CHAPTER 22 TRIGONOMETRIC WAVEFORMS

EXERCISE 87 Page 223

1. Determine all of the angles between 0 and 360 whose sine is:

(a) 0.6792 (b) - 0.1483

(a) Sine is positive in the 1st and 2nd quadrants.

1
If sin  = 0.6792, then   sin (0.6792) = 42.78 or 180 - 42.78 = 137.22 as shown in

diagram (i) below.

(i) (ii)

(b) Sine is negative in the 3rd and 4th quadrants.

1
If sin  = 0.1483, then   sin (0.1483) = 8.53

From diagram (ii) above, the two values where sin  = -0.1483 are 180 + 8.53 = 188.53 and

360 - 8.53 = 351.47

2. Solve the following equations for values of x between 0 and 360:

1 1
(a) x = cos 0.8739 (b) x = cos (- 0.5572)

(a) Cosine is positive in the 1st and 4th quadrants.

1
x = cos (0.8739) = 29.08 or 360 - 29.08 = 330.92 as shown in diagram (i) below.

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 (i) (ii)

(b) Cosine is negative in the 2nd and 3rd quadrants.

1
x = cos (0.5572) = 56.14 hence, from diagram (ii) shown above, the two values of x for

1
which x = cos ( 0.5572) are: 180 - 56.14 = 123.86 and 180 + 56.14 = 236.14

3. Find the angles between 0 to 360 whose tangent is:

(a) 0.9728 (b) - 2.3420

(a) Tangent is positive in the 1st and 3rd quadrants.

  tan 1 0.9728 = 44.21 or 180 + 44.21 = 224.21 as shown in diagram (i) below.

(i) (ii)

(b) Tangent is negative in the 2nd and 4th quadrants.

  tan 1 2.3418 = 66.88 and from diagram (ii) shown above,

 = 180 - 66.88 = 113.12 and 360 - 66.88 = 293.12

1
4. Solve, in the range 0 to 360, giving the answers in degrees and minutes: cos (- 0.5316) = t

Cosine is negative in the 2nd and 3rd quadrants.

cos 1 (0.5316) = 57.886 or 5753 as shown in the diagram below.

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From the diagram, t = 180 - 5753 = 1227 and t = 180 + 5753 = 23753

sin 1  0.6250   
5. Solve, in the range 0 to 360, giving the answers in degrees and minutes:

Sine is negative in the 3rd and 4th quadrants.

1
If sin  = 0.6250, then   sin (0.6250) = 38.682 = 3841´

From diagram above, the two values where sin α = - 0.6250 are 180 + 3841´ = 21841´ and

360 - 3841´ = 32119´

1
6. Solve, in the range 0 to 360, giving the answers in degrees and minutes: tan 0.8314 = 

Tangent is positive in the 1st and 3rd quadrants.

  tan 1 0.8314 = 39.74 or 3944

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From the diagram, the two values of  between 0 and 360 are:

3944 and 180 + 3944 = 21944

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EXERCISE 88 Page 227

1. A sine wave is given by y = 5 sin 3x. State its peak value.

Peak value = amplitude = maximum value = 5

2. A sine wave is given by y = 4 sin 2x. State its period in degrees.

360
Period = 2 = 180º

3. A periodic function is given by y = 30 cos 5x. State its maximum value.

Maximum value = amplitude = peak value = 30

4. A periodic function is given by y = 25 cos 3x. State its period in degrees.

360
Period = 3 = 120º

5. State the amplitude and period of y = cos 3A and sketch the curve between 0 and 360

360
Amplitude = 1 and period = 3 = 120º

A sketch of y = cos 3A is shown below.

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 5x
6. State the amplitude and period of y = 2 sin 2 and sketch the curve between 0 and 360

360
5x 5
sin
If y = 2 2 , amplitude = 2 and period = 2 = 144
5x
sin
A sketch y = 2 2 is shown below.

7. State the amplitude and period of y = 3 sin 4t and sketch the curve between 0 and 360

360
Amplitude = 3 and period = 4 = 90º

A sketch of y = 3 sin 4t is shown below.

