PSHS-CVC

Grade 10/Phy 2

Topic/s: Current, Resistance and Ohm’s Law

Target Number of Sessions: 1-2

LEARNING
eaTARGETS

After completing this module, you are expected to:

 Describe how setting of a conductor can induce motion of charges
 Define emf
 Differentiate electron flow and conventional current
 Apply the relationship current=charge/time to solve related problems
 Define resistivity and differentiate it from resistance
 Identify the factors that determine the resistance of conductor
 Compute the effective resistance
 Apply the relationship current=voltage/resistance to solve related
problems

HOOK/RECALL

Because of the positive and negative charges on the battery terminals, an electric
potential difference exists between them. The difference in the potential causes
the charges to flow.

In this guide we will be discussing the amount of charge flowing in a circuit or

known as current, resistance and Ohm’s law.

LESSON PROPER
PSHS-CVC
Grade 10/Phy 2

1. Voltage=potential difference=Electromotive force /EMF

Symbols: V=ΔV=ε

In a battery, a series of chemical reactions occur in which electrons are

transferred from one terminal to another. There is a potential difference (voltage)
between these poles. The maximum potential difference is called electromotive
force (EMF), ε. The term isn’t actually a force, simply the amount of energy per
charge (J/C or V)

A circuit basically works on two important principles:

1. There is a potential difference aka “voltage” from where the charge begins to
where it ends.
2. There is an amount of charge that flows per unit of time called current.

2. CURRENT
The electric field exerts a force on the free electrons in the wire, and they
respond by moving. The figure below shows charges moving inside a wire and
crossing an imaginary surface that is perpendicular to their motion.

The current is the amount of charge crossing on the imaginary surface per unit of
time or I=q/t

where: I=current ( coulombs/second, C/s)

1 C/s=1 A or amperes
PSHS-CVC
Grade 10/Phy 2

q= charge ( coulombs, C)
t= time (seconds,s)

*The more charges flowing the larger the current.

CONVENTIONAL FLOW VS ELECTRON FLOW

a. Conventional current: electrons move from + to –

b. Electron Current: the movement is from – to +

3. RESISTIVITY and RESISTANCE

a. RESISTIVITY is an inherent property of a material
PSHS-CVC
Grade 10/Phy 2

Symbol: rho (ρ)

Unit: ohmmeter (Ωm)
Resistivities of Various Materials

b. RESISTANCE
-depends on both the resistivity and the geometry of the material
-is directly proportional to wire’s length and inversely proportional to
its cross-sectional area

where:
R-resistance (ohms, Ω)
ρ-resistivity (ohmmeter,Ωm)
L- length of wire (meters, m)
A- cross-sectional area of wire (meter squared, m2)
A=πr2
PSHS-CVC
Grade 10/Phy 2

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RESISTIVITY AND RESISTANCE

Simulation:
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/resistance-in-a-wire/latest/resistance-in-a-
wire_en.html

4. OHM’S LAW
- The ratio V/I is a constant, where V is the voltage applied across a piece
of material and I is the current through the material

Simulation:
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/ohms-law/latest/ohms-law_en.html
Formulas:
I=q/t
R=ρ L /A
V=IR

Examples:

A. CURRENT
1. A steady current of 2.5 A exists in a wire for 4.0 min.
a) How much total charge passes by a given point in the circuit
during those 4.0 min?
PSHS-CVC
Grade 10/Phy 2

b) How many electrons would this be?

Given: I=2.5 A
t=4.0 min=240 seconds
Find: A) q B) and no. of electrons
A) I=q/t isolate q
q=I (t)
= 2.5 C/s ( 240s )
=600 C
B) N=q/e
= 600 C/ 1.6 x10-19C
=3.75 x 10 21 electrons
2. A battery pack of pocket calculator has a voltage of 3V and
delivers a current of 0.17 milliamperes. In one hour of operation,
A) how much charge flows in the circuit and
B) how much energy does the battery deliver to the circuit?

