. been measured Passive Voice Misuse Clarity

18. are made Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
19. The limitation of the research is caused Hard-to-read text Clarity

by Movement Control Order (MCO) due to
the current pandemic issue, face-to-face
interview and site visits are not unable to
carry out instead the surveys are done by
using social media interview and
observing the site through Google Earth.
20. width; Width Text Inconsistencies Correctness
21. are taken Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
22. are converted Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
23. a percentage Determiner Use Correctness

(a/an/the/this, etc.)
24. manmade → humanmade Potentially Sensitive Delivery

Language
25. the boundary Determiner Use Correctness

27. is converted Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
28. a percentage Determiner Use Correctness

29. is obtained Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
30. a minor → a secondary Word Choice Engagement
32. sense → feeling Word Choice Engagement
33. be seen Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
34. be known Passive Voice Misuse Clarity

36. is considered Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
37. , and Punctuation in Correctness

Compound/Complex
Sentences
38. traveling → travelling Mixed Dialects of English Correctness

Compound/Complex
Sentences
40. entrance → door, gate, access Word Choice Engagement
41. entrance → opening, door, access, entry Word Choice Engagement
42. SK; UK; M.I.T; USM; USA Text Inconsistencies Correctness
43. The width of entrance is about 6.70 Hard-to-read text Clarity

meter and connected to the secondary
road which it is called Jalan Kampung
Bintawa Hilir where the width is about 6
meter all the way long until before the
school compound which the road is
becoming wider for better circulation and
accessible for people sending t…
44. be connected Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
45. road → way Word Choice Engagement
46. are Redundant Words Correctness
47. , including Punctuation in Correctness

Compound/Complex
Sentences
48. , which Punctuation in Correctness

Compound/Complex
Sentences

49. . A → —a Incomplete Sentences Correctness

Compound/Complex
Sentences
51. be tted Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
52. and is → . It is Hard-to-read text Clarity
53. neighboring → neighbouring Mixed Dialects of English Correctness
54. strong → robust Word Choice Engagement
55. 3 → three Improper Formatting Correctness

Compound/Complex
Sentences
57. edges → advantages, sides, tips Word Choice Engagement
58. is identi ed Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
59. edges → tips, advantages Word Choice Engagement
60. 2 → two Improper Formatting Correctness
61. within the site → within site Determiner Use Correctness

62. . In contrast, residential Hard-to-read text Clarity
63. district → area, community, Word Choice Engagement

neighbourhood
64. is further detailed Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
65. districts → areas, communities, regions Word Choice Engagement
66. are built Passive Voice Misuse Clarity

67. been used Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
68. district → region, community, area Word Choice Engagement
69. land → area, property Word Choice Engagement
70. is reserved Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
71. , a space that → . This space Hard-to-read text Clarity
72. is determined Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
73. certain → particular, speci c Word Choice Engagement
74. certain → particular, speci c Word Choice Engagement
75. poor → reduced Word Choice Engagement
76. therefore, Punctuation in Correctness

Compound/Complex
Sentences
77. The secondary node formed at the Incomplete Sentences Correctness

junction of Kampung Bintawa Hilir's
entrance.
78. forming → creating, developing Word Choice Engagement
79. Due to that junction is the only ingress Incomplete Sentences Correctness
and egress for the entire kampung,
therefore, forming a traf c node
especially during peak hour in the
morning and evening.
80. is perceived Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
81. Masjid Darul Islam is perceived as a Monotonous Sentences Engagement

tertiary node. It is a religion node due to
the active religious activities around that
area. People often gathered at the
terrace area in front of the main prayer
hall.
82. Minor → Secondary Word Choice Engagement

83. landmarks → markers, monuments, Word Choice Engagement

milestones
84. be seen Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
85. The landmarks are recognised by the Intricate Text Clarity

popularity of the people, not only from
the localities and also the outsiders to be
seen as a point of reference.
86. Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
87. The landmark that only known by the Intricate Text Clarity
locals; has been used as a point of
reference; visible at a certain distance.
88. landmark → milestone Word Choice Engagement
89. be easily distinguished Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
90. paths → tracks, ways, trails Word Choice Engagement
91. clear → precise Word Choice Engagement
92. Fairly → Relatively, Somewhat Word Choice Engagement

94. village → community Word Choice Engagement
95. districts → communities, areas, regions Word Choice Engagement
96. major → primary, principal Word Choice Engagement
97. biggest → most signi cant Word Choice Engagement
98. total → entire Word Choice Engagement