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 
8. State the amplitude and period of y = 5 cos 2 and sketch the curve between 0 and 360

360
1
Amplitude = 5 and period = 2 = 720º


A sketch of y = 5 cos 2 is shown below.

7 3x
9. State the amplitude and period of y = 2 sin 8 and sketch the curve between 0 and 360

360
7 3
Amplitude = 2 = 3.5 and period = 8 = 960º
7 3x
A sketch of y = 2 sin 8 is shown below.

10. State the amplitude and period of y = 6 sin(t - 45) and sketch the curve between 0 and 360

360
If y = 6 sin(t - 45), amplitude = 6 and period = 1 = 360

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A sketch y = 6 sin(t - 45) is shown below.

11. State the amplitude and period of y = 4 cos(2 + 30) and sketch the curve between 0 and 360

360
If y = 4 cos(2 + 30), amplitude = 4 and period = 2 = 180
A sketch y = 4 cos(2 + 30) is shown below.

30
(Note that y = 4 cos(2 + 30) leads y = 4 cos 2 by 2 = 15)

12. The frequency of a sine wave is 200 Hz. Calculate the periodic time.

1 1

Periodic time T = f 200 s = 5 ms

13. Calculate the frequency of a sine wave that has a periodic time of 25 ms.

1 1
 3
Frequency f = T 25 10 = 40 Hz
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14. Calculate the periodic time for a sine wave having a frequency of 10 kHz.

1 1

Periodic time T = f 10 10 s = 100 μs or 0.1 ms
3

15. An alternating current completes 15 cycles in 24 ms. Determine its frequency?

24
1 cycle is completed in 15 ms = 1,6 ms Hence, periodic time T = 1.6 ms

1 1
 3
Frequency f = T 1.6 10 = 625 Hz

16. Graphs of y1 = 2 sin x and y 2 = 3 sin(x + 50) are drawn on the same axes. Is y 2 lagging or

leading y1 ?

y 2 is leading y1 by 50º

17. Graphs of y1 = 6 sin x and y 2 = 5 sin(x - 70) are drawn on the same axes. Is y1 lagging or

leading y 2 ?

y 2 is lagging y1 by 70º hence, y1 is leading y 2 by 70º

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EXERCISE 89 Page 239

1. Find the (a) amplitude, (b) frequency, (c) periodic time, and (d) phase angle (stating whether it is

leading or lagging sin t) for: i = 40 sin(50t + 0.29) mA

If i = 40 sin(50t + 0.29) mA, then amplitude = 40 mA,

50
 = 50 rad/s = 2f from which, frequency, f = 2 = 25 Hz,
1 1

periodic time, T = f 25 = 0.040 s or 40 ms,
180
0.29 
and phase angle = 0.29 rad leading or  = 16.62 leading or 1637 leading.

2. Find the (a) amplitude, (b) frequency, (c) periodic time, and (d) phase angle (stating whether it is

leading or lagging sin t) for: y = 75 sin(40t - 0.54) cm

If y = 75 sin(40t - 0.54) cm, then amplitude = 75 cm,

40
 = 40 rad/s = 2f from which, frequency, f = 2 = 6.37 Hz,
1 1

periodic time, T = f 6.37 = 0.157 s,
180
0.54 
and phase angle = 0.54 rad lagging or  = 30.94 lagging or 3056 lagging.

3. Find the (a) amplitude, (b) frequency, (c) periodic time, and (d) phase angle (stating whether it is
© John Bird Published by Taylor & Francis 380
 leading or lagging sin t) for: v = 300 sin(200t - 0.412) V

If v = 300 sin(200t - 0.412) V, then amplitude = 300 V,

200
 = 200 rad/s = 2f from which, frequency, f = 2 = 100 Hz,
1 1

periodic time, T = f 100 = 0.010 s or 10 ms,
180
0.412 
and phase angle = 0.412 rad lagging or  = 23.61 lagging or 2336 lagging.