Given:
I=0.17 mA= 0.17 x 10-3 A or 1.7 x10-4 A
t= 1hr=3600 seconds
V=3 V
Find: q and energy U
A.) I=q/t
q=I (t)
= 1.7 x10-4 C/s (3600s)
=0.612 C
B) V=U/qo
U=Vqo
= 3 J/C (0.612 C)
=1.836 J

B. RESISTANCE
For the following problems please refer to the table of Resistivities of
Various Materials

1. What is the resistance of a 5.4 m length of copper wire 1.5mm in

diameter?
PSHS-CVC
Grade 10/Phy 2

Given: ρ= 1.72 x 10-8 Ωm

L=5.4 m
d=1.5 mm or 1.5 x10-3 m (diameter d is twice the radius r)
r= d/2=7.5 x10-4 m
Find: R
R=ρ L/A
where A=πr2
R=ρ L/ πr2
=1.72 x 10-8 Ωm( 5.4 m) / π (7.5 x10-4 m)2
= 5.26 x 10-2 Ω or 0.05 ohms
2. What is the diameter of a 1.00 m length of tungsten wire whose
resistance in 0.32 Ω?
Given: ρ= 5.6 x 10-8 Ωm
L=1.00 m
R= 0.32 Ω
Find: diameter of wire (d)
R=ρ L/A
A=ρ L/R
= 5.6 x 10-8 Ωm (1.00 m) / 0.32 Ω
=1.75 x 10-7 m2

Isolate r in the equation A=πr2

r=√A/π
=√1.75 x 10-7 m2/3.14
= 2.36x10-4 m

d=2r
=2 (2.36x10-4 m)
=4.72 x10-4 m

C. OHM’S LAW
1. If a toaster produces 12 ohms of resistance in a 120-volt circuit,
what is the amount of current in the circuit?
Given: R=12 Ω
V=120 V
Find : I
V=IR
I= V/R
=120/12
PSHS-CVC
Grade 10/Phy 2

=10 A
2. A small flashlight bulb draws 300 mA from its 1.5-V battery.
(a) What is the resistance of the bulb?
(b) If the battery becomes weak and the voltage drops to 1.2 V,
how would the current change?
Given: I=300mA= 0.3 A
V=1.5 V
Find: R, I when V drops to 1.2V
A) V=IR
R= V/I
=1.5/0.3
=5 Ω
B) I=V/R
= 1.2/5
=0.24 A
0.24 A/0.3A=4/5
*The current will decrease 4/5 its original value

For more examples and video tutorials, you may visit the following links:

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pb8J4qaoacs
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6wbtn7XW_jw

EXERCISES

Please solve the following problems on your notebook.

1. A current of 1.60 A flows in a wire. How many electrons are flowing past
any point in the wire per second? 1 x 10 19 electrons
2. Can a 2.2 mm diameter copper wire have the same resistance as a tungsten
wire of the same length? Give numerical details. Yes if the diameter of
tungsten wire is d=0.04 m
PSHS-CVC
Grade 10/Phy 2

3. (a) What is the current in the element of an electric clothes dryer with a
resistance of 8.6 Ω when it is connected to 240 V?
(b) How much charge passes through the element in 50 min?
28A, 8.4 x 104 C
4. A hair dryer draws 13.5 A when plugged into a 120-V line. (a) What is its
resistance? (b) How much charge passes through it in 15 min?
8.9Ω , 1.2 104 C
5. An electric device draws 5.60 A at 240 V. (a) If the voltage drops by
15%, what will be the current, assuming nothing else changes? (b) If the
resistance of the device were reduced by 15%, what current would be
drawn at 240 V? 4. 8A, 6.6 A

ASSIGNMENT

Please answer problem nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, & 9 , pages 512-513 of your physics

textbook. Show your complete solution on a whole sheet of paper.

Prepared by:
LORRAINE GAY R. CALIXTRO

Recommending Approval:
GARRY JUN M. MAYAWIN ROSALINDA O. LUWANG
Unit Head CID Head

Approved by:
PSHS-CVC
Grade 10/Phy 2

SALVADOR B. ROMO
Director III