SET II

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering, Chennai- 119

Subject Code: EI2201 Subject : Electrical Machines

Branch : EIE & ICE Semester: III
Answer Key (Model Exam III)
PART A-(10 x 2=20 marks)
1. What is armature reaction? What are the effects?
Ans: The effect of the magnetic field set up by the armature current on the distribution of the
flux under main poles of a generator is called armature reaction.

Effects:
It demagnetises or weakens the main flux thus reducing the generated emf.
It cross magnetises or distorts the flux thus producing spark at the brushes.

2. Mention the significance of back emf.

Ans: When the motor armature rotates and emf is induced in them in opposition to the
applied voltage. This is called back emf or counter emf.
Ia = (V-Eb)/Ra
Eb
Back emf depends among the armature speed. If speed is high, E b is large and hence Ia is
small. If the speed is less, Eb is less and hence more current flows which develops motor
torque. Therefore Eb acts as a governor and makes motor self-regulating so that it draws as
much current as is just necessary.

3. Mention the differences between core and shell type transformer.

Core type Shell Type

Windings surround a considerable part of the Core surrounds a considerable part of the
core windings

Coils used are of cylindrical type Coils used are multi layer disc type

Coils are of circular or oval or rectangular Coils are of rectangular or distributed form
form

4. State the condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer. Then what is the corresponding
output current?
Ans: Condition: Copper Loss = Core Loss
Output Current corresponding to maximum Efficiency: I2 =√(Wi/R02)

5. What is surging? What are the causes for it?

Ans: The fluctuation in speed is called surging.
Causes:
When motor is used for driving varying load
If supply frequency is pulsating
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6. Is synchronous motor self starting? Give reason.

Ans: Synchronous motor is not a self starting motor.
Reason: The torque produced by the rotor during starting is not unidirectional and due to
large inertia the rotor remains stationary.

7. State the difference between slip ring and squirrel cage motor.

Squirrel cage motor Slip ring motor

Simple construction
Moderate torque
Slip rings and brushes are not
present.
Speed control by rotor
resistance is not possible.
External resistance cannot be
added.
Construction is complicated
High starting torque.
Slip rings and brushes are
present.
Speed control by rotor resistance
is possible.
External resistance can be added.

8. What is the condition for maximum starting torque of a 3-phase induction motor? State the
expression for maximum starting torque.
Ans: Condition: R2=X2, where R2 & X2 are the resistance and reactance of the rotor during
standstill.
Expression: Tst = (3E22/4 NsR2)

9. How can a universal motor rotation be reversed?

Ans: The universal motor can be reversed by reversing the flow of current through either the
armature or the field windings i.e. interchange the leads on the brush holders.

10. Differentiate between “capacitor start” & “Capacitor start capacitor run” single phase
induction motor.
Ans:
S.No Capacitor Start Capacitor Start Capacitor Run

1 Capacitor & starting winding are Capacitor & starting winding are present
present only during the starting of both during the starting & running of the
the single phase induction motor single phase induction motor

2 Centrifugal switch is used No need of centrifugal switch

PART B-(5 X 16=80 marks)

11. (a) (i) Explain the characteristics of DC shunt generator with neat sketches.(10)
Characteristics:
1. No load curve or O.C.C
2. External characteristics
3. Internal characteristics
1. No load curve or O.C.C
Field current (If) vs emf generated under no-load condition (E0)
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Diagram

From the curve,

 Due to residual magnetism some emf is present even when I f is zero so the curve
starts a little way up.
 The first part of the curve (AB) is a straight line because reluctance is negligible and
the emf generated is directly proportional to the field current.
 After point B, the saturation of poles starts.
2. External Characteristics (V/I)
 Terminal voltage, V decreases with increase in load current. Three main reasons
Armature Resistance drop
Armature reaction drop
The drop in V due to (i) & (ii) results in decreased field current which further
reduces induced emf
In diagram b is the break down point.

3. Internal characteristics (E/Ia)

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(ii) The emf generated by a four pole DC generator is 400V, when the armature is driven
at 1200 rpm. Calculate the flux per pole if the wave wound armature has 39 slots having 16
conductors in each slot. (6)

Given:
P= 4
E= 400V
N= 1200 rpm
Z= 39x16= 624
Wave wound, A=2

To find:
Solution:

E=

= 0.016 Wb or 16mWb

(b) (i) Explain the principle of operation of DC motor (4)

An electric motor is a machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical

energy. Its action is based in principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force whose direction is given by Fleming’s left
hand rule.

(ii) What is the need of starters? With the help of a neat diagram explain the working of
a 3-point starter & state its limitations. (12)

Need of starters:
Ia = (V-Eb)/Ra
Where V is the supply voltage, Eb is the back emf & Ra the armature resistance. When the
motor is at rest there is no back emf in the armature. If now full supply voltage is applied
across the stationary armature it will draw a very large current because armature resistance is
relatively small. This excessive current will blow out the fuse and will damage the
commutator and brushes. To avoid this starters are used.

Three point starter:

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Function of protective devices:

Function of HOLD ON coil: During failure it is deenergised thereby releasing the arm.
Function of over current Release: If motor is overloaded, D is lifted & short circuits the
electromagnet.
Three point starter cannot be used for variable speed motors. Overcome by Four point starter.
12. (a) (i) Obtain the equivalent circuit of a single phase transformer. (8)

Transformer Exact Equivalent circuit

Primary Equivalent of secondary circuit

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Simplified Circuit Neglecting I0

(ii) Draw and explain the phasor diagram of a single- phase transformer supplying
(1) a UPF load and
(2) a lagging power factor load. (8)

(1) UPF load: Resistive load

Secondary voltage and output current are in phase with each other.
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(2) a lagging power factor load: inductive load
Output current lags behind the secondary voltage by an angle.