4. A sinusoidal voltage has a maximum value of 120 V and a frequency of 50 Hz. At time t = 0, the

voltage is (a) zero, and (b) 50 V. Express the instantaneous voltage v in the form v = A sin(t ± )

Let v = A sin(t  ) = 120 sin(2ft + ) = 120 sin(100t + ) volts, since f = 50 Hz.

(a) When t = 0, v = 0 hence, 0 = 120 sin(0 + ), i.e. 0 = 120 sin 

from which, sin  = 0 and =0

Hence, if v = 0 when t = 0, then v = 120 sin 100t volts

(b) When t = 0, v = 50 V hence, 50 = 120 sin(0 + )

50  50  
 sin    sin 1    24.624  24.624   0.43rad
from which, 120 and  120  180

Hence, if v = 50 when t = 0, then v = 120 sin(100t + 0.43)volts

5. An alternating current has a periodic time of 25 ms and a maximum value of 20 A. When

time = 0, current i = - 10 amperes. Express the current i in the form i = A sin(t ± )

1 1
f 
If periodic time T = 25 ms, then frequency, T 25 103 = 40 Hz

Angular velocity,  = 2t =2(40) = 80 rad/s

Hence, current i = 20 sin(80t + )

When t = 0, i = -10, hence -10 = 20 sin 

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 10 
  0.5   sin 1 (0.5)  30 or  rad
from which, sin  = 20 and 6

 
i  20sin  80t   A
 6 i  20sin  80t  0.524  A
Thus, or

6. An oscillating mechanism has a maximum displacement of 3.2 m and a frequency of 50 Hz. At

time t = 0 the displacement is 150 cm. Express the displacement in the general form A sin(t ± )

Displacement, s = A sin(t ± ) where A = 3.2 m and   2f  2 50  100

i.e. s = 3.2 sin(100πt + )

At time t = 0, displacement = 150 cm = 1.5 m

Hence, 1.5 = 3.2 sin(100πt + ) = 3.2 sin 


1.5
i.e. 3.2 = sin 

 1.5 
sin 1  
and =  3.2  = 27.953º = 0.488 rad

Hence, displacement = 3.2 sin(100πt + 0.488) m

7. The current in an a.c. circuit at any time t seconds is given by:

i = 5 sin(100t - 0.432) amperes

Determine the (a) amplitude, frequency, periodic time and phase angle (in degrees),

(b) value of current at t = 0,

(c) value of current at t = 8 ms,

(d) time when the current is first a maximum,

(e) time when the current first reaches 3A.

Sketch one cycle of the waveform showing relevant points.

(a) If i = 5 sin(100t - 0.432) mA, then amplitude = 5 A,

100
 = 100 rad/s = 2f from which, frequency, f = 2 = 50 Hz,
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 1 1

periodic time, T = f 50 = 0.020 s or 20 ms,
180
0.432 
and phase angle = 0.432 rad lagging or  = 24.75 lagging or 2445 lagging.

(b) When t = 0, i = 5 sin(- 0.432) = - 2.093 A (note that - 0.432 is radians)

sin 100  8 103   0.432 

(c) When t = 8 ms, i = 5 = 5 sin (2.081274) = 4.363 A

(d) When the current is first a maximum, 5 = 5 sin(100t – 0.432)

i.e. 1 = sin(100t – 0.432)

1
and 100t – 0.432 = sin 1  1.5708 (again, be sure your calculator is on
radians)

1.5708  0.432
from which, time t = 100 = 0.006375 s or 6.375 ms

(e) When i = 3 A, 3 = 5 sin(100t – 0.432)

3
i.e. 5 = sin(100t – 0.432)

3
sin 1  0.6435
and 100t – 0.432 = 5

0.6435  0.432
from which, time t = 100 = 0.003423 s or 3.423 ms

A sketch of one cycle of the waveform is shown below.

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Note that since phase angle  = 24.75, in terms of time t then
24.75 t

360 20 from which, t = 1.375 ms
 0.432

Alternatively, t =  100 = 1.375 ms, as shown in the sketch.

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