Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

Operational Amplifier

Dr. Kundan Kumar

PhD (IIT Kharagpur)
Associate Professor
Electronics and Communication Department

Faculty of Engineering (ITER)

S‘O’A Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India-751030
c 2019 Kundan Kumar, All Rights Reserved
Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

Outline

1 Introduction

2 Ideal Op-amp

3 Op-amp Configuration

4 Other Useful Circuits

5 Op-amp Package

6 Applications

7 Summary

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Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

Introduction

• Operational amplifier (op-amp): a special type of amplifier that, by proper

selection of its external components, could be configured for a variety of
operations.
• Originally an op-amp was an electronic circuit that could carry out
mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, differentiation, and
integration. Hence the word “operational”.
• Op-amp is used to amplify DC and AC signals.
• History:
◦ First developed by John R. Ragazzine in 1947 with vacuum tube.
◦ In 1960 at Fairchild Semiconductor corporation, Robert J. Widlar fabricated op-amp
with the help of IC fabrication technology.
◦ In 1968, Fairchild introduces the op-amp that was to become the industry standard.

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Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary
From a signal point of view the op amp has three terminals: two input termin
terminal. Figure 2.1 shows the symbol we shall use to represent the op amp.
What is Op-amp? are input terminals, and terminal 3 is the output terminal. As explained in Sec
require dc power to operate. Most IC op amps require two dc power sup
Fig. 2.2. (DC)
• An op-amp is a direct-coupled Two terminals, 4 andelectronic
high-gain 5, are brought out of the
voltage op-amp package and c
amplifier.
itive voltage VCC and a negative voltage −VEE, respectively. In Fig. 2.2(b) we
• Direct-coupled amplifiertwo
is one thatsupplies
dc power amplifier signalswith
as batteries whose frequency
a common ground.is asinteresting
It is low to
as zero. ence grounding point in op-amp circuits is just the common terminal of the tw
• Op-amps are differentialthat is, no terminal of the op-amp package is physically connected to groun
amplifiers, and their output voltage is proportional to
we will not, for simplicity, explicitly show the op-amp power supplies.
the difference of the two input voltages.
• The op-amp’s schematic symbol is shown as

Figure 2.1 Circuit symbol for the op amp.

• The two input terminals, called the inverting and non-inverting, are labeled
with negative (−) and positive (+) respectively.
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VCC
Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration
Figure 2.1 Circuit symbol for the op
Other Useful Circuits
amp.
Op-amp Package Applications Summary

Op-amp Terminals
VCC

VCC

VEE

VEE

Figure: Figure shows the symbol of op-amp & the power supply connections to make it work.
Figure 2.2 The op amp shown connected to dc power supplies.

• The operative voltage w.r.t ground are denoted as VCC & VEE . Op-amp do
not have a zero volt ground terminal.
• Ground reference is established externally by the power supply common.
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Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

Excercise Question

Question
• What is the minimum number of terminals required by a single op amp? What
is the minimum number of terminals required on an integrated-circuit package
containing four op-amps (called a quad op-amp)?

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Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

Excercise Question

Question
• What is the minimum number of terminals required by a single op amp? What
is the minimum number of terminals required on an integrated-circuit package
containing four op-amps (called a quad op-amp)?
Answer: 5; 14

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Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

Ideal op-amp

• An ideal op-amp would be an ideal voltage amplifier and would have:

Av = ∞, Ri = ∞ and Ro = 0

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Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

Function and2 Characteristics

56 Chapter Operational Amplifiers

Inverting input

Output

Noninverting input

Figure 2.3 Equivalent circuit of the ideal op amp.

• Op-amp is designed to sense the difference between the voltage signals applied
at its two input terminals, i.e., v2 − v1 .
Furthermore, gain A is called the differential gain, for obvious reasons. Perhaps not so obvi-
ous is another name Vthat
outwe=will 2 − to
A(vattach v1A:
) the open-loop gain. The reason for this name
will become obvious later on when we “close the loop” around the op amp and define
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gain, the closed-loop gain.

Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

Function and Characteristics

• The ideal op-amp is not supposed to draw any input current that means the
input impedance of an ideal op-amp is supposed to be infinite.
• Output is idenpendent of the current that may be drawn from terminal 3 to a
load impedance. That means, the output impedance of an ideal op-amp is
supposed to be zero.
• The output is in phase with v2 and is out of phase with v1 . That is why, input
terminal 1 is called inverting input terminal and input terminal 2 is called
non-inverting input terminal.
• Ideal op-amp has common-mode rejection property. Therefore, an ideal
op-amp has zero common-mode gain or equivalently, infinite common-mode
rejection.

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Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

Function and Characteristics

Summary
1. Infinite input impedance: about 2 Mohm
2. Zero output impedance: about 200 ohm
3. Zero common-mode gain or, equivalently, infinite common-mode rejection.
4. Infinite open-loop gain A: a small changes in voltages can be amplified by
using an op-amp
5. Infinite bandwidth: all frequencies are amplified by same factor
6. No slew rate: no delay between change in i/p and changes in o/p

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Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

Op-amp Configurations
• Op-amps are not used alone; rather, the op-amp is connected to passive
components in a feedback circuit.
• There are two such basic circuit configurations employing an op-amp and two
resistors:
◦ Inverting configuration 68 Chapter 2 Operational Amplifiers2.2 The Inverting C
◦ Non-inverting configuration

Figure 2.5 The inverting closed-loop

Figur
configuration.
(a) Inverting configureation (b) Non-inverting
v
configureation
ground). Terminal 3 is, of course, a convenient point from which to 5 take the output,
R1
I
10/29 since the
R2
impedance level there is ideally zero. Thus the voltage v3O will
vI not depend on the value of the cur-
Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

Op-amp Configurations
• Inverting and non-inveting amplifiers

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Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

Interverting Configuration:

• Closed loop gain

5 vO R2
G= =−
vI R1
3 4 • Because of the
 minus sign
1

associated with the
6 closed-loop gain,
this configuration is
called the inverting
2 configuration.

Figure 2.6 Analysis of the inverting configuration. The circled numbers indicate the order of the analysis 12/29
steps.
Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

Excercise Questions

Question
Compute the output voltage if the input voltage is 0.5 V for the given
specification as R2 is 100 kΩ and R1 is 10 kΩ.

Question
Suppose we want a gain of 10. If R1 is 5 KΩ, what is the value you need to use
for R2 ?

Question
Design an inverting amplifier with a gain of -25.

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Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

Non-inverting Configuration Figure 2.12 The noninverting configuration.

vI
5
R1 R2
vI
3 vI R
R1 R1 2v vO  vI  R  vI 1  2 6
I R1 2 R1

 0
1 vId  0 V 4
 

 vO
vI
 

Figure 2.13 Analysis of the noninverting circuit. The sequence of the steps in the analysis is indicated by
the circled numbers.
• Closed-loop gain
which yields vO R2
G= v O1 + R 2
=
vI ----- = 1R
+ 1----- (2.9)
vI R1
Further insight into the operation of the noninverting configuration can be obtained
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by
considering the following: Since the current into the op-amp inverting input is zero, the cir-
Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

Exercise Question

Question
Compute the output voltage if the input voltage is 0.5 V for the non-inverting
specification as R2 is 100 kΩ and R1 is 10 kΩ.

Question
Suppose, for a non-inverting configuration, we want a gain of 10. If R1 is 5 kΩ,
then what is the value you need to use for R2 ?

Question
Design an non-inverting amplifier with a gain of 25.

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Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

Other useful circuits

• In addition to simple amplifiers op-amps can also be used in a range of other

circuits
• The next few slides show a few examples of op-amp circuits for a range of
purposes as
◦ Unity gain buffer amplifier
◦ Current to voltage source converter
◦ Differential amplifier (Subtractor)
◦ Inverting summing amplifier
◦ Integraing circuit
◦ Differentiating circuit
• The analysis of these circuits is similar to that of the non-inverting and
inverting amplifiers.