(b) (i) The OC and SC tests on a 4 KVA, 200/400V, 50 Hz, 1 ph transformer gave the results
as:
OC test on LV side – 200v, 1A, 100W,
SC test with LV side shorted –15V, 10A, 85 W.
Determine the parameters of the equivalent circuit referred to the LV side. (10)

Given data:
V1 = 200V
I0 = 1 A
W = 100 W
Vsc = 15V
Isc = 10 A
Wsc = 85 W
Soln:
From OC test data:
Cos 0= W/ V1I0
Cos 0= 100/(200x1) = 0.5
0= 600
Sin 0= Sin 60 = 0.866
Iµ = I0Sin 0

Iµ = 1x0.866 = 0.866 A
Iw = I0Cos 0

Iw = 1x0.5 = 0.5 A
X0 = V1/ Iµ
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X0 = 200/0.866 = 230.95 Ω
R0 = V1/ Iw
R0 = 200/0.5 = 400 Ω (4)
From Sc test data:
R02 = Wsc/ Isc2
R02 = 85/100 =0.85Ω
K = 400/200 =2
R01 = R02/ K2 = 0.85/4 = 0.21Ω
Z02 = Vsc/Isc
Z02 = 15/10 = 1.5Ω
Z01 = Z02/ K2
Z01 = 1.5/4 = 0.375Ω
X02 = √ (Z022 – R022) = 1.24Ω
X01 = √ (Z012 – R012) = 0.31Ω
(ii) What are the connections in 3- phase transformer? Explain any one in detail. (6)

Connections:
1. Star-star
2. Delta-delta
3. Wye-delta
4. Delta-wye
5. Open delta
6. Scott Connection

Star star Connection:

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13. (a) (i) Derive the emf equation of an alternator. (8)

(ii) A 3-phase, 16 pole alternator has a star connected winding with 144 slots and 100
conductors per slot. The chording is by one slot pitch. The flux per pole is 0.03 Wb
sinusoidally distributed and the speed is 375 rpm. Find the frequency, phase and line voltage.
Given data:
Phase = 3
P = 16
Connection = star
= 0.03 Wb
N = 375 rpm
To find: f,Eph, Eline\
Soln:
m = 144/(16x3) = 3
n = 144/16 = 9
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β = 1800/9 = 20
f = PN/120 = (16x375)/120 = 50 Hz
Kd = sin(mβ/2)/(msin(β/2))
= 0.96
Zph = 144x100/3 = 4800
Tph = 4800/2 =2400
Α =180/9 =20
Kc = cos(α/2) = 0.98
Eph = 4.44KcKdf Tph
= 15,037 V
Eline = √3 x 15,037 = 26,044 V

(b) Explain the constructional details of synchronous machines in detail with neat sketches.
(16)
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14. (a) Explain the different starting methods of three phase induction motor with neat diagram.
(16)
Need:
If normal supply voltage is applied to stationary motor, a very large current is taken from
the supply i.e. it takes 5 to 7 times their full load current. This initial excessive current will
affect the operation of other equipment connected to same lines. So need to reduce starting
current.

Squirrel cage motors:

1. Primary resistor or reactors
2. Auto-transformer
3. Star-delta switches

Slip-ring motors
1. Rotor rheostat

Direct Switching

Primary Resistor:
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Auto-transformer starter:
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Star-Delta starter

Rotor rheostat
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(b) (i) Derive the running torque equation of a 3-phase induction motor and deduce the
condition for maximum running torque. (8)
Torque under running condition

Condition for maximum starting torque

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(ii) A 3-phase, slip ring, induction motor with star connected rotor has an induced emf of
120V between slip-rings at standstill with normal voltage applied to the stator. The rotor
winding has a resistance per phase of 0.3 ohm and standstill leakage reactance per phase of
1.5 ohm. Calculate (i) rotor current/phase when running short-circuited with 4 percent slip
and (ii) the slip and rotor current per phase when the rotor is developing maximum torque.(8)
Given
Phase=3
Eline=120
i) Induced emf/rotor phase Er =sE2
=0.04 x (120/√3)
=2.77 V
Rotor reactance/phase Xr =sX2 =0.04x1.5 = 0.06Ω
Rotor impedance/phase = √(0.32+0.062) = 0.306 Ω
Rotor current/phase = 2.77/0.306 = 9A
ii) For developing maximum torque, R2 = sX2
s = R2/X2 = 0.3/0.5 = 0.2
Xr = 0.2x1.5 = 0.3Ω
Zr = √(0.32+0.32) = 0.42 Ω
Er = sE2 = 13.86 V

Rotor current/phase = 13.86/0.42 = 33A

15. (a) (i) Explain the working of single phase induction motor based on the double field
revolving field theory in detail (8)

Theory
An alternating uni-axial quantity can be represented by two oppositely rotating
vectors of half magnitude. Accordingly an alternating flux can be represented by two
revolving fluxes, each having half the magnitude of the alternating flux and each rotating
synchronously in opposite direction

.
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(ii) Explain the principle of operation of shaded pole single phase induction motor. (8)

Shaded pole single phase induction motor:

The necessary phase splitting is produced by induction. These motors have salient
poles on the stator and a squirrel cage type rotor. The laminated pole has a slot cut across the
laminations approximately one-third distance from one edge. Around the small part of the
pole is placed a short circuit cu coil known as shaded coil. The part is called shaded part.
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Shifting of magnetic axis from unshaded to shaded part:

(b) Explain the working of BLDC motor with neat sketches. (16)
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