Compound/Complex
Sentences

100. big → signi cant Word Choice Engagement
101. settlement → colony Word Choice Engagement
102. The major district is the landed house Hard-to-read text Clarity
district which covers the biggest area of
the total site, mainly due to the Kampung
Bintawa Hilir area is a traditional
settlement and the locals gather and
build houses themselves, therefore, the
residential district has dominated a big
portion of the site si…
103. district → region, community, area Word Choice Engagement
104. portion → part, piece Word Choice Engagement
105. total → entire, whole Word Choice Engagement

Compound/Complex
Sentences
107. districts → areas, regions, communities Word Choice Engagement
108. This district covers a small portion of the Hard-to-read text Clarity
total site and it is a new district as
compared to the other two districts
which have just been developed since
2011 with schools (SK Matu Baru) and
clinics (Klinik Kesihatan Ibu Dan Kanak-
Kanak) to upgrade the basic amenities of
the kampung.
109. are considered Passive Voice Misuse Clarity
110. a concentrated → a real, a strong Word Choice Engagement
111. , which Punctuation in Correctness

Compound/Complex
Sentences
112. elements → factors Word Choice Engagement

113. the dominance Determiner Use Correctness

114. clearly Wordy Sentences Clarity

116. important → critical, crucial Word Choice Engagement
117. Example of weak nodes such as traf c Incomplete Sentences Correctness

nodes and commercial nodes which do
not play the important roles in de ning
Kampung Bintawa Hilir.
118. However, due to the development of the Intricate Text Clarity

Darul Hana project, the residents at the
kampung will soon be asked to relocate
and move out from the village.
119. from → of Wrong or Missing Prepositions Correctness
122. This Intricate Text Clarity
123. to → of Wrong or Missing Prepositions Correctness
124. the University Determiner Use Correctness


126. Ittihad. Closing Punctuation Correctness
127. rst year → rst-year Misspelled Words Correctness
128. registered → Registered Misspelled Words Correctness

129. Dr. → Dr Comma Misuse within Clauses Correctness
130. from → From Improper Formatting Correctness
131. the King Determiner Use Correctness


135. , including Punctuation in Correctness

Compound/Complex
Sentences

Grammarly Report A1-AnisHengChan Kampung Bintawa Hilir

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Report: A1-AnisHengChan Kampung Bintawa Hilir - grammar

A1-AnisHengChan Kampung Bintawa

Score Writing Issues

This text scores better than 95%

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Unique Words 20%

Rare Words 38%

Word Length 4.7

Sentence Length 10.2

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A1-AnisHengChan Kampung Bintawa

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PAPER ID: 10A11A

A STUDY OF SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT IN KAMPUNG BINTAWA HILIR, KUCHING,

a School of Housing, Building & Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA

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2020 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

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Figure 1: Key Plan (Kuching, Sarawak)

Figure 2 : Location Plan (Kampung Bintawa Hilir, Kuching)

LOCATION OF CASE STUDY

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TYPE OF URBAN DESIGN: TRADITIONAL SETTLEMENT

Figure 3 : Figure-Ground Plan (Kampung Bintawa Hilir)

Kampung Bintawa Hilir is a traditional settlement village. The structure of the

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overall hierarchical order is determined based on the number of the entrance to

Table 2: Comparison of all the roads in Kampung Bintawa Hilir

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Figure 5: Tun Salahuddin Expressway near the Kampung Bintawa Hilir

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Figure 6: Main entrance of Kampung Bintawa Hilir from Tun Salahuddin

Figure 6: Secondary entrance of Kpg Bintawa Hilir from Jalan Kampung

Table 1: Overall Entrances' comparative results

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Figure 7: The end of arterial roads Kampung Bintawa Hilir

Figure 8: The rst collector roads of Lorong Kampung Bintawa Hilir 1

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Figure 9: The second collector roads of Lorong Kampung Bintawa Hilir 2

Figure 10: The Sungai Sarawak and Kampung Bintawa Hilir

Figure 12: Edges of Kampung Bintawa Hilir

Table 3: Comparison on all the Edges in Kampung Bintawa Hilir

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Figure 13: Figure-Ground Layout Plan showing the Districts of Kampung

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Primary District – Landed House District

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Secondary District – Stilts House District

Tertiary District – Institutional District

Table 5: Type of Nodes with percentage and level of socio-activity

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Table 6: Likert scale of Nodes' socio-activity level

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Secondary Node – Road Junction at Kampung Bintawa Hilir's entrance (Traf c

Tertiary Node – Open terrace at Masjid Darul Islam (Religion Node)