LABORATORY MANUAL

CHEMISTRY II (FGS0074)
FOUNDATION IN BIOLOGICAL/HEALTH SCIENCE
Name : ID:
Lecturer : Group:

Experiment Title

1 Reactions of Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons

2 Classification of Alcohols

3 Aldehyde and Ketone

4 Carboxylic Acid and Its Derivatives

5 Amine Reaction

Chemistry II (FGS 0074)

 EXPERIMENT 1

REACTIONS OF ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

Objective:
To carry out chemical test to differentiate an alkane from an alkene.

Apparatus: stile, dropper, test tube, wooden splinter, evaporating dish

Chemical reagents: bromine, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, acidified KMnO4,
dichloromethane

Method
A. Combustion Test
1. Place a few drops of cyclohexane in an evaporating dish. Ignite a wooden
splinter and place it at the cyclohexane in the evaporating dish. Observe the
color of the flame. Record your observation.
2. Repeat the above test with cyclohexane.

B. Bromine Test
1. Take 2 clean and dry test tubes and label A and B.
2. Add 1 ml cyclohexane to test tube A and 1 ml of cyclohexene to test tube B.
3. Add 4 to 5 drops of bromine water into each test tube.
4. Place the stopper and shake for about 15 seconds. Record the color change.

C. Oxidation Test with Acidic KMnO4

1. Label 2 clean and dry test tubes.
2. Put 1 ml cyclohexane and cyclohexene into each test tube respectively.
3. Add five drops of acidic KMnO4 into each test tube.
4. Heat the test tube in a water bath.
5. Record your observation.

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 EXPERIMENT 2

CLASSIFICATION OF ALCOHOLS

Objective
1. To classify alcohols
2. To differentiate various types of alcohol using a few reactions

Apparatus: dropper, test tubes, water bath, 10 ml measuring cylinder

Chemical reagents: 1-butanol, 2-butanol, alcohol X, Lucas reagent, 2-methyl-2-

propanol, concentrated H2SO4, glacial acetic acid, 0.04 M
Na2Cr2O7 solution

Method
A. Iodoform Test
1. Prepare four clean and dry test tubes and label them A, B, C and D.
2. Put 5-6 drops of 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol and alcohol X into
each tube. If your alcohol does not fully dissolve, add 1 mL of methanol.
3. Add 10% solution of iodine (I2) dropwise. Keep adding the dark iodine
solution with stirring until you see a faint yellow color persisting in the test
tube. Add enough iodine so that you have a slight excess of iodine as
evidenced by a persistent yellow or brownish color.
4. Heat the mixture to 60°C in a water bath. Note the formation of yellow
precipitate.

B. Oxidation Test
1. Add one drop of concentrated H2SO4 acid to 5.0 ml 0.04 M Na2Cr2O7 solution
in a test tube.
2. Add two drops of 1-butanol to the mixture and heat using water bath.
3. Observe the color of the solution.
4. Repeat the above procedures with the other alcohols.

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 EXPERIMENT 3

ALDEHYDE AND KETONE

Objective:
To identify carbonyl compounds as aldehyde and ketone using qualitative analysis

Apparatus: stopper, test tubes, water bath, thermometer

Chemical reagents: iodine solution or potassium iodide, Tollens’ reagent, Schiff

reagent, Fehling’s solution, NaOH 10% solution, Dioxane or its
equivalent, 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine, ethanal, benzaldehyde,
propanone, an unknown carbonyl compound (X compound),
ammonia 5% solution.

Method
A. Fehlings’ Test
1. Place 2 ml Fehlings’ solution in each test tube. Add 1-2 drops of the
compound to be tested.
2. Gently shake the tubes.
3. Heat the mixture in boiling water for 15-20 minutes and determine whether
any precipitate has been formed.

B. Tollens’ Test
1. Add 1 ml Tollens’ reagent to each test tube contains the compound to be
tested and shake gently.
2. Allow the mixtures to stand for 3 minutes and then note the formation of any
silver formation.
3. If there is no change, warm the mixture in a water bath at 65°C-75°C for 3
minutes.
4. Record your observation.