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Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

Unity gain buffer amplifier

• This is a special case of the

non-inverting amplifier with R1 = 0
and R2 = ∞, hence
R2 0
G=1+ =1+ =1
R1 ∞
• Thus the circuit has a gain of unity.
• At first sight this might not seem like
a very useful circuit; however it has a
high input resistance and a low
output resistance and is therefore
useful as a buffer amplifier.

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Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

A current to voltage converter

• The current to Voltage

Converter is an example of
Current Controlled Voltage
Source because here the input
current controls the output
voltage.

V0 = −Ii R

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Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

A differential amplifier (Subtractor)

• A differential amplifier is a type

of electronic amplifier that
amplifies the difference
between two input voltages but
suppresses any voltage
common to the two inputs.

R1
V0 = (V1 − V2 )
R2

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Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

An inverting summing amplifier

R1
V0 = −(V1 +V2 )
R2

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Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

Integrating circuit

• Replace feedback resistor of

inverting op-amp with
capacitor.
• A constant input signal
generates a certain rate of
change in output voltage.
• Smoothes signals over time.
• The integrator circuit is mostly
used in analog computers,
analog-to-digital converters,
and wave-shaping circuits.

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Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

Differentiating circuit
• Input resistor of inverting
op-amp is replaced with a
capacitor
• Signal processing method
which accentuates noise over
time
• Output signal is scaled
derivative of input signal
• Provide a differentiation
manipulation on the input
analogue voltage.

dVin
Vout = −RC
dt
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Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

Op-amps packages
• Operational amplifiers (op-amps)
are among the most widely used
building blocks in electronics
◦ They are integrated circuits (ICs)
◦ Often DIL or SMT
• ASM dual in-line package (DIP or DIL),
or dual in-line pin package (DIPP) is an
electronic component package with a
rectangular housing and two parallel
rows of electrical connecting pins.
• Surface-mount technology (SMT) is a
method for producing electronic circuits
in which the components are mounted
or placed directly onto the surface of
printed circuit boards (PCBs)
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Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

Op-amps packages
• A single package will often contain several op-amps

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Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

Op-amp pin diagram

There are 8 pins in a common Op-amp, like the LM741 which is used in many
instructional courses.

• Pin 1: Offset null • Pin 5: Offset null

• Pin 2: Inverting input terminal • Pin 6: Output voltage
• Pin 3: Non-inverting input terminal • Pin 7: +VCC (positive voltage
• Pin 4: −VCC (negative voltage supply)
supply) • Pin 8: No Connection
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Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

IC 741 Op-Amp Application

• Variable audio frequency oscillator

• Audio mixture for Four channels
• LDR based automatic light operated switch
• DC volt polarity meter
• Microphone Amplifier
• Thermal Touch Switch
• Wind Sound Generation
• Zero crossing detection (ZCD)
• Power source
• A to D Converters

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Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages
• Op-amp is an universal Amplifier
• Voltage comparators
• Precision rectifiers
• Analog to digital converter
• Digital to analog converter
• Design Filters
• Differentiator and Intergrator
• Voltage and current regulator
Disadvantages
• Most op-amps are designed for lower power operations.
• For high output, specially designed op-amp will be required.
• Most commercial op-amps shuts off when the load resistance is below a
specific level.
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Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary

Key points

• Operational amplifiers are among the most widely used building blocks in
electronic circuits.
• An ideal operational amplifier would have infinite voltage gain, infinite input
resistance, and zero output resistance.
• Designers often make use of cookbook circuits.
• Real op-amps have several non-ideal characteristics. However, if we choose
components appropriately this should not affect the operation of our circuits.
• Feedback allows us to increase bandwidth by trading gain against bandwidth.
• Feedback also allows us to alter other circuit characteristics.

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Introduction Ideal Op-amp Op-amp Configuration Other Useful Circuits Op-amp Package Applications Summary