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C. Schiff’s Test
1. Place one drop of ethanal, benzaldehyde, propanone and an unknown
carbonyl compound into 4 different test tubes respectively.
2. Add 1 ml of Schiff’s reagent into each of test tube.
3. Shake them slowly and note whether there is any change in color.
4. If the compounds do not dissolve, stopper the test tube and shake it
vigorously until an emulsion is formed.
5. Record your observation.

D. Iodoform Test
1. Place 5 drops of ethanal, benzaldehyde, propanone and an unknown
compound into 4 different test tubes respectively.
2. Add 5 ml dioxane in each tube and shake to dissolve the compounds.
3. Add 1 ml 10% NaOH solution.
4. While shaking, add iodine or potassium iodide solution one drop at a time
until the iodine color is retained.
5. Warm the test tube in a water bath at 65°C-75°C for a minute. If the iodine
color disappears, add more iodine or potassium iodide solution. Note the
formation of precipitate. Record the observation. Suggest the functional group
of the unknown carbonyl.

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 EXPERIMENT 4

CARBOXYLIC ACID AND ITS DERIVATIVES

Objective:
To study the properties and reactions of carboxylic acid and its derivatives

Apparatus: beaker, dropper, test tubes, retort stand, tripod stand, measuring cylinder

Chemical reagents: ice, ether, boiling chips, litmus paper, stearic acid, benzoic acid,
ethyl benzoate, glacial acetic acid, propanoyl chloride, 0.5 M HCl
solution, NaOH 10% solution, NaOH 20% solution, distilled water.

Method
A. Solubility of Carboxylic Acids
1. Prepare and label nine clean, dry test tubes as 1 to 9.
2. Add 6 drops of glacial acetic acid to 3 ml of each of the following solvents in
the labeled test tube: ether, water, NaOH 10% solution. Shake the tubes. If
the acid dissolves, continue adding one drop at a time, until solution is
saturated or until the volume of liquid reaches 6 ml. Classify the acid as
soluble, slightly soluble or insoluble.
3. Repeat step 2 using small amounts of benzoic acid and acetic acid.
4. Record your observation in Table 1. If the “small amount” that you use does
not dissolve at all, discard the mixture and repeat the test with an even
smaller amount. Classify the acid as soluble, slightly soluble or insoluble.

B. Hydrolysis Of Acid Chloride

1. In the fume hood carefully add propanoyl chloride one drop at a time to 5 ml
of water.
2. Record the temperature of the reaction.
3. After the reaction has been completed, test the solution with litmus paper.
4. Record your observation.
5.

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 EXPERIMENT 5

AMINE REACTIONS

Objective:
To study the characteristics and reaction of an organic compound containing the
functional group NH2, amine

Apparatus: beaker, glass rod, test tubes, thermometer, Bunsen burner, Pasteur pipette

Chemical reagents: ice, aniline, 1 M HCl, Naphtol, NaCl salt, 5% NaOH, sodium nitrite,
N-methylaniline, concentrated HCl, N,N-dimethylaniline

Method
A. Primary Aromatic Amine
1. Add 3 ml concentrated HCl into 5 ml water in a beaker in the fume cupboard.
2. Carefully add 1 ml aniline, C6H5NH2, to the above mixture.
3. Cool the mixture in an ice-salt bath until the temperature reaches between 0
to 5°C.
4. Prepare sodium nitrite solution by dissolving 1 g sodium nitrite in 5 ml water.
Cool it until it reaches a temperature of between 0 to 5°C. Add this solution
one drop at a time to the above mixture.
5. Stabilize the temperature between 0-5°C by stirring the solution.
6. Heat the solution using water bath. Record your observations.

B. Secondary Aromatic Amine

1. Dissolve 3 ml concentrated 1 M of HCl in 4 ml water.
2. Add 1 ml N-methylaniline into the above mixture.
3. Cool the mixture between 0 to 5°C.
4. Whilst stirring, add a solution containing 1 g sodium nitrite in 5 ml water.
5. Leave the mixture to react for 45 minutes at a temperature of 0 to 5°C.
6. Observe the color of the product formed from the reaction. Record all your
observations.

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C. Tertiary Aromatic Amine
1. Dissolve 0.5 g N,N-dimethylaniline in 5 ml of 1 M HCl.
2. Add a solution containing 1 g sodium nitrite in 5 ml water.
3. Stabilize the temperature of the mixture in the range of 0 to 5°C.
4. Record your observations.